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Warwick's 
Keystone Commonwealth 



A Review of the History of the Great State of Pennsylvania, 

and a Brief Record of the (irouth of its 

Chief C"it\ , Philadelphia 



BV 

CHARLKS F. WARWICK 

K X - iVl A V O R OF THE C 1 T \ OF 1 ' H I I. A D E L P H I A 

And Author of the following \\ orks: 

MlKABEAV AM) THE I-'RK.N(1I 1!|.\ IllTTll IN . DaNION A-Mi THE FkKMII 1! K\(iI.ITI()N , KOREsriKllKK 

AM) THE KHEN( H l!i:v(ii vi ii)\ . Xai'iiiion ami ihf Kmi i\v the 
Kre.mti KEXoi.n ion. 



I'Hll.AlJKl.PHlA, FKNNS^ lA AMA 

191,< 



((M'VKK.m. I'.llli 
BY 

KI.I.A K. W .\l!\\l( K. Aaniiiii-tr:i(iix 

I'lUl.Allli] I'lllA. rt.N.NSVI.VAMA 



FEB 19 1914 
©CI. A :! 6 2 f. in 



(X^N'J^KN'J'S. 



I'ACK. 
ChAI'I KK 1. 

Coniliti(in> in luirc'|-)c in tlu- Seventeenth (_'entiir\- g 

t'liArnik II. 
iXitcii and Swi-des. Arii\al <<i iuiL;lish ig 

l'ii\i'Ti:k III. 
I'enn Secures Charter "i I 'ennsylvania 24 

Chapter I\'. 
Meniidnite^, Tunkers and Schw enkfelders 47 

LlIAI'TEK \ . 

\^olunteer I'ire System. Market Place ^8 

C'll.M'IF.k \'l. 

Ciintention Re the l.'.oundai'y i.ine (if I'ennsylvania h_^ 

ClI.Xl'TKK \I 1. 

reiin's Will. I'.enjamin ['"ranklin yg 

ClI.M'TKR \'lll. 

I""reiich and ln<lian War.s y[ 

C 1 1 .\ I'l I'.K IX. 

Rapid I )e\el( ipnient 1 if the Cit \ gg 

CuAiTi-;!; X. 
State Hcmse and ll> P.ell 107 

Cn\iTi:K .\I. 
Famous Staiii]) .\ct of 1 7C13 i m 

Ch. \i'it:k XII. 
Passage of the Declaration of Independence 126 

I'll M'lHR XIII. 
Philadelphia .Made Seat of Xalinnal I lnvernnient 141 

tllAI'lt.K .\I\'. 
Indian Insurnvtinti 1 c;(i 

( II.M'I KK .W . 

Removal of .Vational ("apital 165 

3 



CONTFATS.— C'ontinufd. 

I>AGE. 

Cii.\i'Ti;i< X\I. 
War of iSi J i^() 

C'li \i'i i;i< X\ 1 1. 
'I'lir r.riuii anil tlu- Car 192 

e'llAI'TKR Will. 
Theatres and Street Scenes iQq 

ClIAI'lI'.K XIX. 
Mnsic, Medicine and Art 211 

ClI Al'IKK XX. 

Intrnduction of Ivailmad.s 2ic) 

ClI AI'IF.R XXI. 

l-.lection of Andrew jack.son 229 

C'lIAPIF.R XX 11. 
I'liiladelphia. .\ Literary Centre 241 

Cll.M'TKN X.Xl II. 
Slaver\ and Race Kii il-- 246 

ClIAIMKU XX 1\'. 
.\ct of Consolidation 2^(t 

ClLMTIvR XX \. 

.Viiitation of Slaverx' (juestion 266 

ClIAI'II.K XX\ 1. 
Openint; of the Civil War ^JT, 

t IIAITKl; .\X\ 11. 
UeveluiHiKiit after the War 283 

CllAIMKK XX\ 111. 
Peace Jubilee Celebration 2()i 

Cll Al'IKU XX 1\. 
.Mannfactni'ini.;' and l'",dncalion;il Ink-rests Jii5 

liioL;ra]ih\ jc^i; 421) 

In .Menioriain 4^0 

Index to 1 li>torv 4T,f^ 

Inde.x to Uiographies 43S 




(11 \i;r,i':s i . w ahw h k. 



PREFACE. 



THIS is nut a histury ol ileep researcli. M\- i)h\si^-al con.lition 
has l)een sucli that (h.iriiiii' its composition I have hcen con 
lined to ni\' fooni. indeed nuieh of tlie time to mv lieii. and 
conse(|nent!y ha\e been nnalile to \isit the libraries and other 
institutions, to <lel\e in and di;^ tip original matter, and to read and 
stud)- original letters. niann>erii)t> and doennients. 

My work' lias not heen hinalened with seliedules and statistics, ior 
ni\ pm-pose has been to i,d\e to the reader a histor\- of |irinci])al e\er,ts. 
and to take liini as it were, mto the \er\- atmos]ihere of the times de- 
seiibed. drawing" pen ])ortraits of pionnnent men and pict\nes of past 
incidents, showing tlie \ocations of the peo])le. their .1 mnsemcnt s. their 
hal)its. cnstoms. attire. e\er\' da\ street scenes ;ind m.inner of li\ing. and 
at tile same time showing the graihial growth and dexelopmeiit of the 
cit\" and state and liow tlie\ have lieen altected b\ national coinhtions. 



111 accomplishing this task i ha\e tised a mass of m.alerial wliiih I 
ha\e coliecteij from time lo lime in \ears gone b\- ; 1 lia\e also drawn 
exteiisi\ely from notes, pri\ate letters and memoranda and lia\e con 
stilted such works as: Ihomas I'rond's llistor\- of Penns\l\ama: Wat- 
son's .Annals: Thompson W'estcolt's History (.if Philadeljjhia : John Rus- 
sell ^'ollllg's Philadelphia: dlie Makdng of i'enns\d\-ania. and the Penn- 
sylvania Coloiu and ( 'omnioiiw ealth b\ .Sxdney (ieorge I'isher; Dr. 
Ellis P. < )berlioltzer"s Histor\ of l'hiladeh)hia : Penn"s Letters in the 



8 



WARWICK S KEVSTONl': CDM MON" Wi:.\I. Til. 



I-'\enin,!; bulletin; ami llic many skclclu--- nn ilu' history of our c\{y ami 
state fi'oiii llu- pens of lion. Samuel W . Pennypacker and lion. llam]i- 
ton 1-. (arson. 



The reader will not fmd a ]irofouud work, hut I trust that it will 
he of interest. The disad\antat;es imder w liieli the hook has hecii 
wfitten mu,>t serve as a partial exense for m\ failure to niori' faithfully 
co\er the ^nhjeet. 

fll \.<. I". W" \R\\ l("K. 

I'hiladel]ihia. Pa. 



CHAPTER I. 

POLITICAL AND KEI^ICK >L S COiNllITIONS OF EUROPE I X THE SEVE.XI EEXTI 1 AXI) 

EIGHTEEXTII CEXTfKIES. 

PMXXSYLN AXIA, one of the original thirteen states, is the Keystone of 
the Federal Areh. Her position and power give to her this distinguish- 
ing designation. With X'evv York and New England lying on one hand, 
and the Southern states on the other, she separates them, but at the 
same time serves as a bond to unite them in a fraternal union. She was founded 
by an enlightened statesman, anil ])eopled by liberal settlers, who, escaping fnini 
religious tyranny, brought with them tc the new lanil a spirit of freeiiom and 
toleration. Keeping her treaties faithfully with the Indians, her people were 
never compelled to carry firearms on their way to church <_iv to the meeting house, 
as were the Pilgrims of Xew England, to repel the attacks of savages. Her in- 
habitants were imbued with the spirit of liberty and political equality which made 
them more liberal in disposition than the Puritans. I'hey tim were without those 
aristocratic features that characterized the cavaliers of the -South. 

It was fortunate for America, for her future growth and development, that 
the settlements were made at a time when the political and religious tyrann\- and 
the oppression of the old world sent out emigrants who sought libertx' and an 
opportunity to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences. 
Although they brought with them in many instances a spirit of bigotry and intol- 
erance it is remarkable in view of what they had suiifered how liberal they were 
under all the circumstances. It was fortunate too that the political and religious 
conditions of Eurtjpe forced them to emigrate, for they came not with the pur- 
pose of adventurers who were simply to explore and expl(.iit a new land. i)ui, 
with the intention of settlers who were determined to establish permanent 
homes. 

To cite, for example, the case of the Pilgrims. They landed on Plymouth 
rock in 1620, in December of that year. Tlie weather was unusually severe, and 
they suffered great hardships, so that wdien Spring arrived half of the colony 
were in their graves. When the "Mayflower," however, returned to England in 
May of 1621, not one of the Pilgrims sailed with her. Thev had come to stay. 
They were willing to suffer the discomforts and privations of a new land rather 
than subject themselves again ti3 the tyranny and persecution from which they 
had escaped. 

The settlers that came to X\irth America were brave and resolute men, 
with the courage of their convictions. They adhered to their faith in spite of 
persecution: in fact, persecution only intensified their loyalty and devotion. They 
were imbued with the spirit of martyrs and they were willing to face the terrors 
of an unknown deep and the perils of a savage and an unexplored country in 
order that they might secure liberty of conscience. 

The Piu-itans in X'^ew England, the Quakers in Pennsyly;uiia, the Catholics 



lo wakwuk's KK'iSioxi-: cum MONWKAI-TII. 

in Marvlanil. the Cavaliers in \'ir,L;inia, and tlie ilnijuenots in lliu C'arolinas were 
niiglity architects of a mighty eni])ire. 

The first Juiglish settlement planted in Xtirth America, was that of X'irginia. 
at lamestown. in 1607. The Dntch settled in Xew N'ork in i')i4. then came the 
settlement of Alassaclnisetts liy the I'nritans at I'lynionth in \(>20. Xew I lanii)- 
shire and Maine were settled in i()23. Xew Jersey in i(i_'4, Delaware in i()2y. 
Connecticut in \(\l3i, Maryland in 1O34, Rhode Island in \>\V'- Xorth Carolina 
abont i()4(). and Sontli Carolina abont \()ju. Pennsylvania wa> ])ennanently 
settled bv the Oiiakers in 1<>X2 and ( Jgelthorpe planted his i'.ngiish colony in 
(jeorgia in 1733. 

These settlements were made mainly by tlie luiglish together with an admix- 
ture (if (iermans and Scotch Irish. .Xew Jersey was settled by the 1 )mch. Swedes 
and l-"ngiish. and Delaware b\ the .Swedes alone. 

In order to understand the causes that induced the emigraliou ot the.se people 
it is necessary to consider the ])olitical and religious condition of lun-oi)e in those 
davs. The seventeenth century was one in which the absolutism of kings ob- 
tained full swa\ and which was characterized bv religious intolerance, bigotry 
and superstition. The glory and the power of the English commonwealth had 
ended with the death of Cromwell and the Restoration under Charles Tl. had 
returned the Stuarts to the throne, who revived in its full strength the doctrine 
of the divine rig-ht of kings. The i)uritauism and austerity of Cromwells rule were 
immediatelv succeeded by a licentiousness that leaped over all bounds and men 
under the iulluence of the reaction threw off not only the piofession but every 
senil)lance of virtue and piety. .Morality was reviled and ridiculed as cant and 
hvpocrisy. Revelr\- and drunkenness spread throughout the kingdom and men 
held Continued orgit'S while drinking the health of the king. The ".Merry .Mi-n- 
arch'" himself set the example for the free and riotous living that prevailed among 
the peo|)le. 

Charles II. was succeeded by James II.. who after .a \aiii effort to establisll 
the Roman L'alliolic Church in I'.ngland was compelled to abdicate and in turn 
was succeeded h\ William and Mar\- who effected what is known in history as the 
"(jlorious Revolution of 1688." 

iM-ance, under the reign of Louis Xl\'.. was the leading and most intlnenlial 
state on the continent of P'uro])e. In the king centere;! all the i)ower aiul dignity 
of the state. Tlu-re were no constitutional barriers between him an<l the people. 
His declaration that he was the .'^tati', wa^ not a mere idle boast, but an absolute 
truth. "The government of l.onis is a great fact," says (luizot. "a iiowerful and 
brilliant fact, but it was built upon sand." lie was despotic, bigoted and intoler- 
ant, ignored the rights of man and by his extravagance and the iirosecution of 
useless wars hurried the nation into bankruptc\. I lis reign was signali/.t-d b\ 
the revocation of the Indict of Xantes, a liberal act |)assed umler lleury 1\'. tliat 
had given to il:e lluguenots relief from persecution. 

Spain, under the rule of I'hilip 11. had grown to \-ast dimensions but her 
]iciwer suddenly dwindled and tlie sceptre passed fnmi lu'r grasp. It was her 
proud boast in the da.vs of her glory that the sun never set upon her posse.ssions. 
Macaulev, in commenting upon the im])ortance and extent of .'>pain, says: "That 
the emi)ire of I'hilip 11. was undoubtedly one of the most powerful and splendid 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE CO-M .M0\' WEALTH. II 

that ever existed in the world. In Enrope lie ruled .Sjiain, INjrtu^.d, the Nether- 
lands on both sides of the Rhine, Tranche Comte, Rouissilkm, the Milanese and 
the two Sicilies; Tuscany, Parma and the other smaller states of ltal\- were as 
completeU' dependent upon him as the Nizam and the Rajah of Rerar now are on 
the East India Company. In .\sia the Kin.s; of .Spain \\a,^ .Master of the Philip- 
pines, and all of those rich settlements which the Portuguese had made on the 
coast of Malabar and Coramandel, in the I'eninsula of Malacca, in the Spice 
islands of the Eastern .Vrchipclago. In America his (h.iminion e.xtended on each 
side of the e(|uator into the temperate zone. It is ni> exaggeration lo say that 
during several \'ears his power over Europe was greater than even that of Na- 
poleon." I'.ut this vast and mighty empire soon crumbled and fell into decay 
and in the seventeenth century her influence in European politics in a great 
measure had departed. The .Si)aniards made no settlements in the new world 
to escape persecution. When they came they were actuated by other motives. 

The Spanish soldiers and adventurers of that period were nndrnilitedly brave 
and daring explorers but cruel and inhuman masters. To be sure the\' carried the 
cross in one hand but they vs'ielded the sword in the other and ignored the influ- 
ence of the former by the cruel and desperate use of the latter. The greed of 
the Spaniards in America for gold, deadened every sentiment of humanity. There 
was no desert too broad to cross, no mountain too high to climb, no river too 
swift to ford, no wilderness too deep to penetrate in their desiderate hunt for 
wealth. Thev were lost to every impulse of human sympathy in their treatment 
of the poor natives. Thev scourged and drove them under the lash and sword to 
dig and delve in the mines in search of the precious metals. The only purpose of 
the Spanish adventurer at that period was to discover a fountain of |)erennial 
vouth or a mine of perpetual wealth. 

Bartollomeo Eas Casas, an earnest and a most dev(jut Sp.anish priest who 
undertook to carry the Christian faith into these benighted regions, soon began 
to protest against the savage treatment of the natives at the hands of his fellow 
countrymen. In his account of the Spaniards in the Island of Cuba he relates 
that a certain Cacique named Hatbuev had unfortunately fallen into their hands 
and was Inirnefi alive, ^^'hile in the midst of flames, fastened to a stake, he was 
promised eternal life if he would believe. "Hatbue\ reflecting on the matter as 
much as the place and condition in which be w,ts would permit, asked the friar 
that instructed him, whether the gate of heaven was open to the Spaniards, and 
being answered that such of them as were good men might ho|ie for entrance 
there, the Cacicpie without any further deliberation toM him he had no mind to 
go to lieaven for fear of meeting so cruel and wicked a company a^ tb.ey were, 
but would rather go to hell where he might be delivered from the tniublesome 
sight of such kind of people." This is the testimony of a de\o.n and an earnest 
])riest who, making every sacrifice, carried to these simple ])eo])U' in the new 
land the (iospel and the cross of I'hrist. It was fortunate that ."^pain ilid not 
obtain a dominating or jiermanent influence in ihe ^ett!emen( of the North 
.American provinces. To lie siu"e she early founded the town of St. AnL;usline, 
but Florida became in time but a nest of pirates, rolibers, desperadoes, outlaws, 
wandering Indians and runaway negroes. ITnjting their forces they m;ide con- 
stant forays and massacred the ]i!antcrs of (leorgia, burned their bnildinL;s and 



12 \\ AUW'UK S KKVSTONI-: COM MON WKALT 1 1 . 

ck'Slroyoil tlu'ir cro[)s. TIk-ii lleciiij; tn the thickets, morasses anil swamps of 
Florida they were safe from attack. These outrages continued for years and 
were beyond the control of the .Spanish authorities and at last. Spain, to relieve 
herself of the hurden sold the province in iSk) to the L'nited .States for the sum 
of $5,000,000. 

(k'rmany had passed through the horrors of the Thirtv Years' War, a relig- 
ious strife that in\ol\-ed all luu-ope in a relentless and desperate fury. "The 
whole land," says C'arlyle, "had been tortured, torn to pieces, wrecked and 
ijrayed as in a mortar." J'russia was but a >pot on the nia[) and without intlu- 
ence until the (ireat I'rederick lifted her to a connnanding ix)siti(.)n. 

The Dutch Republic "powerful by its waters, its union and despair" after 
passing through the terrors of .Mva's ruK- and the cruel jiersecution of the in- 
iquitous Inquisition, attained great i)roiuincnce and political importance and 
became the most jKiwerful maritime nation in the world, holding the position of 
mistress of the seas for a century, which l{ngland does to-dav. Sweden under 
the wise reign of (justavus Adoliihus and tlie able administration of Count 0.\en- 
stiern, rose to the height of her power. I'ortugal virtually was without influence 
and Itah' was divided into fragments, her thrones occupied by foreign [jrinces. 

luu'ope had emerged slowly from the stujjor and darkness of the .Middle 
.\ges. The capture of Constantinople by the Turks in the 15th century, dis- 
persed the learned nun of the Kast, and thus was revived in Western Europe 
the literature an<l cultme of ( ireece and Rome. The printing press too aided in 
the disscnnnatiou of learning by the multiplication of books. The religious 
Reformation preached Ijy Wickliffe was in turn followed Ijy that of John Huss. 
'J'hen came ^lartin Luther, wlio ap]jeaied one hundred years after the latter, 
and whose famous ninety-five pro[)osition^ aimed at indulgences and at what he 
called the errors of the Roman Catholic L'hurcli. L'nder the influence of these con- 
ditions a revolution was created in the thoughts of men, and their minds, released 
from a long ca|itivit\, demanded the reason ot things and woidd not accept as a 
veritv mere dogma and doctrine. Sects sprang u|) in every direction, like mush- 
rooms ovtT night, and many of iliem were so evanescent that they passed away 
without liistorx even recording tlu'ir names. So luuuerous were the followers 
ol" these doctrines, that they all but threatened the disintegration of the Roman 
(. hurch, and at once that great institution, in order to create a reaction and to 
stem till- tiile. began a svstem of persecution, and although it k'sseiied the number 
of heretics, even exterminating them in some localities, it could not prevent the 
growth of heresies, the whole Christian world was thrown into strife and con- 
tention, and the precepts of the gentle Teacher of Xaz;irc!h were ignored and 
forgotten bv his followers. It was an age of intolerance: men's minds were 
blinded bv bigotry and sui)crstition the twin daughter of ignorance, but the 
spirit of intolerance w;is not confined to one sect nor to one state, it controlled 
all classes of Christians, b'or examijle. under the i)rovisions of the edict of 
1550 against heretics enacted at the instance of Philii) II., no citizen was allowed 
"to print, copy, conceal, sell, bu\' or give any book or writing made by Luther, 
Calvin, Zwingli, or anv other heretic or to hold or attend any nieeting wdiere 
heretics teach." The punishment prescribed for any violation of this act was 
death bv sword, bv fire or by burial alive. .\ like punishment w;is inflicted 



WAKWU.K S Kin'Sln.NF. COM MOX WEALTH. I3 

upon those who would dare to lodge, shelter, entertain, nurse, feed or clothe a 
suspected heretic. Tn answer to this inhum;ui edict a law was passerl in the 
reign of Elizaheth which provided thai "if an\ heretic shall dm vert a I'ri)- 
testant to the Roman Catholic Church they shall Imth suffer death for hii;li 
treason." These acts will show more than anythiut^- el^e the spirit that pre- 
vailed, a spirit that compelled the persecuted to seek a refus^e in the new world. 

These acts were not e.xceptinnal in character, the st.atute Imoks at that 
age were cmwded with like enactments. The .\uL;lican and CaKim'st were as 
intolerant as the Knuiauist. .\fter I'ah'in had escajied from martyrdum and 
found refuge in (ieueva he sent Servetus tn the stake. The L'hurch of England 
pursued the Puritan and the Quaker with the same rancor that the French Cath- 
olics did the Huguenots or the Spaniard did the Dutch I'mtestaiU. Ciiercinu in- 
stead of persuasion was the means adopted tn convince the miuils of men. The 
stake, the gibbet, the rack and the thumb screw were the iui]ilemenls used to en- 
force obedience and to reclaim heretics. 

It seems strange in the light of present civilization that it was ever con- 
sidered possible to change an ojjinion of the mind by the torture of the bod\- : 
terror mav regulate the conduct but cannot control the consciences of men. 
Spinoza in commenting upon this matter sa\s: ".Men are so made as to resent 
nothing more impatiently than to lie treated as criminal on account of the 
opinions which they deem true and charged as guiltv for what simpl\- wakes 
their affection to ( iod and men. Hence, laws about opinions are aimed not at 
the base but at the noble, and tend not to restrain the evil-minded, InU rather 
to irritate the good and cannot be enforced without great peril to the govern- 
meiU. * * * * What evil can lie imagined greater for a State than that 
honorable men, because they have thoughts of their own and cannot act a lie, 
are sent as culprits into exile! What more baneful than that men for no guilt 
or wrongdoing but for the generous largeness of their minds should be taken 
for enemies and led off to death and that the torture bed, the terror 'if the had, 
should become, to the signal shame of authority, the finest stage for the public 
spectacle of endurance and virtue." There is nothing, strange to sa\-, that 
creates so bitter a contention as religii)us discussion, and \et there are no <pies- 
tions that should be so calmly considered as those relating to relig- 
ious belief. Even political differences do not create so great an am- 
mosity or so deep a hatred. .\ pronouncetl partisan in politics is mild in bis 
opposition as compared with a bigot in religion, .\fter all, nine times out of 
ten, religif)us belief is hut a matter of early education and trcaining, and a 
bigot in one faith would be just as intolerant as if he had been horn and eilu- 
cated under another creed. Why should dift'erence of opinion between men em 
a dogiTia or a doctrine induce one man to persecute his fellow? The stake and 
the rack have no logic that can convince the mind, no argument that can persuade 
the reason. Torture of the body may effect a verbal recantation but never change 
a heart. As Penn wisely observed. "If men would once consider one another 
reasonably they would either reconcile their dilTereuces or ,ii.iintain them more 
amicably." 

The early settlers in .\merica were men who were actuated b\ principles 
as dear to them as their life's blood, and men so controlled are willing to 



14 W AUWICK S KEVSTOXE COM MOXWEALTll. 

suffer without nuu-inur tlic privations that must be undergoue in the settlement 
of new lands in a new world. America lighted the torch that became a beacon 
to the oppressed of all nations and provided an asylum where all men could 
worship God according to their own fashion and without fear of molestation. 
To be sure there were some acts of intolerance passed by the Legislature in the 
early days of the province of Pennsylvania, but never was there a decree or a 
statute that in an\ way interfered with freedom of worship. 

If the conditions, such as we have described, had to exist it was fortunate 
for America that the settlements were made at a time when the political and 
religious tvranu\ and oppression of the old world sent out emigrants who 
sought libertv and an opportunity to worship ( iod according to the dictates of 
their own consicences. Had it not been for the oppression of the old world, the 
new world, iloiibtless, woidd not have lieen peopled so soon nor with the classes 
of immigrants that came. If there had not been oppression, these men, ]jer- 
haps, would not have left their old homes and the associations so dear to them 
for a new land that at first was not inviting, whose shores were bleak, whose 
forests were dense and whose inhabitants were savage. It was because of the 
conditions that prevailed in Europe that .\merica secured her freedom ; other- 
wise, the country might have t)een settled by mere adventurers, bent only upon 
the ex])Ioiiation of the resources of a new land. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE DUTCH AND THK SWKDKS— AKKIVAL OF THE EXi.LISH. 

THE earliest settlers of 1 'ennsvlvania were the IJuteh. who. in the year 
lOj^, located on the shores of the Delaware. Here they remained 
for ^a perie.d of fifteen years, when the Swedes estahlished them- 
selves in Pennsylvania and were in iK->ssession for seventeen years. 
The Dutch at the end of this time reconquered the country and retamed control 
until the En.olish. under the Duke of York, established dominion, and it was so 
held until the advent of I'enn and the Quakers in 16S2. 

Henrv Hudson, an Enolishman by birth, a hardy and venturesome sailor, 
was ori£i-inallv in the emplovment of the Muscovy Company, a Russian corpora- 
tion or-anized for the purj^se of extending commerce and of finding a north- 
western passage to India. As earlv as 1607 Hudson started out with the inten- 
tion of reaching the north pole, but met with adverse winds which greatly im- 
peded his course, and as he sailed north, ice so blocked his wav that he was com- 
pelled to return to Europe, which country he reached in September. Still m the 
employment of the Muscovy Company he made another attempt and sought to 
find a northwestern passage to India, but was again frustrated in his plans by 
the presence of great quantities of floating ice along the northern coasts of 
Europe. He made close observations and his expeditions specially fitted him 
for the work he was vet to accomplish. After severing his connection with the 
Muscovv Companv, he was employed by the Dutch West India Lompany to 
explore 'the new land for the purpose of a.lvancing the commercial interests of 
the corporation. By this time his reputation as a daring explorer had spread all 
over Europe. He sailed from Amsterdam, in Holland, early in Aiiril of ito), 
in a vessel of eightv t.ms burden, called the "Halve-AIaan" (Half Moon.) The 
crew consisted of sixteen or eighteen Dutch and English sailors. The vessel 
was about the size of one of our ordinary two-masted coasting schooners. It 
was remarkable what long and dangerous voyages were taken by the seamen of 
those davs in their explorations. They ventured out on comparatively unknown 
seas and in their small barks faced with intrepidity the perils of the deep. 
Their ships were mere pigmies as compared with the great ocean steamers that 
plough the seas to-day. Without steam, and driven alone by the winds, they 
encountered storm after storm in their lengthy voyages, for in coming from 
the old world to the new the sh.^rtest voyage occupied the space .^f about two 
months, while mishaps and adverse winds would greatly prolong the time. 
For instance, the Pilgrims left Plymoutli in the summer of 1620 an<l did not 
reach the New iMiglanrl coast until l)ecem1)er of the -ame year. Thev were 
on the sea for a period of nearly five months. Today, experienced and cour- 
ageous sailors w.nild hardly think of taking such chances as were taken liy 
the early ex])lorers. The largest boats of these intrei>id navigators were mere 
shallop>'as comi)ared with the I.usitania and the ()l>mpic of our times, and too it 



i6 WAKWU k's KK^■s•]■()^•l^ commonwkai.tii. 

must be borne in mind that the sailors of those days were suspicions and were 
ill hourly dread of beintc devoured by monsters. 

Once more Hudson sailed toward the north but at,'ain was hindered hv the 
ice and at once directed his course for Xorth America. He reached the coast 
of Maine in July and instead of makintj a landing sailed as far south as \"ir- 
ginia. evidently in the ncighborliood of Chincoteague. then pointing his prow 
to the north, he cruised along the coast imtil he reached the Delaware bay. then 
following the course of the bay he came to the mouth of the Delaware River. 
At this j)oint he passed close to the Breakwater, and this is as near to Philadel- 
phia, if we are to judge from his log book, as he ever got. Finding the water 
too shallow for his vessel's draught, he put out to sea, sailed along the Jersey 
coast and at last, on Se|)tember third, dropped anchor in what is now known as 
Sandy Hook. It was uixm these discoveries and explorations of Henrv Hudson 
that the Dutch laid claim to the land lying on both sides of the Delaware River. 
He seems not to have given any name to the great bay he discovered, nor had it 
any mitil Lord Thomas Delawar gave it the designation which it has ever 
since retained. This was about a year after the explorations of Hudson. The 
Dutch, under the direction of Captain Hendricksen, about this time constructed 
a vessel at .Manhattan Island and christened it "( inrust" or "Ivestless." It was 
built at Xew York, after a large vessel which had brought Captain Hendricksen 
and his crew from Europe bad l)een wrecked. It was about 45 feet in length 
and was of light draft, which enaliled iiini easily to pass over the shoals which 
had so greatly interfered with Hudson's course. After he had reached the 
entrance of the Delaware River, the Captain sailed as far north as the mouth 
of the Schu\ Ikill. This was in 1616. and for the first time a white man saw the 
site which was to be covered in time by the city of Philadelphia. 

Another Dutch navigator, named Cornelius Jacobsen Mey or Mav, fol- 
lowed in the wake of Captain Hendrick.sen, and eftected the first Dutch settle- 
ment on the Delaware River in the year of 1623. .\t the entrance of the Dela- 
ware I!ay he discovered a cape which he called after himself and which still 
retains its name. Sailing up the Delaware, he named the stream the South 
river, to distinguish it from the Xorth river which is known to-dav as the 
Hudson. The earliest Dutch settlement on the Delaware was Fort Xassau, 
located at (doiicester point on the Jerse\' side of the river opposite the present 
site of Philadelphia. In 1650, the Dutch abandoned this settlement ami retired 
to Fort Casimir, located in the neighborhood of what is now known in the 
state of Delaware as Xew Castle. The Dutch set up their fort in the verv 
midst of the Swedes' tract, with the intention, no doubt, of cutting their set- 
tlement in half. The Swedes resented this intrusion, and four years afterwards 
made a sall\- and captured the fortress on Trinity Sunday. The Dutch, how- 
ever, afterwards re-took it and called it Xew .\nistel which name it retained 
until the advent of the English gave it its present designation of Xew Castle. 
I ik.-ndricksen subse(|uently returned to Europe and came out with a party of 
Dutch settlers wlu* located themselves temporarilv on the shores of the Xorth 
river, and at last ])ermanently on the Jersev side of the Delaware river near 
what toda\- is the city of Trenton. Here he built a fort to command the ap- 
proaches to the iijjper river. In order to increase the settlements and to effect 



Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 17 

tlieir permanent establishment, the West India Company offered indncenients 
to its members to promote its enterprise. Any member of the company who 
would take out fifty settlers within a period of five years and establish a colony 
would be oiven a strij) of land sixteen miles in length if he settled on one side 
of the river, or eight miles if he settled on botli sides. These concessions of 
land extended far into the interior almost withuut limitation. The man who 
accepted this olTer was endowed with the title of "Patroon" or "I'atriin," and 
was allowed to retain certain privileges from the tenants after he had made 
concessions of land. He was entitled to a certain percentage of the farm pro- 
ducts, as well as a fair quantity of beaver skins, which animals at that time were 
found in great quantities in the streams of that locality. He was a sort of baron 
and the land was his manor. The said "ratroon" had to pay the expenses of 
the emigrants' passage from Holland, he had to stock the farm with horses, 
cattle ami all necessary implements of agriculture, which were to be rented to 
the occupant of the soil at a fair valuation. He was also compelled, under 
the o-ift, to provide a school-master and a minister of the gospel. < >n the other 
hand, in consideration of the conveyance of land, the settler was bound by 
agreement to cultivate the Patron's .soil fi>r a period of ten years and not to 
abandon his estate without permission of the proprietor. He was further to 
give to the Patron the first opportunity to buy any grain or other i>roduce 
which he had for sale. He was also to bring all his disputes into the Patron's 
court, where the Patron himself presided as a judge. He could not fish nor 
hunt, nor disturb the game on the Patron's estate. His grain had to be ground 
at the Patron's mill, and he was not allowed to weave any cloth, and was coflii- 
pelled to buy that which was imported from Holland. He had some little con- 
trol over his propertv in the wav of providing for his heir or successor, but if 
he died without making a will, all his estate reverted to the Patron. It may be 
said in this connection, however, that the patroons were not given any land 
under this svsteni in Penns\lvania : it was confined to New Netherlands and to 
New Jersey. 

.About this time, David Peterson de Vries, a Hoorn skipper, sent uut a 
party of emigrants to settle in the neighborhood of what is today known as 
Lewes, Delaware. It was called Zwanendacl, or "The A'alley of the Swans," 
and the settlement was established for the purpose of capturing whales, which 
at this time were found in great numbers in the Delaware bay. When the 
settlement was established, a rude coat of arins was set up, claiming the land in 
the name of the Dutch sovereign. An Indian, however, having been bold 
enough to tear it down and use the material f(jr his own purposes without an\' 
intention of ignoring or insulting the sovereignty it represented, was captured 
and executed, which cruel act so exasperated the savages in that locality that 
they stealthilv attacked the settlement an<l utterly destroyed it, leaving not a 
man to tell the tale. When de \'ries arrived with additional emigrants he was 
surprised to find hardlv a vestige left of the original settlement. 

After the Dutch came the .Swedes, and they took possession of the western 
shores of the Delaware and founded the town of Upland, afterwards called 
Chester. They touched the present limits of the city of PhilatU-lphia with their 
northern settlements. About tln^ time ( lustavns Adoli)hus, of .Sweden, who 



i8 wauwick's kicystoxi". com Mows i;ai. Til. 

had promised assistance and had s^ivcn liis countenance to these exploring ex])e- 
(htions, became engaged in the iliirtx ^'ears' War. and m i(->32 was killed at 
the battle of Lntzen. The carrying oul of his American projects was left io 
the care of his little daughter, Christina, wlu. received the assistance and advice 
of the great Swedish minister. ( )xenstiern. I'eter Minuit. who had been for 
several \ears emplo_\ed by the Dutch West India t'ompany. ha\ing been dis- 
missed fro)n their service, was at once engaged by ihe .Swedes. Two vessels, 
the "Kalmarnyckel" ami "X'ogelgrip" unck'r his command, set sail for America 
and in the Spring of i<)38 they reached the South or Delaware river capes, 
and proceeding up the river landed at a ]ilace called the "Rocks," which today 
is in the ncighliorhood of Wilmington. Here a fort was buill. called (.'hristina. 
for the ])urpose of guarding the river and by force exjielling all intruders. The 
advent of the Swedes aroused the activities of the Dutch and they protested 
against the building of the fort liy their fellow countryman. .Miuuit. but he dili- 
gentK ])roceede(l with his work, contemjjtuouslv disregarding their every in- 
junction. After completing the fort and making preparations for the rule of 
the Colons' during his alisence, he sailed for Europe but was subsequently 
drowned in a tropical storm while on a voyage in the East. He was suc- 
ceeded as Ciovernor by Peter Hollander, a native born Dutchman. More col- 
onists ;irrived with cattle and farming im|ilements and the Swedes set about 
tilling the soil. The Dutch, in fact, were traders and the Swedes w'ere farmers. 
The latter did not undertake to clear the earth of its forests, but located in the 
lowlands where the\ turned their cattle loose to [lasture on the swamps and 
meadows, where they grew fat and sleek on the succulent and nutritious grasses 
that grew upon a virgin .soil. The land they cultivated was rich and with their 
farming implements it was not difficult to raise crops of all kinds. They. tiK>, 
made great (piantities of wine, beer and brandv out of the wild berries that 
grew in abundance. Corn and sassafras were also utilized, in fact, everything 
that would ferment, was turned into liquor, llesides these home products used 
for the purpose of distillation they imported numerous casks of Madeira. In- 
dians brought in pelts of bear, as well as wild tiu-keys for meat and quail and 
small g.ame were had for the asking. 

John I'rintz, one of the most distinguished of the .Swedi-~h ( lovernors, 
arrived in this conntrs in 1(142. He is described as basing been a jolly good 
fellosv. a generous entertainer, an agreeable companion an<l a doughty drinker. 
This valiant trencherman sveighed in the neighlwrhood of four hundred pounds, 
and took three drinks at every meal, and it must be borne in mind in this con- 
nection that the Swedes had four meals a das'. ( )ne can onls' imagine what 
must have been the size oi the tankard for so rol)nst a drinker. His cellar 
was svell stored svith wines of the richest vintages, of foreign importation. 
He did not confine himself alone to wines of home manufacture. His larder 
was filled with game of all kinds, svhich svas found in great abundance in that 
locality, svhile the rivers teemed with fish. His table furnished the best the 
country could afford, which svas, in truth, of no mean (|uality. He entertained 
lavishly and lived like a nabob. He is .said at one time to have been a lieuten- 
ant-colonel in the Cicrman army, but for .some reason or other ha<l been deprived 
of his rank and was subsequently restored to higher honors. He had the repu- 



W'ARW'K k's KI-:\'SrOXE COMMONWEALTH. KJ 

tation of being a man of cunsidcralile cilncation and ability. He l)uilt a lort 
of hemlock logs at Tinicum, Imt a few miles below tlie city of Philadelphia, 
which he called Fort Gottenberg. lie also constructed <>n Tinicum Island, a 
mansion of considerable size and of imposing appearance, init out a garden 
and planted an orchard. His mansion was given the proud title of "Printz's 
Hall." He ruled the Swedes with sternness, Init protecteil their interests, ad- 
vanced their prosperity and kept the Hutch at bay. 

Timcnm is an island in tlie Helauare river lielow l)arl)\- on the western 
shore. There were two islands of this name, designated respeclivel) I'.ig anil 
Little Tinicimi. The latter, which within a few years past has been removed 
for the purpose of deepening and widening the channel of the river, la\ out 
in the middle of the stream. ISig Tinicum is on the western shore and is sep- 
arated from the mainland by Darby creek. The Corinthian and Philadelphia 
vacht clul)s, no doubt, stand to-day on the very ground once covered by Printz's 
mansion, and it was a great resort until within a few years past for sportsmen, 
who found at certain seasons of the >ear not (.mly fair duck shooting, but in the 
earlv autumn, rail and reed birds in great abundance. There are many men not 
far past middle life today who can recall with pleasure the amusements that 
were enjoyed at Tinicum. The little inn of ■'P.ill" Miller furnished in the spring 
])lanke(l shad fresh from the river, while the early vegetables from his garden 
such as onions, leeks, peas and new potatoes made a meal that would tickle the 
palate of a gourmet. Tinicum, until comparatively recent times, was a great 
sporting localit\'. Many a time the author has brought to liag teal, mallards, 
black ducks and sprig tails in sufficient f|uantities to satisfy any reasonable 
sportsman, while on a full tide in the autumn he has shot rail and reed birds 
in great numbers, but today there is hardly a feather to be found on these 
shores where game, even in the time of the memory of men living, was in 
abundance. In Printz's day one can imagine what a great resort for game the 
island must have been, and the ( lovernor himself being a soldier and accustonted 
to arms, no doubt indulged in the sports of the field and stream to his heart's 
content. 

The Swedes in their settlement, occupied the whole of Delaware, which was 
called the territories, and they came as far north as Wicaco. subsequently one of 
the outlying districts of Philadcliihia. The great employment of the .Swedes, 
like that of the Dutch, had been the trapping of beavers, and some idea may be 
had of the immense trade they carried on in furs when it is stated that the 
first vear of their arrival thcv exported thirt\- thousand skins and it is said 
this exportation had been far exceedeil in the years when the land was occujiied 
by the Dutch. The New Englanders looked upon this trade with a covetous eye, 
even attempted to engage in it and sent a vessel up the river to examine into 
conditions, but the Swedes opened fire uixm the intruder and she was compelled 
to return to Boston. The Swedes asserting their dominion over the Delaware 
river, aroused the resentment of the Dutch who sent messengers to remonstrate 
with Printz and to demand from him an explanation for his conduct, but Printz 
seized these ambassadors without hesitation and threw them into irons. Sub- 
sequently he brought his guns to bear on a Dutch trading vessel aiul threatened 
the captain with the destruction of his ship and the confiscation of his cargo 



20 



WAKWICK S KI•;^■STO^■F. C'OMMO.WVi'.AI.ill. 



if he did not at once withdraw. I'ctcr Stuyvcsant. Director (ieiieral at Xew 
Amsterdam, was a hold and resolute Dutch soldier whose spirit would not 
hrook such conduct, and he at once made a visit to the Swedish locality and 
against the remonstrance and the protests of IVintz, constructed a fort near 
Christian I lam on the west hank of the river. This was called Fort Casimir, 
and althoug-h there was murJi threateninj.;- on the part of hoth the Swedes and 
the Dutch they fortunately did not at that time come to hlows. In if>53, things 
having worn on without any decided change, Printz made arrangements to sail 
for home, and lett in charge of the little colonv John Papegoja, his son-in-law. 
who was in control until the arrival in the following ve.ar of the new (iovernor. 




■JiiK oi.ii SwicnK.s' C'HfRcir, 1.S2S. 



John Claudia Kisingh. When the latter reached Fort Casimir he deinanded the 
surrender of the Dutch. Two gmis were fired, a body of men effected a land- 
ing, and the Dutch garrison lieing few in nnml.)er were taken prisi_)ners. wliere- 
uiK)n Risingh changed the name of the fort to Fort Trinity and strengthened it 
in every possible way. This was too much for Stuyvesant and the Dutch West 
India l'oni|)any. and an order was forthwith given to invade the territory and 
bring the Swedes to terms. The Dutch, with ;i goodh- Iwdy of men numbering 
six hundred, fully armed, came uj) the river and demanded the surrender of 
the t'ort. The Swedes without ilelay. in the presence of so superior a force, 
laid down their arms. The Dutch then advanced upon Fort Christina, where 
Governor Risingh resided and without delay he hauled down his flag and made 
a complete surrender. The Dutch then |)roceeded on their voyage of conquest 



WARWICK S KEVSTOiNE CU.M ilON WEALTH. 21 

up the river to Tinicum, destroyed Fort Gottenberg and then visited the home 
of Printz, enjoyed to the full the wines in the cellar, the game in the larder, the 
fruits in the orchard and to make the victory complete raided I'apcgoja's chicken 
vard. Some of the Swedes hurried <iut of the settlement and fnund refuge in 
Alaryland, and others who would not take the oath of allegiance Id the Dutch 
were put in irons and transported to New Amsterdam. After this the Swedes 
and Dutch commingled and there was but little troulile l)etween them. Many 
of them settled in Upland, now Chester, and still many went fm-ther in the 
direction of Philadelphia, the great city that was to be. Wherever they settled 
thev still tilled the soil, cultivated their crops and devoted themselves to agri- 
culture, and that portion of nur cit\- that is known as the "Neck" became a rich 
vegetable tract, which reputation it has maintained even to the i)resent day. 
Old Swedes' Church, kniiwn as (iloria Dei, was erected l)y the .Swedes and 
still stands at Second and christian streets. It subsequently passed mit of 
the hands of the Swedes into the possession of the Episcopalians who have since 
retained it. 

During all the period we have described, the Dutch and the Swedes were 
acting as if no other nation had a title uv an interest in the land, but a slrnngcr 
power than either of them was diligently at work. When the .Stuarts were 
restored to the throne, Charles II., conveyed ti> his brother jaiues, Duke of 
York, all New England, New N't irk an<l .New Jersey. The Duke at once, imder 
n>\al ci.immissiiin, fitted nut a fleet and sailed across the seas, appeared sud- 
denly in the North river, forced the surrender of the fort at New .\msterdam 
on September 9, 1664, and without further ado changed the name of New 
.Amsterdam tO' that of New York. A portion of the expedition then sailed into 
the Delaware river after their conqtiest of New Netherlands, opened fire on 
Fort Casimir, and after a short skiriuish in which three Dutchmen were killed 
and ten or a dozen woimded, all resistance ceased. The soldiers who were 
taken prisoners, together with a lunuber <>{ the conunon iieojile, were sold into 
slavery in Virginia. 

The settlements in the .Nurth .-uid ."^nuth rivers, tliat is, the Hudson and 
the Delaware, were now under English control. The Dutch sent one more 
expedition to America before relinquishing all their rights, and New Nether- 
lands was recaptured, but shortly afterwards peace was signed between tin; 
two cotmtries and the English resumed their control. The first vessel sailing 
under a national flag to pass the river site at Phila<leli)hia was the ".Shield," an 
English ship sailing from Hull, which reached Unrlingtun in lO-S. It is said 
that one of the passengers made the remark, while passing the site where Phila- 
delphia was soon to be located, that "this is a fine place for a town." 

The Duke of York sold New Jersey, which was commonly kiKiwn as the 
Jerseys, east and west, to l.()]-d l',erkle\' and .Sir Ceorge Carteret. English and 
Scotch immigrants poured in .at nuce. .\mong these were a mimber of Friends 
or Quakers who saw tli;it the lainl w;is rich and healthful and a safe resort f(_)r 
their brethren in Europe who were being persecuted. 

The following extract from a letter written by Mahlon St;ic\' in ifi.So, de- 
scribing the land in .New Jersey which la\ in close proximitv to Pemisylvania 
is virtually also a description of the batter ])rovince and was written to induce 



22 WAKWICK S KliYSTONE COM MUX WEALTH. 

emigration. It is a ^'lowing account of a land all but llowing with milk and 
honey : 

* * * * "l!ul now a word or two of those strange reports you have 
of us, and our country: I affirm they are not true, and fear Ihcy were spoke 
from a spirit of envy, ll is a countr\- that produceth all things for the sup- 
port and sustenance of man, in a plenlilid manner; if il were not so, I .should 
be ashamed of what 1 have before written; but I can stand, having truth on my 
side, against and before the face of all gainsayers and evil spies. 1 have traveled 
thri)Ugh most of the ])laces that are settled, and some that are not; and in every 
place I find the country very apt to answer the expectation of the diligent. I 
have seen orchards laden with fruit to admiration ; their very limbs torn to 
pieces with the weight, and must delicious to the taste, and lovely to behold. I 
ha\e seen an apple-tree, from a pippin kernel, yield a barrel of curious c\-der ; 
and peaches in such plenty, that some people Itmk their carls a peach-gathering; 
1 Could not but smile at the conceit of it; the_\ are \er\' delicate fruit, and hang 
almost like our onions, that are tied on ropes. I have seen and known, this 
summer, forty bushels of l>old wheat of one Ijushel sown; and nian\ nini'e such 
instances I could bring, which would be too tedious here to nienti(in. We have, 
from the time called Alay until Michaelmas, great store of ver\ good wild 
fruits; as strawl)erries. cranbt'rries and Inirtleberries ; which are like our bil- 
berries in liiii^laiid. but far sweeter; they are \'ery wholesome fruits. The cran- 
berries, nnu'h like cherries, for color and bigness; which may be kept till fruit 
come again : an e.xcellent sauce is made of tbem for venison, turkeys, and other 
great fowl ; and they are better to make tarts than either gooseberries or cherries; 
we h;ive them brought to our houses 1)\ the Indians, in great [ilenty. Mv 
brother Robert had as man\- cherries, this year, as would have lo.aded several 
carts. It is my judgment, by what I have observed, that fruit trees, in this 
countr\, destroy themselves by the ver\- weiglu of their fruit. 

"As for venison and f<iwls, we have great plentx ; we haw brought home 
to our houses, b\ the Indians, seven or eight fat bucks in a da\ ; and sometimes 
put b\ as nian\, having no occasion for them; and tish. in their season verv 
[ilenteous. My cousin Rci'cll and 1, with some of m\- nu-n, went last third 
month into the river to catch herrings; for, at that time, they came in great 
shoales into the shallows; we had neither rod nor net; but, after the Indian 
fashion, made a round ])infold, about two yards over, ;md a foot high, but left 
a gap for the lish to go in at, and made a bush to lay in the gap. to kee]) the 
fish in; .and when that was done, we took twd long birches, and tieil their to])s 
together, and went ab(.)Ut a stones-cast aliout (pur said pinfoUl ; then bawling 
these l)irch-boughs down the stream, wdiere w i- drow thousands before us; but 
so manv got into f)Ur t)-ap a^ it would hold; and then we began to bawl them on 
shore, as fast as three or four of us could, by two or three at a time; and, 
after this manner, in half an hour, we could have filled a three bushel sack of as 
good large herrings as ever 1 saw. .\nd as to beef .and pork, here is great 
plentv of it, anil cheap; and also good sheep. The common grass of this country 
feeds beef verv fat. T have killed two this year; and therefore I have reason to 
kni>w it; besides, T have seen, this Fall in Bitrlini^fon . killed eight or nine fat 
oxen and cows on a market daw and all ver\ f;it. .\nd though I speak of her- 



WARWRK S KKYSTdMC I <J.\1 MUX WEALTH . 23 

rings only, k-st any should think \vl- have little other sorts, we have great plentv 
of most sorts nf fish, that ever 1 >aw in l:ii!j;laiid : besides several other sorts 
that are not kiK.iwn there; as. rocks, cat-fish, shads, shecps-heads. sturgeons; 
aiKl fowls i)lenty ; as. ducks, geese, turkeys, pheasants, partridges; and many 
other sorts, that I cannot remember, and would be too tedious to mention. 

"Indeed the country, take it as a wilderness, is a bra\-e couulr\, tliough no 
place will please all. But some will be read\ to say, — He writes of conveni- 
ences, but not of inconveniences. — In answer to these, I honestly declare there 
is some Ijarren land, as. I suppose, there is in most places of the world; and 
more woods than some would have upon their lands: neither will the country 
produce corn without labor, nor cattle be got without something to buv them, 
nor liread with idleness; else it would be a brave country indeed: and I question 
not. but all then would give it a good word. I-'or my part. 1 like it so well, 
I never ha<l the least -thought of returning to England, except on account of 
trade. 

"Mahlon SrAfv." 



CHAPTER III. 

WILLIAM IMCXX. Tin-: QITAKICKS. CMvOUGi; FO{X. FOU.NDKR OF THIi SECT. QUAKERS 
I'EKSliCL riCU liV THE AUI'HOKITIES. CONVEKSIO.V OI" FEX.\. PENN .ARRESTED. 
ITIiLISllKD A DEFENSE OF IlLS POSmO.N'. PERSECUTED P.Y HIS FATHER, 
ADMH<AL PEW. DEATH OF ADAHRAL I'E.W. PE.V.V U \ 1 HCIM' A KKS A MISSIO.V. 
.MARRHCS (U'LH'IL.NLX SPRI .NC.ETT. PERSECL'TION OF QUAKERS IX MASSACHU- 
SETTS. PEXN SECURES TRACT OF LAND KXOWX AS PEXXSVLVAXIA IN PAY- 
-ME.XT OF DEBI' l)i;E TO HIS FAIIIER BY I' H E CHOWX. CHARIER IdK I'E.VXSYL- 
VAXIA (iRAXTEl) HY THE KIXG. PEXX ARRIVES IX PEXXSYLV.V.Xl A. TRE.\TY 
WITH THE IXDIANS. THROWX IX J.ML. NEW GO\-EEXMEXT FOR PENNSYL- 
VANIA. I.IX'ED THE I.H-I-; OF IIIE GENTLEMAN. ESTAP.LISHED A COL'NTRY 
MANSION IN PUCKS COUNTY, CALLED PEXXSnURY. OFFERED INDUCEMENTS 
TO SEITLERS. LETTER WRITIEN IIY PENN TO THE COMMITTEE OF FREE 
SOCIETY OF IKADERS OF THl'. I'ROVIXCE OF PEN XSYLVA X I A, RICSIDIXG IX 
LOXIKJ.V. 

WILLIAM PEXX was Iwrii in the city i)f Lonilun. in 1O44. His 
mother was a Dutch woman, well bred hut without any particular 
strength or brilhancy of character. His father. Sir W'iUiam Penn, 
was an .\(hniral in the English navy, and althcnigii he had served 
the grovernment in the days of the Commonwealth, this did not preclude him 
from enjoying the esteem, favor and companionship of Charles II. and his 
brother, the Duke of York, who subsequently Ijecame James 11. Penn the 
younger was surrounded in his early heme life l)y the most refining- conditions 
ajid as.sociations, and he was trained or educated for the career of a knight or 
cavalier. Xotwithstanding the aristocratic and worldl}' surroundings of his 
early years, he evinced an unusual religious fervi'r and was impressed by tiie 
spirit of reform that prevailed in those times. When a mere boy, about eleven 
years of age, according to his own admission, he was sudilenly surprised with 
an inward comfort and, as he himself described it, "an external glory seemed 
to permeate the room'" which experience led him to adopt a life of severe i>ietv. 
In iMigland at that time the minds of men were in a state of feverish agitation, 
inllamed with religious fervor and tliey were controlled l)y an integrity of pur- 
pose that niav be defined as fanaticism, a fanaticism that induced them not 
onl\ III brave persecution but to defy it. 

The Quakers apjieared in the north of England in the \ear i')44. and were 
at first characterized by a wild enthusiasm and an extravagance of expression, 
thus differing from their successors in the same faith, who, with a meek and 
gentle disposition, were mild and complacent in their manners. 

(ieorgc Fo.x, founder of the sect, the son of a poor English w'eaver, was 
suddenly impressed with the belief that he was imbued with the spirit of a 
divine mission, and he went abroad carrying the glad tidings to his fellow men. 
He wandered from town to town and addressed large congregations of peo]ile 

24 



WAUWKKS KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 2$ 

in the i)|)cn air. He lield public meetings in tlie streets, livways and even in 
the hell-Is. Although his I'ullowers were at first very few, the sect grew rapiilK' 
and as it increased in numbers, exerted a ci.msiderable inlluence. rhe\- estab- 
lished a propaganda, carried their faith anmng the poorer classes and evince<l 
the spirit of the earl\- martxrs. I'ersecutinn only increased their devotion and 
loyalty. I'o-x, although an illiterate man, was a forcible speaker. lie was 
tall and impressive in appearance and possessed of an earnestness that per- 
suaded and Convinced the minds of men. He was not in any sense nf the word 
what nia\' be termed a finished orator, but he drove home with force in simple 
and homely phrase, the truths he professed while vast audiences hung breathless 
on his words. He is recognized as the founder of the sect, although the beliefs 
he taught long antedated liis preaching. Moliuos, a Spanish priest in the Roman 
Catholic church, had held almost the same views; he went abroad preaching bis 
doctrines, came to Rome, invaded the \ atican and almost converted the I'ope. 
His belief was called "I'ietism" and he conten<led that the (piiet meditation and 
contemplation of the mind directed upon one subject would bring the communi- 
cant within actual correspondence with the living Clod, and after this serious 
and sober contemplation and connunnication the mind would be filled with an 
inner light which would illumine and direct the wa\'. I'nder this teaching the 
dogmas and sacraments of the church were ignored and her antborit\' was nec- 
essarily diminished. This falling away from the original faith aroused the op|)o- 
sition of the Jesuits, and that reiu.irk'able bod\- of men immediately put forth 
stupendous efforts to counteract the influence of this Individualism. Persecu- 
tion was the weapon used to create a reaction and after a severe conflict the 
new "Ism" was ]ilucked out of the church rcicit and branch and thousands of it.s 
followers exterminated. 

The Quakers or "Tremljlers'' as they were called in derision h\' their oppo- 
nents, refused to pay tithes to the state or to the church, they W(iuld take no 
oaths in the courts, basing their conduct in this matter upon the biblical precept, 
"Thou shalt not swear": thev wore their hats in the presence of all men, refused 
to uncover even when they stood before the kmg, and acknowledgeil onl\' one 
God to wdiom they would make obeisance. They were plain and simple in 
speech, ignored titles of every kind, addressed each other as "Thee" and "Thou" 
and called every person l)y his or her first name, or "Friend So and So." Wil- 
liam Penn had not up to this time, however, Ijecome a memljcr of the Society 
of Friends, but he was much impressed by their teachings, and to remove this 
impression he was sent by his father to Oxford where he liecame a student in 
Christ Church college. He was about sixteen years oi age at this time and two 
years after his admission w-as exjK'lled from the institution, "( ilad," he saiil. 
"to be released from an existence in the midst of that hellish darkness and de- 
bauchery." The father of William Penn, proud ;ind aristocratic as he was, and 
a faithful devotee of the established church, looked with no kindliness, as we 
may readily suppose, upon the religious inclinations of his son. The Quakers 
found no favor in the eyes of the authorities and they were harassed and an- 
noyed in every pcissible way. They were bound over to keep the peace, beav\ 
bail was im])()sed upon them and in failure to secure it they were thrown into 
vile prisons among the lowest an<l most debased classes of s(.iciet\' : tluw were 



26 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 

despoiled of ihcir homes aiul their property was seized and destroyed. The 
early Quakers, that is to say most of them, were of the ignorant, common 
people, and Admiral I'l-mi was greatly exasperated because his son showed a 
desire to consort with w hat the irate father termed, the rabble ; but the religious 
faith in the son could not by persuasion nor harsh treatment be shaken. The 
boy was beaten and thrown out of doors, he was sent to the continent in care 
of a tul(jr to see if travel and study would not curb his enthusiasm, lini he 
seems to have returned without change of heart. One day, at Cork, while 
attending a meeting of Friends he heard a sermon on the text : "There is a 
faith which overcomes the worUl. and there is a faith which is overcome by the 
world." .So impressed was he by the words of the preacher that it seems to 
have been the turning point in his life, for in this period he virtually accepted 
the religious views of the sect. .Shortly after this, while in attendance again 
upon a meeting in the town of Cork, the authorities made a raid u]5on the con- 
gregation and yoimg Penn was arrested, but his influential position soon se- 
cured him a release, and at once he returned to London where his father did 
everything in his pcnver to induce him to abandon his belief. William Penn, 
however, would not surrender his views and finally made up his mind to become 
openly ;i member of the sect. Mis conversion was a great acquisition to the 
faith because of his high character, his education and his social position. Not 
only did he advocate his views in voice but he brought also his pen into requi- 
sition in defense of the position he had assimied. In 1688 he publised a work 
called "The Sandy Foundation Shaken." For this publication, he was sent 
summarily to the Tower, but the dungeon could not shake his resolution. "Aly 
prison shall be my grave before I shall budge a jot," was his defiant declara- 
tion. While in this dungeon he wrote a book entitled "No Cross No Crown," 
a book that holds its place in religious literature even to this day and which 
e.x-President Fliot of Harvard deems worthy to be named in his five foot shelf 
library of world famous books. We cannot at this time fully estimate the influ- 
ence of such a man upon the society. He was not given to violent ranting, 
nor to enthusiastic speech without thought, but to reasonable, quiet and persua- 
sive discussion. His very spirit of fortitude created admiration in the hearts of 
his worldly friends, although they scofifed at his religious views, and because 
of the great sacrifices he made in accepting this faith, he convinced even his 
enemies of his absolute sincerity. All this time he enjoyed the favor of the King, 
and even the Duke of York upon one occasion personally interceded for his re- 
lease from the Tower. In 1670, while preaching in the public streets he was 
arrested and thrown into jail. \\'hen brought before the Court for a hearing 
he refused to remove his hat. A heavy fine was imposed upon him for his con- 
tumacy, which he refused absolutely to pay. His father, however, hearing of 
his incarceration, paid the fine and once more had him released. It was about 
this time that his father died. Within six months after the Admiral's death, 
Penn was again arrested and committed to prison. .Such a faith as this, such 
resolution and integrity of purpose could not be changed or swerved a jot by 
the infliction of corporal punishment. It was his spirit and fortitude of soul 
that arose above all chastisement and refused to be controlled by terror. He 
now went through the country, preaching aufl exhorting the ].)eople, and in 1672 



WARWICK S KEVSIUNE COM MUX WEALTH. 27 

married a Quakeress, (nilielma S[)rinL;ett, a woman coiiieh in aijpearancc and 
of superior mental accomplishments. Mis having entered into matrimony may 
have been an inducement to him to cease offending the law anil id avnid spend- 
ing much of his time in prison and he at once set about making arrangements 
to provide an asylum for his persecuted friends and followers. 

.-Mreadv many Quakers, to avoid persecutiijn, had emigrated to thr \ew 
World, manv of them settling in the Jerseys. Tlieir first appearance in .Massa- 
chusetts was in 1656 when t\vr> male and six female Quakers arri\ecl fnmi 
Rhode Island. They were looked upim with fear and a])prehensii)n b\ the 
settlers and by their conduct provoked the greatest dislike and hati-ed. iV-nal 
enactments were made to keep them in subjection. ,A nnmlxr ni (juakers hav- 
ing arrived, they were summarilv arrested b_\' ihe autlii irities and carefully ex- 
amined fiir the purpose of discovering, if possible, any sym]itnms (ir signs dt 
witchcraft, liut no traces of this kind lKi\-ing been found they were returned tn 
the colonies whence they came. This li.arsh treatment, however, did nut deter 
others from entering the province, and they took every opportunit}' to ex])ound 
their doctrines even in defiance of the authorities. Swarms of Quakers, as time 
ran on, descended upon the colony, irritated the officials and seemed to welcnine 
persecution in order that the\- might lie able to show their power of emluring 
cruelt}-. They were most fanatical in their doctrines and in their con<luct. One 
Quaker, named Foubard, claimed that the inner light had directed liim in sac- 
rifice his onlv son as did .\braham of old. The bov, however, nut being as 
strong in the faith as his father, and being unwilling to lose his life under such 
conditions, shrieked for help and was fortunately rescued In- outsiders. 'i"he 
Quakers also had the irritating custom of interrupting divine ser\-ice in nueiing 
houses and churches. Indeed, one man entered a meeting house and with a 
bottle in each hand, broke them by striking them together, exclaiming at the 
same time to the startled and enraged congregation: "Thus will the I.nrd iu 
time break you in pieces." I''emale preachers were not more considerate than 
the males. One woman, her face begrimed with soot and ashes, interrupted a 
service by announcing in a Idud voice that her face represented a pictorial illus- 
tration of the black po.x which Heaven was to send as a judgment on all carnal 
worshippers, that is those who would not obey the inner spirit and were not 
illumined l>y the inner light, .\nother wnman entered stark nakeil into a church 
when the congregation were at prayer, and exclaimed that she exemplified their 
naked spirituality by the indecent exjiosure o{ her body. Conduct so wild and 
fanatical brought down upon the sect the Cdudemnatidu of all thdse whn differeil 
with them. These ranters were merely wild enthusiasts whose minds liail 
been overturned by the religious fervor of the times. It does seem almost im- 
possible that these fanatics could have been the early disciples of a sect so sim- 
ple, .so meek, so gentle and so complacent as the Quakers of nther limes and 
places. 

In 1658, a law was passed in .Massachusetts, [)roviding for tile |iunishmenl 
by death upon all Quakers returning from banishment. The law was at first 
opposed, but finally adopted by the narrow majoritv of a single \()le. I'".\er\ - 
thing was done by the authorties to induce the prisoners, after their trials, to 
withdraw from the coldny with the [iroiuise that they would not again return. 



28 



W AlsWK K S KI'IVSTOXE COM MO.V WICAI.T II . 



bm the prisoncr> wirr (ilicliiratc. 'I'liev contemlcil that tluy had Ir-l-ii called 
b_\- the inner spirit and they refused to abandon a field which, in their opinion, 
needed so nuich relit^'ious cultivation. Undc-r the l)arbarous enactment above 
cited four Ouakers. three men and nne WDUian. were put to death at I'.oston. 
]t does not api>ear that these ])risoners bad offended the coninunhty by violent 
conduct or frenzied ]jreachins\ but they were executed simply because they had 




c/m^///L 



returned from banishment. In a number df instances ofifending- Quakers were 
fastened to the tail ends of carts and lashed naked through the town. 

In order to escape persecution at li.iine and ahruad. William Tenn decided 
to secure, if possible, a tract nf land in the new world where the followers nf hi^ 
sect could establish a settlement. William I'enn's father had a claim against the 
I'.nglish government foi' back pay and for mone\' loaned the crown. The 
chances for the paxment of this money in coin of the realm did not seem to be 
very likely in view ot the Imancial condition nf tlu' Kingdom, so I'enn in order 
to efil'ect a settlement, suggested to C'barle^ II. and the 1 )nke of York that tliev 



WARWICK S KEYSI'OXE CUM M I IX WICAl.T 1 1 . 29 

give him in full iiaynient, a tract of unexplored laiul in the New W'urld running 
west of the Delaware ri\er and covering an area of ahout forty-fi\-e thousand 
square miles. In return I'enn and his heirs were to send to the castle of Wind- 
sor two heaver skins annnall\ and one-fifth of all the gold and silver that 
might be found in the locality. Charles looked with favor on the proposition 
and the charter for the new government was signed at Westminster on March 
4, 1681. The King, to show distinction to tlie new proprietor christened the 
land Pennsylvania but Penn objected to this name, claiming it would look like 
vanity on his part to give to the territory such a designation, and for a time 
insisted that the |irovince should he called Xew Wales, there being already a 
New England, a Xew Xetherlands, a New Sweden and a Xew Jersey. After 
some persuasion the King induced Penn to acceiit hi^ views and the state 
ever afterwards became known as Pennsylvania or "I'enn's Woods." Penn, in 
writing tr> a friend, Robert Turner, of Dublin, in relation to this matter said: 
"After man\- waitings, watchings, solicitations and disputes in council this day 
mv countr\- wa> confirmed to me under the great seal of England. * * * * 
It is a clear and just thing that my Ciod has given it to me, through many diffi- 
culties will I believe, bless it and make it the seed of a nation." At this time 
Pennsylvania was a vast wilderness reaching down to the water's edge, ami 
even after the settlement of Philadelphia was established and a clearing of the 
forest had been made, great trees left growing on the hanks of the stream, 
shadowed the vessels that lav anchored close to the shore, and for years after 
the city was laid out, large stumps in the middle of the highways interfered with 
travel. Wild beasts and red men wandered at will through the woods. Game 
of all kinds was most alnmdant. (Jreat flocks of ducks, geese and swan in 
their flights often darkened the sun. The marshes, lowlands and meadows 
were full of snipe, woodcock, rail, reed and shore birds, while on the uplands, 
wild turkeys, rufifed grouse and covies of quail were found in abundance. It 
.gave no indications of beco)iiing the site of a great city. Penn at once inaugur- 
ated a system to induce emigration and advertised for settlers not onlv in Eng- 
land, hut also on the continent, especiallv in Holland and (iermany. As an in- 
ducement he offered five thousand acres in Pennsylvania for one hundred 
pounds in cash and a rent i:)f one shilling annually thereafter for each one hun- 
dred acres. If the settler was not able to buy the land he might rent two 
hundred acres or less at one shilling per acre per annum. 

Penn, with a goodly company and on a little ship of three hundred tons 
burden, named the "Welcome," left Deal at the close of August, 1682. There 
were about one hundred passengers on board and the voyage had not proceeded 
far when smalljiox, the dreadful pest of that age, broke out among the passen- 
gers and about one-third of those on board died before reaching their destina- 
tion and were cast into the sea. The ship at last, however, arrived inside the 
Delaware capes, October 24, 1682, and sailing up the river reached New Castle 
on the twenty-seventh of the month. Two da\s after this it arrived at Upland, 
where Penn's cousin, Alarkham, whom he had sent across the water in advance 
to serve as deputy until his arrival, awaiteri him. It is said that I'cnn left his 
vessel lying at anchor at ITpland, which is now Chester, and proceeded up the 
river in a baro-e until he reached Dock Creek. Here was located a tavern called 



30 Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 

the "r.luc Anchor" wliicli at that time was coiukictcd liy Captain William Uarc. 
It was a hrick building, sixteen by thirty-six feet long, situated on what is now 
called Front street, about one hundred and fifty feet north of Dock Creek. .A 
wooden wharf ran out into the river at the rear nf the Inn and it is here that 
Penn is supposed to have come ashore and for the first time to put foot upon 
the site of his future city. I'p to this time in his life. I'enn had been a man of 
leisure, but now he was to become the founder nf a great settknnent and the 
governor of a people, lie had devoted himself to religious discussion and con- 
templation and up to this period had received no training that speciallv fitted 
him for the work he was about to imderlake. "However, it is not one inch 
beyond the truth to assert," says the Honorable Hampton L. Carson in his 
interesting palmer on the "Greatness of I'ennsylvania," "that William Penn out- 
ranked clearly, intellectually and i)hil<j-o|)]iically, the founders of the remain- 
ing Thirteen ( )riginal States, and this is without attem])ting to disparage or 
underrate the faith or the services of others." .Ml the associations of Penn's early 
home life were refining. He cultivated the friendship of men clistinguished in 
politics and letters. He had enjoyed the friendship of John Milton, .Algernon 
Sidney and John Locke, an association which must have been of itself a liberal 
education, lie was, as already seen, a student for a time at a college at Ox- 
ford, and he took a course of law at Lincoln's Inn. Penn, however, was not 
what nnght be called a "bookish" man. but a philoso]iher, a practical statesman 
and i)olitici;in. In his framework of government for I'ennsx Ivania. he sa\ s that 
".\n\ goN'ernment is free to tlie [leople under it no matter what its form; 
where the rulers and the people are a party to those laws, and more or less 
than this is tyranny, oligarchy and confusion." lie further (piaintly states in 
the same paper: "Co\-crnnients, like clocks, go with the motion which men give 
to them, wherelore it is more important that men be good than the government 
be goo<l, for if government be IkuI and men be good they will mend it, Inn if 
government be good and men be bad tliey will war]) and s|)oil it to their turn." 
It is fortunate for the future welfare of the state that such a man was called 
upon to take hold of the helm and i^uide it at the beginning of its course. Lib- 
eral in princi|ile. tolerant in spirit, he began to treat with the Indians upon a 
fair and eipial basis and under an oak tree in the district of ."^hackamaxon. a 
treaty was made so fair and ei|iiitable in its ])rovisions that it has held for all 
time the friendship of the Indians. It was tiiis treaty that called fortli the ad- 
miration of X'oliaire. who declared that it was the only one which, while never 
reduced to writing, h.ad ne\er been broken. I'enn at once undertook to pre- 
pare a code of laws for his commonwealth and indike all other codes of that 
period, it i)rovide(l that the ])enalty of death should be inllicted onlv in two 
cases, th;it of Irea.son and that of nuu-der in the first degree. This shows how 
far in advance of the s|.)irit of the age were the thoughts, views and liberalitv 
of this great man, for at that time no less than three hundred offences were 
punishable in England by death, while other methods of pimishment were not 
only severe but degrading. It was not only the higher class of felonies that 
were punished by the death penalty but also many oft'enses comparatively trilling 
in character. Among these may be named stealing a falcon, concealing a hawk, 
hunting in a forest or park by night or w itli painted faces, conjuration of the 



WARWICK S KEVSTOXE COM M OX WKALTII. 3I 

evil spirits, the practice of witchcraft or sorcery, burning stacks of corn, coun- 
terfeiting lottery tickets, returning frtun transportation, smuggling, burning down 
turnpike gates, robbing a rabbit warren, stealing fish out of any river or ]5ond, 
damaging Westminster Bridge, stealing sheep nr cattle and many ntlur misde- 
meanors of like degree too numerous to nientinn. In the stocks and the iiillory 
men were placed for the slightest offences against the law and so disgraced were 
the culprits by measures so cruel that their sul)sec|ueut reform in the locality 
where the punishment was inflicted was all but impossible. Malicious boys and 
men with eggs, vegetables or even stones pelted the poor, miserable ijftenders 
who were thus subjected to pul:)lic insult and revilement. In all these matters 
Penn endeavoretl to introduce reforms. The jails in Iingland at this time were 
vile, loathsome dungeons, crowded with criminals of the lowest order who were 
herded together like wild beasts. Aleu whose only offence had, been that they 
had failed to pa\- a deljt were thrown into a cell with prisoners accused of the 
vilest crimes. Jailers were cruel and heartless, hardened by the scenes they 
dailv witnessed, while criminals had no hope and gave no promise of reforma- 
tion. Even after the terms of the prisoners had expired they were kept in con- 
finement until they secured money sufficient to pay fiir their expenses during 
their incarceration, and often a poor wretch without any means was unable 
even after the lapse of months of time to secure his release. The reforms intro- 
duced and eii'ected by Penn in his new pro\ince showed how careful and 
broadminded he was as a statesman and an organizer of governiuent and how 
closelv he must have observed the conditions in his native land. He even went 
so far as to guarantee to every criminal the right of defence. He armed citi- 
zens with the ballot and with care he guarded its purity. He made land subject 
to the payment of debts, and abolished the law of primogeniture. lie also pro- 
vided for the recording of titles to land. In fact, his whole s_\stem was bene- 
ficial, reformative and progressive. He was tolerant and in the matter of 
religion declared that "No man will be molested in their ( sic ) religious per- 
suasion or be compelled to frequent or maintain any religous worship or min- 
istry contrary to his mind but shall follow and freely enjov his C'hristian lib- 
erty in all respects without molestation or interru|)tion." This was indeed a 
new doctrine that pushed forward the hands of the clock. 

The government of Pennsylvania was to consist of a (iovcrnor and a 
Provincial Council composed of the free men of the Pnivince, and ;i legislative 
body designated as the Tieneral Assembly, "By whom all laws shall Ije made, 
ofificers chosen and |3ublic affairs transacted." The free men of the pro\ince 
were to meet and choose from among themselves seventy-two persons to act as a 
Provincial Council. One third of the members were to be chosen for three vears : 
one third for two years and one third for one year, and annually thereafter the free 
men were to choose twenty-four persons to serve three years in place of those 
whose term had expired. It was the function of the ( iovenior and the i^rovincial 
Council to prepare and propose to the deneral Assembly all hill- which the\ 
should at any time think fit to be passed into laws. 

William Penn was an enthusiast in religion, but reason.alile and iiher.il in 
all his views. When he arrived in this country he was in the ver\- vigor <if 
youth, being but thirtv-eight vears of age, but he had hail a \-aried and liinuil- 



32 



WAKWU K S KKVSTdNE COM M ON Wi; ALT II . 



tiioiis expt-rience. I"or the sake of his conscience he had suffered exile from 
his father's roof and imprisonment in the vilest dens, but fortunately his con- 
finements had not weakened or enervated him jjliysically nor had thev broken 
his liberal and tolerant spirit and better than all his persecutions and suft'erinfjs 
had not made him vindictive. Penn. about this time in his life must have 
been ij^racefid of carriage and ai^'^reeable and polite in manner. His dress was 
plain without any ostentation, but it did not attract attention because of its 
exceptional features. There was nothing- in it, when compared with the pre- 
vailing taste of the times that would have caused comment or special remark. 
llis coat was without any ornaments or decorations, although no doubt, he was 
entitled to wear the medals won by his father in the service of his c<uuitr\-. 
I'emi wore both buckles and wigs, in fact, he bougdit four of the latter adorn- 
ments in one year at the cost of £4 ajjiece. He was most particular in having 




WniiAM I'lw's TitKAiv WITH Tin: l.MirANs at Shackamaxon, .Iink 'i:!, lO.s;!. 

llis hat in good condition and it was frequently in the hands of the hatter to 
be ironed and pressed into shape. In speaking of dress upon one occasion he 
said: "Choose them by thine own eyes not another's. The more plain and sim- 
ple they are the ])etter, neither unshapely nor fantastically; for use and decency 
and not for pride." 

"Costly thy habit ,ts th\ purse ma\ liuv 
lUu not ex]jressed in fancy: rich not gaudv ; 
I'^or the apparel oft proclaims the man." 



The great painting of Ilenjamin West, depicting his treaty with the Indians. 



WARWILK S KEVSTllNE COM WOX WEALTH. 33 

shows Penii in a Quaker garb and as a fat man well advanced in years, but 
this was all in the imagination of the painter, for West never saw I'enn, and a 
distinct dress was not v\'orn by the Quakers until many years after the death 
of the great proprietor. No douljt. the painting representing Penn as a voung 
man and as a cavalier, in a coat of mail and with his hair falling to his shoulders 
gives, so far as the features of Penn are concerned, a better idea of the great 
founder. Dean Swift whu was a keen observer, declared that Penn "talked 
very agreeably and with great spirit." He is also said to have been facetious 
in conversation and greatly enj<:iyed a sally of wit. He had traveled e.xten- 
sively in Europe and while in Russia had an audience with Peter the Great. 
In fact he seems to have impressed all with whom he came in contact, whether 
king, philosopher, poet or peasant. Penn lived the life oi a well Ijrcd luiglisli 
gentleman. His table was always well spread and well served in keeping with 
the home of a man of his position. His cellars were stocked with the liest vintage 
iif Canary, Claret, Sack and Madeira, and his sideboard, as was customary in those 
days, always held its decanter ready for the social glass. It is said, too. that he 
was a judge of a good hi_)rse. On his first voyage to his province he brought 
over two mares and a white stallion and on his second visit a cdIi named 
"Tamerlane" bv the celebrated Codolphin liarb from one of the best strains of 
racing horses in England, of pure Arab blood. Unfortunately, there were nu 
good roads in the province nix>n which he could test the speed of his bKjndcd 
stock. 

When Penn arrived in his province, many of the inhabitants lived in caves 
or holes dug in the high embankment which faced the Delaware river. The 
first house erected within what today is known as the city of I 'hihuklphia, was 
built by George Guest in lludd's Row. near Powell's Dock. Here fur maii\' 
years he kept a tavern called the "Blue Anchor." It was not finished at the 
time of the proprietor's arrival, but it was here as we have already said, that 
Penn landed when he for the first time visited the site of the future city. 
John Key is said to have been the first child born of English parents in Philadel- 
phia. He was born in a cave and saw the light of dav before the crecticiu <jf any 
building. He lived to an advanced age and was always known among the in- 
liabitants as the first Ijorn. He considered it cpiite a distinction, and although 
in his later life he lived at Kennett. in Chester Count}-, he made frequent trips 
afoot to the city. William Peini. in recognition of his distinction, presente<l him 
with a lot of ground. 

Penn's town house stood on a piece of high ground between Front and 
Second streets and below Market street. It was of brick, two stories in height, 
with an unobstructed view of the river. It was known as the Letitia house, it 
being named after his daughter; and in 1883 to save the historic relic from de- 
struction, it was removed to Fairmount Park, where it stands today in close 
pro.ximity to ( iirard .Avenue P.ridge. Penn also began the construction of a 
great country mansion at a [ilace in Pucks comity, known as Pennsburw It 
was about twenty miles north of Philadel|)hia on the Delaware and about four 
miles north of the town of Piristol. Here he intended to keep o[>en house and 
live in the style that comported with his dignity as Governor of the Province. 
He had made nuicli progress in the construction of the buildings and out houses, 



34 



WARWICK S KEYSTOXI-: COM MOX WEALTH. 



and was employed in this work when he was unexpectedly called back to Lon- 
don. The mansion had its stal)les, brew and bake houses, as well as the garden, 
vineries and orchards. The house itself was wainscoted with English oak while 
the tables and chairs were made of the same wood. The curtains at the windows 
were of damask and striped linen and the couches were adorned with plush 
and satin cushions. The table service was of plain but massive silver, the china 
was delicate and the table cloths and napkins were of linen damask. In the 
wagon house was a large coach which, however, was seldom used and there 
were several sedan chairs and a calash for the female ]«:)rtion of the family and 
also side saddles and jMllions to be used when the ladies preferred .going horse 




_>s>i5^%-^, 



1'L.N.n's HuCSE, also LaLLLU LliTlTIA C'ol"i.\GK, WAS EkECTIvU I.N ]^l.riTI.\ Col HI. Tin; KiK.ST 

Brick House ix Pnn,ADEi,PHiA. Now Standing ix Fairmouxt Park. 



back. The road between his country seat and the citv was so rough that rid- 
ing in a vehicle over it was uncomfortable and even dangerous, and when he 
came to the city he sometimes rode in the saddle, but. as a rule, he took the 
river route in a barge rowed by si.x oarsmen. 

All this time the city was assuming a business air. Houses were going up 
in every direction, many of them being composed of bricks, for clay had been 
discovered close to the city which was of a very fine quality for building pur- 
poses. The harbor was filled with sailing craft and there was much water 
transportation. The principal landings for boats were the Jjlue .\nchor Inn 
and the Pennypot House, the former at the mouth of Dock Creek, and the 
latter at the foot of \'ine street, drocery. butcher, dry gixids and bake shops 
were opened, while a rope walk, tanneries, cooj^er, wheelwright and blacksmith 



WARWICK S KliYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 35 

shops were established, and there were about seven taverns in the city where 
good, wholesome meals were served at sixpence. These public houses had been 
licensed by the Governor, and any proprietor ur publican who charged more 
than a certain amount for a meal was subject to a penalty. The traveler on 
foot could obtain lodging for 2d. a night, while a horseman was lodged for 
nothing, provided he paid 6d. for his horse's keep and fodder. Lows, pigs and 
goats ran at large in the streets, and fences had to be erected lo save the gar- 
dens, as also the grain and corn lields from destruction. .Municiiial regulations, 
however, were soon adopted, and among other things it was iirovided that pigs 
must have rings in their snouts to prevent them from digging and rooting u;! 
the garden and pasture lands. 

Schools were established and meeting houses for public worship were jiro- 
vided. Such were the humble beginnings of our great city. ( >f cour-e, the 
enterprise was watched with great interest by the friends <jf I'enn in l''.uroi)e 
and the following letter written by I'enn in his quaint style to the Committee of 
the Free Societv of Trailers of the Province c>f I'ennsylvania residing in Lon- 
don, gives a full and most interesting description of the products and tlie re- 
sources of the province together with some interesting facts in relation to the 
aborigines. Every line of it is worth reading: 

■'My Kind Friends : 

"The kindness of yours, by the ship Thomas and Ann, doth much oblige 
me ; for, bv it I perceive the interest, you take in my health and reputation, and 
the prosperous beginning of this province; which, nou are so kind as to think, 
may much depend upon them. In return of which I have sent yon a long Idler. 
and yet containing as brief accomit of myself, and the affairs of this province, 
as I have been able to make. 

"In the first place, I take notice of the news, you sent me; whereby I find, 
some persons have had so little wit. and so much malice, as to report my death; 
and, to mend the matter, dead a Jesuit too. One might have reasonabl\ hoped. 
that this distance, like death, would have been a protection against spite and 
envy ; and, indeed, absence, being a kind of death, ought alike to secure the 
name of the alisent. as the dead; l)ecanse they are equally unable, as such, to 
defend themselves: but they, that intentl mischief, do not use to follow good 
rules to effect it. However to the great sorrow and shame of the inventors, I 
am still alive, and no Jrsuit: and I thank (lod, verv well. .And. without injus- 
tice to the authors of this, I may venture to infer, that they that vvilfull\- am.' 
falsely report, would have Ijeen glad had it been so. But I perceive man)- 
frivolous and idle stories have been invented since niv departure from England 
which, perhaps, at this time, are no more alive than 1 am dead. 

"I!ut, if I have been unkindly used, by some I left behind me, 1 found love 
and respect enough, where I came; an universal kind welcome, everv sort in 
their way. For, here are some of sevei'al nations, as well as divers juflgments: 
nor were the natives wanting in tlii> ; for their kings, queens and great men. both 
visited and presentecl me; to wlmm I made suitable returns, «Jtc. 

"For the province, the general condition of it. take as followelli : — 
I. "The coimtry itself, its soil, air. water, seasons and produce, b(}lh natural 

and artificial, is not to be despised. The land containetli divers sorts of earth. 



^6 \\AK\VUK"s KKVSTOXE Cd.M-MON'WF.AI.TII. 

as, sand, yellow and lilack, pour and rich : also gravel, both loamy and dusty, 
and. in same places, a fast fat earth; like onr best vales, in liiigland; especially 
hv inland brooks and rivers: (iod, in his \visdr>ni, having ordered it so, that 
the advantages of the country are ilivided : the back lands being generally three 
to one richer than those that lie by navigable rivers. \Vc have much of another 
soil; and that is a black haccl-niould. \\\><_m a stony, or rocky bottom. 

II. "The air is sweet and clear, the Ilieavens serene, like the south parts 
of France, rarely overcast : and, as the woods come, by numbers of people, to 
be more cleared, that itself will refine. 

III. "Tile waters are gencrall>' good; for the rivers and brooks have mostly 
gravel and stony bottoms ; and in number, hardly credible. We have also min- 
eral waters, that operate in the same manner with Banict and Xortli Hall, not 
two miles from Philadelphia. 

1\'. "h'or the seasons of the year, having, by ("lod's goodness, now lived 
over the coldest and hottest, that the oldest liver in the province can remember, 
I can say something to an liiiglisli understamling. 

"h'irst, of the fall; for then 1 came in: 1 foimd it, from the 24th of October, 
to the ])eginning of December, as we have it usually, in Hiij^hiiid. in .September, 
or rather like an Hiii^Iish mild sirring. From December to the beginning of the 
month called .March, we had sharp, frosty weather; not foul, thick, black 
weather. ;is our north east winds bring with them, in Hn inland: but a skv as 
clear as in sunuiier, and tlie air dry, cold fiiercing and hungry : yet I remember 
not that 1 wore more cloaths, than in England. The reason of this cold is 
given, from the great lakes, that are fed by the fountains of Canada. The Win- 
ter before was as .mild, scarce any ice at all. while this, for a few days, froze up 
our gTe:it river Delaware. From that month, to the month called June, we en- 
jo\ed a sweet Spring; no gusts but gentle tlowers. and a fine sky. ^'et. this I 
observed, that the winds here, a-' there, are more inconstant. Spring and Fall, 
upon that turn of nature, than in Summer, or W'iiUer. I'roni thence to this 
present month, ( August ) which endeth the -Summer, ( conniumly speaking) we 
have had extraordinary heats yet mitigated sometimes by cool breezes. The w ind 
that ridetli the .Summer sea.son, is the south wind : but spring, fall and winter, 
it is rare to want the north-western seven days together. And whatever mists, 
fogs, or vapours, foul the Heavens by easterly (.)r southerly winds, in two 
hours time, are blown away; the one is followed by the other: a remedy that 
seems to have a peculiar providence in it, to the inhabitants: the multitude of 
trees, vet standing being liable to retain mists and vapours; and yet not one 
quarter so thick as I ex|)ected. 

v. "The natural produce of the country, of vegetables, is trees, fruits, 
plants, (lowers. The trees of most note, are the black walnut, cedar, cypress, 
chestnut. po])I,ar. gum-wooil. hickor\'. sassafras, ■•ish. beech and oak of di\ers 
.sorts, as red, white and black: Spanish, chestnut, and swamp, the most dur.able 
of all. Of all which there is plenty, for the use of man. 

"The fruits, that I find in the woods, are the wliite and black nudberry. 
chestnut, walnut, pluius. strawberries, cranberries, hurtleberries. and grapes of 
divers sorts. The great red .grape (now ripe) called by ignorance, the fo.r-grape. 
because of the relish it hath with unskilful palate- is in itself an extraordmar/ 



WARWICK S KEVSruXE CO.M MUX WEALTH. 37 



SI > 



grape; and by art, doubtless, may be cultivated to an excellent wine, if not 
sweet, yet little inferior to the J'rontiniac. as it is ni>l much unlike in taste, rud- 
diness set aside: which, in such things, as well as mankind, ilift'ers the case much. 
There is a white kind of Muskadtl, and a little ])lack grape, like the cluster 
grape of E)iglaiid. not yet so ripe as the other; but they tell me, when ripe, 
sweeter, and that they only want skillful I iiicyons. to make good use of them. 
I intend to venture on it with nu l-rciiclnnan thi> season, wdio shews some 
knowledge in th<ise things. Here are also peaches ver\' good, and in great 
<|uantities; not an Indian plantation without them; but whether naturalU here 
at first, I know not. However one may have them, bv bushels, for little: tliev 
make a pleasant drink; and I think, not inferi(_>r lo any peach m.iu ha\e in 
England, except the true X ri^'iiii:^toii. It is disputable with me, whether it be 
best to fall to hniug the fruits of the countr\', especially the grape, bv the care 
and skill of art, or send for foreign stems and sets, already good and a|)i)roved. 
It seems most reasonable to believe, that not onh- a thing groweth best, where it 
natural!}' grows, but will hardly be ei|ualled by another species of the same 
kind, that doth not naturally grow there. Ilut. to solve the doulrt. I intend, if 
t!od give me life, to tr\ both, and hope the consei|nences will be, as gooil wine, 
as any ntiropcaii countries, of the same latitude, do yield. 

\'I. "The artilicial produce of the country is wheat, barley, oats. rye. peas, 
beans, S(|uashes, pumpkins, water-melons, musk-melons, and all herbs and roots, 
that our gardens in liiiL^laiid usualU- bring forth. 

\II. "Of living creatures; fish, fowl, and the beasts of the woods; here are 

divers sorts, some for food and [)rotit. and some for profit onl_\' : For food, as 
well as ]irofit, the elk, as big as a small ox; ileer l)igger than ours; beaver, rac- 
coon, rabbits, squirrels; and soiue eat young bear, anil commend it. ( >f fowl 
of the land, there is the turke\ (forty and fifty pounds weight) which is very 
great; pheasants, heath-birds, pigeons anil ]iartriilges, in abundance. ' )f the 
water, the swan, goose, wdiite and ,grey ; brands, ducks, teal, also the sni])e and 
curloe, and that in great numbers; but the duck and teal excel; not so good 
have I ever eat in other countries. ( )f fish, there is the stm^geon, herring, rock, 
shad, cats-head, sheep-head, eel, smelt, pearch, roach ; and in inland rivers, 
trout, some say, salmon, abt)ve the falls. Of shell-fish, we have ovsters, crabs, 
coccles, conclis and uuiscles ; some oysters six inches long; ;uid one sort ol 
coccles as big as stewing oysters; thev luake a rich broth. The creatiu'es for 
profit only, by skin or fur, and that are natm-al to these parts, are the wild-cat, 
panther, otter, wolf, fox, fisher, minx, nuisk-rat ; and of the water, the whale, 
for oil; of which we have good store; and twu companies of whalers; wdiose 
boats are built, will soon begin their work; which hath the ajipearance of a 
considerable iiuprovement : to say nothing of our reason.ible hopes of good 
cod, in the bay. 

VIII. "W'e have no want of horses; and some are verv good, and shapely 
enou,gh ; two ships have been freighted to narhddin's with horses and pipe- 
staves, since my couiing in. Here is also pleiUy of cow-cattle, and some sheep; 
the people [)lo\v mostl\- with oxen. 

IX. "There are divers |)lants, th.'U not oiil\- the liiillniis tell us. biU we have 
had occasion to prove, by swellings, burnings, cuts, iS:c., that thev arc of great 



38 WAK wick's KEYSTONIi COMMONWEALTH. 

virtue, suddenly curing the patient ; and, for smell, I have observed several, es- 
pecially one, the wild myrtle ; the other 1 know nut what to call, but are most 
fragrant. 

X. "The woods are adorned with lovely Howlers, for color, greatness, fig- 
ure and variety. I have seen the gardens of London best stored with that sort 
of beauty, but think they may be improved by our woods : 1 have sent a few to a 
person of quality this year, for a trial. 

"Thus nnich of the country; next, of the iiatkrs. or aborii^inrs. 

XI. "The natiiTs. I shall consider, in their jiersons, language, manners, re- 
ligion and government with my sense of tlieir original. I'or their persons, they 
are generally tall, straight, well-built, and of singular proportion; they tread 
strong and clever; and mostly walk with a lofty chin. Of complexion, black, 
but 1)\' design; as the Gypsies, in England. They grease themselves with 
bear's fat clarified ; and using no defense against sun, (_ir weather, their skins 
nmst needs be swarthy. Their eye is little and black, not unlike a straight looked 
Jcii'. The thick li[), and flat nose, so frequent with the East Indians and 
blacks, are not ccjmnion to them: For I have seen as comely Iliiropcans like 
faces among them, of both, as on your side of the sea; and truly an Italian 
complexion hath not much more of the wliite ; and the noses of several of them 
have as much of the Roman. 

XII. "Their language is lofty, yet narrow; lint, liki.- the Hcbrcic, in signifi- 
cation, full ; like short-hand, in writing, one word serveth in the place of three, 
and the rest are supplied by the understanding of the hearer: imperfect in their 
tenses, wanting in their moods, participles, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, 
I have made it my l)usiness to understand it, that I might not want an Inter- 
preter, on any occasion ; and I must say, that I know not a language spoken, in 
Europe, that hath words of more sweetness, or greatness, in accent and em- 
phasis, than theirs; for instance. Octocockon, Ranrocas, (Jricfoii, .Sltak. Marian. 
Poqucsicn ; all of which are names of places; and have grandeur in them. Of 
words of sweetness, Anna, is mother; Issimus. a brother; Nctcap, f rienil ; Us- 
qiicorct, very good; Pane, bread; Met.m. eat; .Malta, nn; Ilatta. to have; Payo, 
to come; Scpasscn. Pas.fi jon, the names of places; Tanuinc, .Sccane. Moiause. 
Secatereus. are the names of persons; if one asks thein for anything- they have 
not, they will answer, Malta nc hatta : which to translate, is, not I have: instead 
of 1 have not. 

XI II. "( )f their customs and maimers, tliere is nnich to be said; 1 will 
begin with children; so soon as they are liorn, they wash them in water; and 
wdiile very young, and in cold weather to chuse, they plunge them in the 
rivers, to harden and embolden tliem. Having wrapped them in a cloin. they 
la}' them on a straight, thin board, a little more than the length and breadth of 
the child, and swaddle it fast, upon the board, to make it straight; wherefore all 
Indians have flat heads ; and thus thev carry them at their backs. The chil- 
dren will go, very young, at nine months conunonly, they wear only a small 
clout round their waste, till thev are big; if boys, they ,go a fishing, till ripe for 
the woods ; which is about fifteen ; then they bunt ; and after having given some 
proofs of their manhood, bv a good return of skins, they may marry ; else it is 
a shame to think of a wife. The girls stay with their mothers, and help to hoe 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 39 

the ground, plant corn, and carry burdens; and they do well to use them to 
that young, which they must do when they are old ; for the wives are the true 
servants of the husbands ; otherwise the men are very affectionate to them. 

XIV. "W'hen the young women are fit for marriage, they wear something 
upon their heads, for an advertisement, but so, as their faces are hardiv to be 
seen, but when they please. The age, they marry at, if women, is about thir- 
teen, and fourteen; if men seventeen and eighteen; they are rarely elder. 

XV. "Their houses are mats, or barks of trees, set on poles, in the fashion 
of an English barn : but out of the power of the winds ; for they are hardly 
higher than a man ; they lie on reeds, or grass. In travel they lodge in the 
woods, about a great fire, with the mantle of dussils, they wear by day, w^-apt 
about them, and a few boughs stuck around them. 

X\T. "Their diet is maize, or Indian corn, diverse ways prepared; some- 
times roasted in the ashes ; sc>metimes beaten and boiled with water ; which they 
call Iwiniiic: they also make cakes, not unpleasant to eat. They have likewise 
several sorts of beans and pease, that are good nourishment ; and the woods and 
rivers are their larder. 

X\TI. "If an European comes to see them, or calls for lodging at their 
house, or z^'igwani. they give him the best place, and first cut. If they come to 
visit us, they salute us with an Itah : which is as much as to sav. Good be to yon, 
and set them down ; which is mostly on the ground, close to their heels, their 
legs upright; it may be they speak not a word, but observe all passages. If you 
give them anything to eat, or drink, well : for they will not ask ; and be it little, 
or much, if it be with kindness, they are well pleased, else they go away sullen, 
but say nothing. 

XVIII. "They are great concealers of their own resentments : brought to it, 
I believe, by the revenge, that hath been practiced among them. In either of 
these they are not exceeded by the Italians. .\ tragical instance fell out since I 
came into the country ; a king's daughter, thinking herself slighted by her hus- 
band, in suffering another woman to lie down between them, rose up. went 
out. plucked a root out of the ground, and ate it : upon which she immediately 
died: and, for which last week, he made an offering to her kindred, for atone- 
ment, and liberty of marriage : as two others did to the kindred of their wives, 
that died a natural death. For, till widowers have done so. they must not 
marry again. Some of the young women are said to take undue liberty before 
marriage, for a portion ; but when married, chaste. When with child they 
know their husbands no more, till delivered: and during their month, thev touch 
no meat, they eat but with a stick, lest they should defile it; mir do their hus- 
bands frequent them, till that time be expired. 

XIX. "But, in liberality the>' excel; nothing is too good for their friend: 
give them a fine gun, coat, or other thing, it may pass twentv hands before it 
sticks: light of heart, strong afifections, but soon spent. The most merry crea- 
tures that live, feast and dance peri:)etually : thev never have much, nor want 
much : wealth circulateth like the blood ; all parts partake ; and though none 
shall want wdiat another hath, yet exact observers of property. Some kings 
have fold, others presented me with several parcels of land: the [)ay. or pres- 
ents I made them, were not hoarded by the i)articular owners, but the neighboring 



4() UAKwiiKS Kl•:^■s•^().\■K cdm.moxw i;.\i.iii. 

kintjs. and tlicir clans iK-in^- present, when the goods were brought out, the 
parties, chielly coneerned, ciinsuUe<l what, and to whom they should give them. To 
every king then, hy the liand> of a person for that work ap])ointed. is a |)ro- 
]X)rtion sent, so sorted and folded, and with that gravilv, that is admirable. 
Then that king subdivideth it, in like manner, among his dependents, thev hardly 
leaving themselves an equal share with one of their subjects: and be it on such 
occasions as festivals, or at their common meals, the kings distribute, and to 
themselves last. They care for little: because they want but little: and the 
reason is, a little contents them. In this they are sufficiently re\enged on us: 
if they are ignorant of our pleasures, the\' are also free from our pains. They 
are not dis(|uieted with bills of lading and exchange, nor preple.xed with chan- 
cery suits, and cxchef|Uer reckonings. We sweat and toil to live, their ])leasure 
feeds them: T me;ui their hunting, fishing and fowling: and this table is spread 
everywhere. They eat twice a day, morning and evening: their seats and table 
are the ground. Since the luiropcans came into these parts, they are grown 
great lovers of stroma liijiiors. rum esi)ecially : and for it e.xchanged the richest 
of their skins and furs. If they are heated with li(|uors, they are restless till 
they have enough to sleej) ; that is their cry, some more, and I will .yo to sleep; 
but, when drunk, one of the most wretclu'd spectacles in the world! 
X.\. "In sickness, im]iatient to be curetl : and for it, give any thing, especi- 

allv for their children: to whom llie\ are extremely natural. Tlie\ drink, at 
those times, a tcraii, or decoction of some roots in spring water; and, if they 
eat any flesh, it must be of the female oi any creature, if they die, they bury 
them with their apparel, be they man or woman: and the nearest of their kin 
fling in something precious with them, as a token of their love: Their mourning 
is blacking of their faces: which thev continue for a year. They are choice of 
the graves of their dead; for. lest they should be lost by time, and fall to com- 
mon use, they pick off the .grass, that grows u|)on them, and heap up the fallen 
earth, with great care and exactness. 

X.\I. "These ]i(H)r people arc under a dark night in things relating to 

rell>;ioii, to be sure the tradition of it: yet they believe a d'oil and immortality, 
without the help of metaphysics: for, they say. There is a Great A"//;,;,' that made 
them. 7i'/(f) d-arlls in a- s;lorioiis eoiintrv. lo the southward of them; and that 
the souls of the :.^ood sliall ,t;o thither. :ehere they shall live (;,i,'(7i';(. Their wor- 
ship consists of two parts, sacrilice and caiitico. Their sacrifice is their first fruits; 
their first and fatest buck they kill, goeth to the fire: where he is all burnt, with a 
mournful dittv of him. that performeth the ceremony; but with such marvellous 
ferveuc\, ;uiil labom- of body, that he will, even, sweat to a foam. The other 
part is their eautieo. performed bv round dances, sometimes w<:)rds. sometimes 
songs, then shouts; two bt'ing in the middle, that liegin ; and, b\' singing and 
drunnning on a board, direct a chorus. Their postures, in the dance, are very 
antick and differing, but all keep measure. This is done with eipial earnest- 
ness and labour, but great ajipearance of joy. In the fall, when the corn cometh 
in, they begin to feast one another. There have been two great festivals al- 
ready; to which all come, that will. I was at one myself: their entertainment 
was a great seat bv a s|)ring, under some shady trees, and twenty bucks, with 
hot cakes of new corn, both wheat and beans: which they make up in a square 



WARWICK S KEVSTD.XIi CO.\l .\lu.\ WEALTH. 4I 

form, in the leaves of the stem, and bake them in the ashes: and after that the" 
fall to dance. Bnt they that go nnist carry a small present, in their money: it 
nia\' be si.\ ]3ence : which is made of the bone nf a tish ; the hliiik is, with them, 
as i'<'/</,' the zchitc. sili'Cr; they call it waiiif^uiii. 

XXII. "Their government is b)- Kings: which they call Sailiaiiia: and 
those by snccession. hut always <;>£ the mother's side. For instance, the children 
of him, who is now king, will not succeed, but his brother by tiie nintlier, or 
the children of his sister, whose sons (and after them the children of her daugh- 
ters) will reign; for no woman inherits. Idle reason, they render f. >r this way 
of descent, is, that their issue may not be spurious. 

XXIII. "Every king hath his council ; and that consists of all the old and 
wise men of his nation; which, perlia[)S, is two hundred peojile. Nothing of 
moment is undertaken, he it war, peace, selling of land, or traftick, without ad- 
vising with them: and, which is more, with the }'oung men too. It is admirable 
to consider how powerful the Kings are, and yet how they mo\e b\' the breath 
of their people. I have had occasion to be in ct.nmcil with them, upon treaties 
for land, and tc> adjust ilie terms of trade. Their (irder is thn'^: The King sits 
in the middle of ;ui half moon, and hath his council, the old and wise, i.m each 
hand ; behind them, or at a little distance, sit the younger fry, in the same figure. 
Having consulted and resolved their business, the King ordered one of them to 
speak to me: he stood up, came to me, and, in the name of his King, saluted 
me ; then took ine by the hand, and t(ild me. Tie was ordered b\' his King to 
speak to me : and that now it was not he. bnt the King, that spoke ; because what 
he should say was the King's mind." — He first prayed me, 'To excuse them 
that they had not complied with me, the last time, he feared there might be some 
fault in the Interpreter, being neither Indian nor Riii^lish : besides, it was the 
Indian custom, to deliberate, and take up much time in council, before they 
resolve: and that, if the young people, and owners (.)f the land had been as readv 
as he, I had not met with so much delay.' — Having thus introduced his matter, 
he fell to the bounds of the land, they had agreed to dispose of, and the price ; 
which now is little and dear: that which w<iulil have liought twenty miles, not 
buying two now. During the time, that this person spoke, not a man of them 
was observed to wdiisper or smile, the old, grave ; the young, reverent, in their 
deportment. They speak little, but fervcntl}', and with elegance. I have never 
seen more natural sagacity, considering them without the help i I was going 
to say, the spoil) of tradition; and he will deserve the name of wise, that 
outwits them, in any treaty, about a thing, they luiderstand. When the piu"- 
chase was agreed, great promise passed between us 'of kindness and good 
neighbourhood, and that the Indians and nns;lish must live in love as ktng as 
the sun gave light'; Which fione. another made a speech to the hidniiis. in the 
name of all the SacJwinakcrs. or Kings; first, to tell them what was done; next, 
to charge and command them, 'To love the Christians, and |)articularly live in 
peace with me, and the people under niv government; thai man\' ( lovernors 
had been in the river; Init that no Governor had come himself to live and ^tay 
here before; and having now- such an one, that had treated them well, they 
sliould never do him, or his, any wrong.' — .\t every sentence of which they 
shouted, and said, Aincn. in their wav. 



42 WARWUKS KEISlDNi; CO-\I .\1 ON W EAI.TI 1 . 

XXI\'. "The justice they have is pecuniary: In case of any wrong, or evil 
fact, be it murder itself, ihey atone by feasts, and jiresents of their icoiiipinn; 
which is proportioned to the quality of tiie offence, or jjerson injured, or of the 
sex they are of. I'or in case they kill a woman, the\- ])a\' double : and the reason 
they render is. "'riiat she breedetli children : which men cannot do.' It is rare 
that they fall t>nl, if sober: and, if drunk, they forgive it. saying, 'It was the 
drink, and not the }iian. thai abused them.' , 

XX\'. "We have agreed, tiiat, in all differences between us, six of each 

side shall end the matter. Do not abuse them, but let them have justice, and you 
win them. The worst is, that iliey are the worse for the Christians : who 
have ])n.)pagated their \ices, and yielded iheni tra<litii)n for ill. and not for good 
things, llut as lnw an ebl> ;is these ])eople are at. anil as inglorious as their 
own condition looks, the Christians have not outlived thtir slight, with all their 
pretensions to an higher manifestation. What good, then, might not a good 
jjeople graft, where there is so distinct a knowledge left between good and 
evil"' 1 beseech ( lod to incline tlu' hearts of all that come into these parts, to 
outlive the knowledge of the natives, by a fixt ol)edience to their greater knowl- 
edge (.)f the will of (iod; for it were miserable, indeed, for us to fall under the 
just censure of the poor Indian con>cience. while we make ])rofession of things 
so far transcending. 

XXN'l. "l-"or their original. 1 am read}' to believe them of the Jewish race; 

I me.in. of the llock of the ten trilws: and that, lor the following reasons: hirst, 
they were ti> go to a 'land not planted, nor kno7^'n' : which, to be sure. .Isia and 
.Ifrica were, if not liuropc: and he. that intended that extr;!ordinar_\- judgment 
upon them, mi^ht make the passage not uneasy to them, as it is not imiiossible 
in itself, from the eastermost parts of Asia, to the westermost of America. In 
the next place: 1 find them of the like countenance, and their children of so 
lively resemblance, that a man would do himself in Duke's place, or Berry 
street, in London, when he seeth them. Hut this is not all: they agree in 
rites: thev reckon b\ moons: they offer their lirst fruits: they have a kind of 
feast of tahcrnacles : llie\ are s;iid to lay their altar u])on ttecize stones: their 
niuurnini:; a year: customs of Teomen. with many other things, that do not now 
occur. 

".^o nuich for the natives: next, the old planters will bj e msidered in this 
relation, before I come to our colony, and the concerns of it. 
,\X\ II. "The first planters, in these ])arts. were the Dutch: and soon after 

them, the .Swedes and I- inns. The Dutch applied themselves to traflick: the 
Swedes and J-'inns to hu.<!l>andry. There were -ome disputes between them, 
.some years: the Dutch looking upun them, as intruders ujjou their ]wrchase and 
possession : which w;is finallx ended in the surrender, made by John A'/"r/';;i_'. 
the S'leedish Ciovernor. to Peter .Stnxi esaut. (ioveruor for the states of Holland. 
anno K155. 

XX\'1I1. "The Dutch inhabit mostly those parts of the jn-ovince. that lie 

upon, or near the hay: and the Si^edes. the freshes of the river Delaware. 
There is no need of t;iving ,in\' description of them: who are better known there 
than here: but they are plain, strong, industrious people: yet have made no 
great progress, in culture, or pro])agation. of fruit trees: as. if tlie\- desired to 



WAKWICKS KlC^SrilNK CU M AIO.\ WEALTH. 43 

have enough, than plenty, or traffiek. I hit. I presume, the Indians made them 
the more careless, by furnishing- them with the means nt profit, to i^'it. skins 
and furs, for rum, and such stniiig liipKirs. They kindly received me, as well 
as the English, who were few, before the people, concerned with mc, came anmng 
them. I must needs commeml their respect to authorit\. ami kind behavior to 
the lini;lisli: thev du not degenerate from the old friendsliip. between butli 
kingdoms. As they are people proper and strong of body, so they have hue 
children, and almost every hotise full: rare to find one without three or fmn- 
bovs, and as many girls; some, si.x, se\'en and eight sons. And 1 nmst dii them 
that right; I see few \(iung men more snber and laborious. 

XXIX. "The Dutch have a meeting place, for religious worship, at A'crc- 
castlc: and the Sz^cdcs, three; nne at iliristiua, one at Tcnccuin : and 'me at 
IVicoco. within half a mile of this town. 

XXX. "There rests that I speak of the conditions we are m, and wh.it set- 
tlement we have made: in which I will be as ^hort as I can; fur I fear, and imt 
without reason, that I have tried your patience with this long story. The cnun- 
trv lieth, bounded on the east, by the river and bay of Delaware, and eastern sea: 
it hath the advantage of manv creeks, or rivers rather, that run into the uKim 
river, or bay; some navigable for great ships, some, for small craft. Those of 
most eminency are, Christina. Brandyidne, Skilpof, and Seulkil: any one of 
which have room to lav up the myal na\y I'f IiP-i^lainl: there being from foiu' 
to eight fathom of water. 

XXXI. "The lesser creeks, or rivers, yet convenient for ?loop^ ;ind ketches 
of good burden, are Lezeis. Mesf'iHon, Cedar. Dover. Crauhrouk. b'eTershain 
and (/'(■(»•;,'('.(•. Ijelow ; and Chichester. L'he.s-ter. Toacawiiy. Paniuiapecka. Port- 
i/iiessiii. \eshi]]ienck and I'ennhiiry. in tlie freshes; main lesser, that admit 
Ixiats and shalhips. ( )ur pei:ii-ile ;ire mostly settled upon the upper rivers; which 
are pleasant and sweet, and generalh boimded with good land: The plantetl 
jKirt of the ])rovince and territories is cast into si.x counties, Philadelphia. Biiek- 
ini^liani. Chester. Xeie-caslle. Kent and Siisse.v: containing about four th(_m- 
sand souN. Two general assemblies have been held, and. with such concord and 
dispatch, that they sat but three weeks; anil, at least sevent}' laws were ])assed 
without one dissent, in any material thing. I'.ut of this, more hereafter, being 
vet raw and new, in our gear. However, I cainiot forget their singidar respect 
to me, in this infancy of things; who. by their own private expen--e^. so tarly 
considered mine, for the public, as to present me with an im|)o.st. upon certain 
goods imported and exported. Which a iter m\ acknowledgement of their af- 
fection. I did as freely remit to the pro\ince. and tlie traders to it. .And for the 
well government of the said counties. ci}mts of justice are estalilished in e\er\' 
coinit\, with proper officers, ;is justice^, sheriffs, clerks, constables, i.^-c.. which 
courts ai-e held every two months. Ihil. to prevent laie suits, there are three 
peace inah'Crs clKJsen b\ e\er\ countx conrt, in the n;ilnre of common arlutrators. 
to hear .and end differences Ijctwixt man and man. \nd spring ;nid f.all there 
is an orphans' court, in each coinUv to in^]iect and reguhite the att.iir^ of or- 
phans and wido^es. 

XXXII. " I'hiladelphia, the expectation of tho<e, that are concerned in this 
province, is, at last, laid ont, to the great cipiitent of those here, that :ii'e an\- 



44 \\ak\vu:k s Kia skim'. commo.xweai.iii. 

ways interested therein. The situation is a neci<: of land, and lieth between two 
navii^able rivers. Dchucare and Scnlkill : whereby it hath two fronts upon the 
water, eaeh a mile: and two from river to river. Dcla'iCarc is a .y;lorious river; 
but the 'Scnlkill, being an hundred miles boatable above the falls, and its course 
north cast, towards the fouiUain of Snsiinchanna (that tends to the heart of the 
province, and both sides our own) it is like to be a great part of tlie settlement 
of this age. I say little of the town itself, because a jilatform will be shown 
you by m\' agent; in which those who are purchasers nf me. will find their 
names and interests. I hit this 1 will say, for the good ])rovidence of Ciod, that, 
of all the m;in\- places, 1 have seen in the world, I remember not one better 
seated: so that it sceius to me to have been appointed for a town, whether we 
regard the rivers, or the coiivcniency of the coves, docks, springs, and loftiness 
and soundness of the land, and the air. held by the ]>eopIe of these parts to be 
very good. It is advanced, within k-s^ than a year, to about four score houses 
and cottages, such as they are: where merchrnits and handicrafts are following 
their vocations, as fast as they can: while the country men are close at their 
farms, some of them got a little winter corn in the ground last season: and 
the generality have hatl an handsome siimnier-crop. and are |)reparing for their 
winter corn. They reajied their liarle)', this >ear, in the month calk-d Alay : the 
wheat in the month following; so that there is time, in these parts, for another 
crop of ili\erse things, liefore the winter season. We are daily in hopes of ship- 
ping, to add to oiu' number; for, blessed be (iod, here is both room and accom- 
modation for them: The stories of onr necessitv being either the fear of our 
friends, or the scare-crows of our enemies: l'"or the greatest hardship, we have 
suffered, hath been salt meat: which liy fowl, in winter, and tish. in summer, 
together with some |)oultry, lamb, mutton, veal, and plenty of vemson, the 
best part of t'.:e \ear, hath been made very passal;ile. I bless (Iod, I am fully 
satisfied with the country ami entertainment I got in it: h'or 1 find that particular 
Content, wliicli hath ;il\\a\s attended me. where (Iod, in his pro\ideiice, hath 
made it m\ place and serxice to reside. \uu cannot imagine my -t;ition can be, 
at ])resent. free of more than ordinary fiusiness : and. as such. I ma\' say, 
it is a tron])lesome work. i'.iit tlie method, things are putting in, will facili- 
tate the charge, and give ;in easier motion to the administration of affairs. 
1 lowe\er. as it is ,M)me men's dutv to plow, some to sow, some to water, and 
some to reap: so it is the wisdom, as well as the duty, of a man, to yield to the 
mind (d' I 'rovidence. and chearfully. as well as carefully, embrace and follow 
the guidance (if it. 

X.Wlll. "VifV your particidar concern, f might entirely refer von to the 

letters of the ['resident of the society: but tliis I will ventiu'c to say, vonr pro- 
vincial settlements. botli witliin and without the town t"or situation and soil, are 
without exception, ^'onr city lot is a wliole street, and one side of a street, from 
river to ri\'er. containing near <Mie hundred acres, not easily valued: which is 
besides your fonr hundred acres, in the city liberties, ])art of your twenty thou- 
sand acre> in the country. \nur tannery hath such pleiitv of liark, the saw mill, 
for timlK-r, and the i)lace of the };lass house, are so conveniently posted for 
water carririge. the cil\' lot. tor a lioclc. and the -.chalcry. for a sound and fruit- 
fui b.ank. and the town /.(TiV.f. b\ it. to lieti) \(iui' peo|)le. that. b\' ( lod's blessing. 



W ARWICK S KEVSlllXI-: COM MuXWKALTIT. 45 

the affairs of the snciet)' will natiirall\ i;r'i\v in their j-c|iiilaliiin ami ]iriilil. I 
am sure, I have not turned niy back u])(jn any offer, that teiuled 1o its ]iri;)S- 
perit\ : and th<nigh J am ill at projects, 1 lia\"e snmetinies put in I'nr a >hare 
with her nfficers. to cmuitenance and advaiice her interest. Von ,ire already in- 
formed what is tit fur you further to dii ; wdiatsoevcr tends Ut the prDmnlion 
of wine, and to the manufacture of linen, in these parts, I cannot hut wish you 
to promote: and the Prciich ]ieii|)le are must likely, in both respects, tu answer 
that desir;'n. To that end 1 wuuld ad\-ise xnn to send fur some thnnsands of 
plants out of Ffancc, with sume ahle Vincnuis. and people of the other voca- 
tion: But because, I believe. \iiu have been entertained with this, and some nther 
profrtable subjects b\ >our President. 1 shall :idd nu nmre. but tu assure you, 
that I am heartih inclined to ad\auce \nur just interest, and that you will 
always find me 

"Your kind crirdial friend, 

■•WILT.I.NM IMCVN. 

"I'hiladelpliia. the itith. of the ^i.xth nKmth. called .\nj;ust. I'li^.v" 

Within two vears of the arrival of William I'enn. the infant city contained 
three hundred houses, and the popidation was estimated tn be abuut twent\-hve 
himdred. It was not his ori^'inal purpuse tu return tu l''-in;land at the ex])ira- 
tion of this time, but matters hail arisen which commanded his personal ])res- 
ence. Lord lialtiniore had set up a claim which encriKiched upon the teri-ilnry 
of Penn and he was leaving' no stone unturned tu m'ge his demands. He had 
many inlluential friends, and in every wa\ he endeavored tu enlist them in his 
cause. I'enn, huwever, was alert anil began with ardur the prutectiun uf hi■^ uwn 
interests. It was nut his purpose to rem.ain lung absent frum the culunv, and 
at this time he left with great reluctance, lie had been a wise, provident and 
kind ruler, had won the friendship of the Indians anil the regard :uii1 respect of 
all classes of men w hu came nmler his rule. I'asturius claims th;it "he was 
loved and praised b\' all men. Even the cilil, viciuus inhaliilants recugnized 
that tliev had never seen such a wise ruler." It was nut to be snp])osed that t!u' 
community had many of the class referred tu b\ Air. I'astoritis, but he had 
such an utter hatred for the Dutch and Swedes that he classed them un ier this 
general distinction. Penn embarked on a ketch called the "Mndeavm-," and left 
his government in the hands of a Council, whose President was Thomas I.luvd. 
Well pleased with his work, and looking with pride u|)r)n the cit\' that lie had 
so well established, he sent tu his friends the following farewell letter: 

"De.\r Friends : 

"Aly love and my life is to \ou ami with yuu and nu water cuuld fp.ench 
it nor distance wear it uul. nur bring it tu .an end. I have been with \iiu, cared 
over you and served yon with unfeigned luve and you are belo\ed of me :\.\\i\ 
dear to me beyond utterance. I bless \ on in the name and power uf the 1 -urd 
and may Ciorl bless you with his richness, jieace ;ind pleiiix .all ihe kuid u\er. 
O, that yon would eye him in all, through ali and al)o\e all the wurks uf \iinr 
hands and let it be your first care how you may glorify ( iod in \onr '.imlerlak- 

for to a blessed end are yon bruught hither .and if you see and keep but in 



ni"' 



46 WAKWU KS KICV.STO.NE COM M OX WICALT 1 1 . 

the signs of ihai I'roviilinicc your coming, slaying ami iniprDving will be sancti- 
fied, but if any forget (lod and call nia upon His Name in truth he will pour 
out his ].)lagues upon them and tht-y shall know who it is that jndgeth the chil- 
dren nf men. 

"( )h, now you are come to a (|uiet land. I'rovoki- ncit the Lord to Imuble 
it and now liberty and authdrity are with y<iu and in your hands. Let the gov- 
erinncnt be upon his sh(iuliler>. in all your spirits that \iiu nia\- rule for him 
under whom the prince^ nf this world will one da\ esteem it their honor to 
gover)i and ^erve in their places. 1 cannot but saw when these things come 
mightily u]ion m\ mind as the Apostle did of old. what manner of jjersons ought 
w t' to be in all ( iodly con\ersation. truly the name and honor of the l,ord are 
deeply concerned in you. as to the discharge of yourselves in your present situa- 
tions, nianv eves lieiug upon \ou ; and remember, that as we have been belied 
about disowning the true religion, so too, all govern to behold us exemplary and 
chri>tiau in iIk' use of that .and noi only stop our enemies but minister convic- 
tion to many on that account prejudiced. ( ). that you may sec and know that 
service and do it for the Lord in ibis \our d.ay. 

"And though I'hiladelphia. the virgin settlement of this province, nay be- 
fore thon wert born, what love, what care, what service, and what travail has 
there been to bring thee forth and preser\e thee from >uch as would abuse ,and 
defile thee! ( ). that thou mayest be kept from the evil that wmdd overwhelm 
thee: that, faithful to the ( iod of tin mercies, in the life of righteousness, thou 
nia\est be preserved to the end: — my soul prays to (iod for thee that thou 
mayest stand in the da\ of trial and thy children may be blessed of the Lord and 
thy people saved 1)\- his power: — my love to thee has been great and the re- 
membrance of thee affects my lie;irt and my eye! The (Iod of eternal strength 
keep and preserve thee to his glory auil thy ])eace. 

"So dear friends my love again salutes \(>u all. \\ isli that ( iod's mercy and 
peace with ail the temporal blessings may aboimd richly among you — so says, 
so ])ravs x'onr friend .and lo\er in the truth. 

■WILI.IA.M l'l-:.\.\." 

l'"rom on boai'd the ketch — "l'".ndea\or" the sixth month, l()S4. 

This letter in this pr:ictical age of ours seems in tone somewh.at unctuous 
and sanctimonious but we must bear in mind that it was the vogue of that 
period to write and speak- in tiiat strain. 



CHAPTER IV. 



PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH. MEN N0\ IIKS. TUNKEKS .WD SCH WEX KFKJ.DEKS. 

FRANCIS D.VNIEL P.\,SrORlUS. C(lNK.\D I'.EISSEL. .\ri IX ASTEKY AT EPHRAIA. 

.\NTHONV KLIXCKE.X. MORAVI.VXS. FAMDCS IXXS. CIJUNT 

ZI.XZEXDdKF. U'TIIICKAXS. I'llTEl-; M 1/ II LI-'.X I;I':R( 1. 

SCOTCII-IKISIi, 



AT the time I'eiiii retnnieil t(.) l^iiolaml. liis |irii\ince was already nccui.iU'd 
liy a ciiiisiderable muiiber of (ieniian^, wlio in ;i sliort time liecame 
kiinwn as "Pennsylvania Dutch" which a|)|iellatii in the\- have retained 
ti> this \'er\' da\'. I he (iermans had not taken a ver\ active part in 
the explorations and discoveries nf tlie new \\<:irld. they had lieeii occupied at 
home with their own dissensions, and besides this they were not a sea-faring 
people as were some of their neighbors. Thev had. during' the period of the 
Thirty Years" War, as we have already stated, been broken into various sects. 
the principal of which were the INIennonites, Tankers and .'^chwenkfelders, off- 
shoots from the Anaba|itists. The Mennonites claimed to be descendants from 
the Waldenses. Their leader, Simon .Menno. aftei^ whom they were called. h;id 
been a jjriest in the Roman t/hurch and organized the sect about 1540. I1ie\- 
were what were called Mystics or (Juietists. auil believed with the (Juakers in the 
"inner light." They opposed war, refused to take oaths and to make payment 
of taxes. 'l"he\ retained some of the sacraments however, among which were 
baptism and holy comnnmion. One of their |)ecnliar customs was the washing 
of each others' feet, which custom is in use among their descendants in certain 
portions of Pennsylvania to this day. They were a thriltw serious people, given 
tc> devotion and worshi].). P>efore leaving ('ierman\ to find a refuge in the new 
world, they had been persecuted not oid\ \>\ the L'athcilics. hut alsi.) 1)\' the Re- 
formed and I^utheran churches. The\ submitted patientK as it was against 
their teachings to become militant, ;ind as a last risort the\- took up their scrip 
and shallop shell as pilgrims and journeyed to .Vmerica to establish a settlement 
in the new land that the\- might escape furtlier persecution. 

Penn had oflered inducements to them to come to hi^ province ;md thev 
jonrnexed thither in great numbers in I'lSj, and the following \ear. Tluw 
were clannisli, as might have lieen ex]iected. and settled down in the land l\ing 
to the northwest of Philadelphia, which is toda\ known as (lermantown. Tlie\' 
built conifort.abU- little cottages, tilted the ground and raised g|-eat (piantities 
of llowers. ( )ne of the most prominent men among their leader> was I'rancis 
Daniel Pastorius. L'pon h^^ arrival be Iteca.me <a school teacher, not onlv 
among t'lose of his own f;iith hut also among the (Jnakers. lie was ,1 man of 
vast information, spoke seven or eight languages fiuentl_\- and m.ade a study of 
science, history and philosophy. In his \onnger years, befoi'e ov(.'rtaken b\- the 
spirit of religion, he was a sort of llohemian who wandt'red dn-ough hhirope 
visiting the different cities and ac(|uiring the Langu.iges of die wirious nations, 

47 



48 Warwick's kevstonic commonwealth. 

bill in his waiulcrings his conscience was suddenly touched by the teachings of a 
rcHgious fanatic and forthwith he devoted liimself to a serious and conteniijlative 
life, rastorius, u]Hin his arrival in .\nicrica, lived for a while in a cave or hut 
dug out of the deep shores of the Delaware, supposed to be in the neighborhood 
of what is Chestnut street today, but after removing to (lerniantown to take up 
his hiinie in the midst of his friends, he built a convenient and commodious stone 
house and devoted most of his time to literary work. The two leading churches 
in (iermantown were the Reformed and the Lutheran and they put forth their 
best etiforts to unite the various sects that sprang out of the Reformation and 
to join them in one body, but there really was not much accomplished in this 
direction. 

The Tunkers were another sect somewhat like the Alennonites and wore, 
as the (Juakers subsequently did, a distinctive style of dress, which in its main 
features niav be seen even todav in some of the counties of the State of I'enn- 
svlvania. where the Dunkards reside in numbers. The word 'i'unker or Dunkard 
means a dipper, that is one who believes in baptism by immersion. They were 
also called Tumi)lers or Duniplers because of the peculiar motions they made 
in the water during the ceremony of this holy rite. 

The men had long beards, wore serious faces and walked with a solemn 
gait. I-ike many of the German sects and Quakers, they refused to bear arms, 
to take (laths or [lav ta.xes. Thev had grown to considerable numbers in (]er- 
manv. but the whole sect emigrated between 1719 and 1729. Among their 
numbers were several men of great ability and vast learning. Many of them, 
having originally belonged to the Anabaptists, joined in time the Seventh Day 
Baptists. One of their members, by name Conrad Deissel, a devout Pietist, came 
to Pcnns\'lvania in 1720 and he thought the religious life might be improved by 
celibacv and the adojition of a monastic existence. He induced them to make 
the Sal)bath the last dav of the week instead of the first and subsetiuently 
withdrew from all communicatiDU with bis friends in the outer world and took 
up his residence in a cave on the l)anks of the Cocalico Creek in Lancaster 
County, where he lived the life of a hermit. The Dunkards, however, not will- 
ing to lose his spiritual instruction and guidance, sought hini out and three hun- 
dred of them formed a uKinastic community. The settlement soon became 
known as that of the monastery of Ephrata. The men and women lived in sep- 
arate habitations. They did not spend their time in idleness, but devoted them- 
selves to manual occupations : they farmed the land, built flour, paper and full- 
ing mills and set up a printing press. The books they published were printed 
and bound in the best style of art of that day and are much valued by collectors 
at the present lime, not only because of their rarity but also because of their 
original designs, beautiful illuminations and clear type. They lived on vege- 
tables, slept on wooden benches, used blocks of wood for pillows and attended 
worship four times in the twenty-four hours. Such a manner of life did not 
indiu'e lo the imparting of health and they became thin and emaciated in ap- 
pearance. They walked with a slow, steady pace, looking straight forward with 
their e>es fixed on the ground, their hands often clasped in the attitude of prayer, 
nor would thev turn while in meditation, to give an answer to a question pro- 
jxninded by a stranger. The dress df the men consisted of a shirt, trousers and 



WAKW ICK S KEYSTONE COM MOX WEALTH . 49 

waistcoat. Their feet were encased in sandals and in tlie winter time the\ wore 
a long woolen gown which they exchanged for a linen one in snnniier. The 
women wore pettic<iats and the ciiwls of their gowns covered their faces when 
going intc) pnblic. Their sensual afifections having hccn diverted from their 
natural course, were poured forth, says ( lordon, "on the mystic union with the 
Redeemer." Christ was the liride of one sex and the bridegroom of the other, 
and often their language of passion was what might lie called sensuous and 
indelicate. This body of Protestant monks and nuns, after a short existence, 
almost disappeared and eiUirel}' so after the Revolution. 

The Tunkers and the Alennonites si)(}ke a common tongue and differed so 
little in their forms of belief that they were al)le to C(_innningle and live amicably 
together in one community. Thev Iniilt u|) a village on both sides of w hat is now 
known as Alain street, in ( lermautown. Their houses or cottages were cosy and 
substantial, and fruit and flowers grew in abundance. They formed a thrifty, 
prosperous settlement. It wa> unfortunate that the\' did ncjt mingle more freely 
with their English neighbors. They adopted a seal which represented a clover 
leaf on which were a vine, a stalk c)f flax and a weaver's spool, with the words 
J'iiiiiin. liiiiiiii. tcxtriuum. It was to the learned Pastorius that the\' were 
indebted for this design. He based it upon the fact that most of the members 
of the community had been weaver^ in the i;ild countr\', and cultivators o\ vine- 
yards. 

In tliis settlement lived a man by the name of Anthony Klincken. \\\ his 
care and industry he had accumulated quite a sum of money and in his later 
years he led a life of leisure and devoted himself to the sports of the field and 
the stream. He was a most ardent sportsman and his larder was always well 
stored with the best and choicest varieties of game. He is the first man of 
whom we have any account among the settlers of that early communitv who 
indulged in s[)ort for the mere love of it. He frequenth journexed from (ier- 
mantown to Philadelphia, and he never came without bringing along his gun 
in order to have a shot at the ducks and water fowl which frequented a famous 
spatter dock pond on the outskirts of the city in the immediate locality of what 
we now call Fourth and Market streets. 

Germantown in those days was more rural than urban and during the 
heated term of the year many citizens who could aiTord it made it a resort 
for their summer vacation. It became quite popular in this respect, notwitfi- 
standing the fact that during Julv and August mosquitoes and flies swarmed in 
numbers and made life all but intolerable. 

The Tunkers and the Alennonites shortly after having effected their settle- 
ment, established schools, and set up a printing press and published a newspaper 
printed in German. The vast majority of the German settlers made no efifort to 
acquire the use of the English tongue and this kept them separate and distinct as a 
community and. in a great measure, prevented that familiar intercourse l)t'tween 
themselves and their neighbors, that would have obtained had they spoken a 
common tongue. In some localities of Pennsylvania even today, where live the 
descendants of the old flerman settlers, a language is used which is neither 
English nor German, but known distinctively as Pennsylvani.i Uulch, and which 
mav i)e described as a combin.aticjn <if broken F.uglish and ludkon German. It 



\\ AKWIC'K S KIJVSTONK COM M (J\ WKAI.T II. 



might be supposed hy one iinac(|nainteil with the matter that most of these emi- 
grants came from Holland, in view of the fact they were classed under the 
desii^nation of "Dutch." The irulli is. however, that all of them, with few e.x- 
cei-Uinn--. came from ( iermany, from .\lsace. Suabia. Saxonv and from the I'ala- 
tinate. They called themselves, in their own tongue, Deutch, which by the I'-ng- 
lish was easily transformed into Dutch. Kven today, among some of our citi- 
zens, the word "Dutch" is used to include all classes of ( iermans, irrespective 
of the fact that ihey come neither from Holland nor Manders. the habitat of the 
true Dutchman. A majority of the ( lermans who came to Pennsylvania ajjpear 
to ha\e hailed fri im the l.dwer Palatinate on the Rhine, where the_\' suffered 
persecution, not only from the invasion of the b'rench, but also at the hands of 
the Lutherans. It was this country that William I'enn visited and in which he 
used his best exerlinns [n induce its ili i\\ iitrn(Ulen people to timl a refuge from 
persecution in his new ])rovince across the sea. 

.\n interesting class of immigrants were the .^chwenkfelder>. of whom Hon. 
Samuel \\ . I'ennypacker h:is gi\-en us a learned account. They arrived in the 
.good ship "St. Andrew" in the year of our Lord i7.^^. They had been shipped 
to .\merica by the benex'olence of some generous merchants in Amsterdam, who 
sympathizing with their condilions. determined to secure for them if possible 
an asylum from persecution in the new world. They had suffered untold hardships 
and had been reduced to poverty while in their native land of .Silesia at the 
hands of both Catholics and 1 'rototants. Their founder was L'as|)ar .Schwenk- 
feld, who was born in 141)0, two years before the discovery of .\nierica by Co- 
hniibus. The) early espoused the teachings of John lluss, and like many other 
seels in ( iermanx' were op])osed to war, to the taking of oaths and to all the sac- 
raments that were held so holy by the .Mother t hurch. Although they had suf- 
fered, the\' had been >teadfast in their faith, but the terrible persecutions in- 
llicted upon them had made them secretive and limid, and upon their arrival in 
this countrw in order that the\- niigiit avoid publicity and not arouse the op])osi- 
tion and antagonism of their neighbors, lhe\ met for religious worshij) in each 
other's hollies. .Ml these sects that came from (iermany seem to have had but 
a slight difference in so far as their faiths were concerned. They were .Mystics, 
Pietists and rt-ligious devotees, wlio in conlemplation and meditation sought 
communion with the living ( ioil. Among them were the sects of the .Aniish, 
L'nited llrethren, the Labidist^, .\e\vmooners, Zions llrueder, and many others 
too numerous to mention. There were man\ sects besides these that are well 
known. They ai\)se, had a l)rief existence and passed away and their foll(.)wers 
fell back into their original faith or were swallowed up by other congregations. 
Man\ of the emigrants who came to the iirovince, however, were not identified 
with any of these sects, among them were to be found not only Deists, but 
.Atheists, and some of the ships that arrived brought Church of England nu-n. 
Lutherans, Roman Catholics and Huguenots. 

We have alreadv said that the (iermans who had come to the [province of 
Pennsylvania se.gregaled themselves from the original inhabitants and t'ormed 
se[)arate and distinct communities. This was mi fortunate for the growth and 
future welfare of the country. It was a lon.g wdiile before they began to mingle 
with what were ternu'd i}utsiders. In fact, even today, in some pi>rtions of the 



WAKW l( K S KiaSIOXIC CI IM M OX WKAI/n I. 51 

State of Penns\lvania, there are ci imnuinitie>, direct descenclants uf these early 
settlers, separate and distinct fmm all their surroundings. The people are one 
unto themselves, dress in a distinctive ;^arh and speak a forei.<;ii tonj;ue. After 
the first settlements were made, however, the ( iermans and people of other 
nationalities, began to pnur in irre<pecti\e "i any question of religion or per- 
secution and that tide has been kepi n|) ever since. They came because they 
heard fair reports of tlie new \vi>rld, of its vu-gin soil that needed only cultiva- 
tion to make it bloom and l)losS(>m like the rose, a land that was rich enough to 
vield annual harvests of grain ami frmt in profusion and where labor conlil 
find an abundant reward. Among these people who arriveil in numbers so v,H>t 
were all sorts and classes of men fn.m every section of luirope. and it was 
feared that their influence would work to the detriment ...f the state, but. fortu- 
nately, as has alwavs been the case u]) to this time, no matter whence they come 
the history of the Republic show-, that the inunigrants have yielded to our ciiU- 
dilions rather than our comlitions liave yielded to them. L'uder the nilluence of 
universal public education, children at least of the second generation arc nation- 
alized and become American in sentiment. 

The German emigrants who came earl\ to tlie province did not as a class 
settle in the towns, hut being agriculturists, penetrated into the interior of the 
countrv to find good farms and in a >hort time they spread over .all th.al imrt of 
Pennsvlvania just east of the Sus(|uehauna. They were prudent, skilled and 
thrifty farmers for those times, and were economical and trugal to ;i degree. 
Thev built rude but comfortable homes. 'idle framework of the houses was 
made of huge logs covered with clapboards, and in the kitclien. which was the 
living room, was an immense open fireplace. (Jn a cold w inter's night 

'AMien icicles hang b\- the wall. 

And nick the sliepherd blows b.is nail 
And Tom liears logs into the hall 

And milk comes frozen home in pail" 

there is no sight more cheerful than a great h.earth iiiled with blazing logs, .and 
around such :i fireplace the farmer and his family after their frugal snp|)er 
w'ould gather to crack nuts, eat aiiiiles, tell stories, recount the news of the day 
and watch the flames leap up the chinuiev. until the old Dutch clock in the 
corner struck the hour of nine. d"he\' also l)nilt commodious b.arns in which to 
garner the grain and the products of the soil: and stables and pens to protect 
the horses. c;ittle, sheep and swine from the inclement winter wcatlier. b.ven 
to this day through Leljanon, York, and Lancaster Counties, the big red barns. 
bursting with fullness, give |)roof of the Dutch farmer's thrift and industr\ and 
that the land under ins tilling is still rich and fruitful. 

One of the finest breed of draft iiorses ever developed in this countr\- came 
from a locality called Conestoga. near Lancaster. Perhaps there is not in the 
world a horse better adaiitt'd to farming piu'poses. The name Conestoga is also 
ajjplied to the farm wagons nsi'd by these early settlers. Idiese wagons were 
srongly and si.ilidle built and weri' covered with a great white canvas roof 
stretched over hickorv bows. I'Aen to this da\ the\' mav be seen occasionalh' in 



52 WAKWICKS KK'lSTOXH COM M().\ WICALT 1 1. 

certain sections of the state, hut their general use has long since been supplanted 
by the railroads. They were, however, once more brought into requisition when, 
in later da_\s. the great tide of emigration poured into the far west across the 
|)rairies and over the Rockies. 'J"he wagon then was given the poetic designa- 
tion of prairie schooners, and not inappro])riately, for its white top in midst of a 
vast plain closely resembled a sail at sea. 

In the earlv days of the province it was the only means for tlie transporta- 
tion of freight and farm products between the countrv and the city. Loaded 
with turkeys, chickens, eggs, butter and country provisions of all kinds, it 
trawled weekly to market. When loaded, the canvas cover of the wagon was 
closed at both ends by drawing strings or ropes. The team, in manv instances, 
when the roads were heavy and the distance to Ije traveled great, consisted of 
four horses while the driver rode on the tongue near horse. Often extending 
above the hanies of each horse was an iron bow holding bells, which not only 
gave forth a merry jingle, but also frightened the wild beasts that might be 
lurking b\- the wayside. The arrival of the team at every village was a great 
event. The horses were rubbed down, fed and watered and given a rest before 
again starting on their route. In the meantime, the driver iti the tap room, drank 
his glass of toddy and gathered the news of the day, and in turn informed the 
eager listeners of all the events that had happened in his neighborhood since 
his last visit. The great highway in those days, uniting the western settlements 
with the cit\' of rhiladelphia was the Lancaster Turnpike, a fairly well con- 
structed road. As population increased, Conestoga wagons, stage coaches and 
private conveyances of all kinds gave it a business air. There was plenty of 
])rovision for both man and beast, for. it is said, that there were sixty-two 
taverns lietween Philadelphia and Lancaster, that is one every mile of the dis- 
tance. The best kept Inn among the whole number, however, was that at Paoli, 
and here were entertained at different times, manv of the most distinguished 
men of the Nation. 

(Jne of the most interesting class of settlers was the .Mora\ians. The sect 
was originally known under the title of I'nitas Fratrum. They arose in L>o- 
hemia and the neighboring province of Moravia, nearly a century before the 
Mennonites were organi/:ed. The sect grew with amazing speed and at the 
advent of Luther they had made such inroads into the Mother L'hurch, that they 
were vastly in the majorit}- in th.e two states of fiohemia and Moravia. A per- 
secution, however, was begun against them and carried on so pitilessly and so 
relentlesslv. that the sect was greatlv reduced in numbers, and in some localities 
almost exterminated. The followers were scattered throughout Poland, Hun- 
gary, Transylvania, Russia and Silesia and were gradually growing weaker uiuil 
Count Zinzendorf, in 1722. by his endeavors and preaching revived the old faith. 
The\' were a mystic, enifttional jieople, and afifecled with the spirit of Pietism. 
One of their characteristic features was a deep love for music and the hynms 
which they used in their services were not onh- weird but grandly devotional. 
V.\vn to this day their churches in P.ethlehem and throughout Northampton 
County hold Easter Services of a most peculiar character, but which at the sanie 
time are most impressive. They began to arrive in .Vmerica in 1734. .V number 
of them settled in Ceorgia on some land which had been offered to the Schwenk- 



WARWICK S KEVSIONE COM MOXWKALTil. 53 

felders; the latter, h(_i\\cvcr, prettrrcd oinniiii;- tn I'cniisylvaiiia. Siibseiiiiciitly 
the Moravians were called upon by the prnvince of Georoia to take r,[) arms 
against the Spaniards but ileclining to be in\ulved in war, the}' abandoned their 
early settlements and found their wa) to i'ennsyh'ania in i73<j and M.-ttlcd near 
Nazareth, on the Lehigh river. Tiiis was one of the I'enn Alannrs. .me nf those 
ohl tiefs of the English Crown which required the proprietor to deli\er annually 
a red rose at the Castle of W'iiuNdr. In 1741, the whule settlement moved to 
Bethlehem, which town in time became, as it were, the metropolis of ilieir 
church in America. 1 lere it was that they introduced their communal system. 
The Church held the title to all the lands anil leathered all the re>ults of the com- 
bined labor of the community and in turn made provision for the maintenance 
of the peoi)le bv providing for them the necessities of life. Schools were estalj- 
lished for the children and protection gi\'en to those inhabitants who were 
maimed, sick or overtaken by ohl age. Houses were provided ior the bachelors, 
as well as for the single w^omen and still others for the widc.iws. I do not find 
that an\- priivision was made for the widowers. So thrifty and enlerpri^ini;- was 
the conimunit\- that it acipured the ownershij) of one or t\vi> shi|)S, commanded 
bv [Moravian captains, which vessels conveyed from the old wurld to the new 
all emigrants wdi(.> desired to join the settlement. 

The Moravians carried on a number of trades most successfully. 'J hey had 
Ijutton mills, grist mills, saw mills, tanneries and [lotteries, and wdien not actu- 
ally engaged in their vocations, spent their time in an effort to reform and con- 
\X'rt the Indians. 

In 1741, Count Zinzendorf came to I 'enns\ hania and remaiiKMl here for a 
little over a year. lie visited 1 'Jiiladelphia and ( iermantown and made several 
excursions among the red men, [lenetrated into the wilderness, and was one of 
the first white men wdiose eyes rested on the Iieauties of the valley of Wyoming. 

The AIora\'ians were noted for their good, wholesome cooking and during 
the colonial days their inns had a wurld-wide reputation. The main road leading 
from Philadelphia to ISoston passeil through ,l!ethlehem and that brought main' 
travelers to the town. It was a relay station for the stages travelling lietween 
the cities. Many colonial taverns had a great reputation, lint there ivere none 
that equalled those of the Moravians. At Xazareth "The Rose" and "The 
Crown" were noted for their accommodations, but "The Sun" at Ilethlehem, 
which was under the direct management of the church, was without an eipiai in 
the country. Even foreigners who came here temporaril\ and visited the inn 
spoke of it in the highest terms. \Vhen a traveller arrived, his horse was at 
once taken to the stable and his luggage carried to his apartments, which c>)n- 
sisted generally of a sitting room, with two bed chambers. He was supidied 
with a servant to look specially after his wants and was given a pri\ale kev in 
come and go at his ow^n desire. The Moravians were not prohibitionists and 
their cellars were filled with the be^t brands of wine, especialK Aladeira, which 
was a very |)opular drink at that da\. The table was supplied with game and 
fresh vegetables of great variety, while the home-made pastrv is said to have 
been unexcelled. \'enison steaks were broiled on a spit over a blazing wooil i'vc 
and served on hot ])lates. The Piellevue-Str.atford may have finer anil more 
delicate entrees and more lu.xnrions appointments and ^nrroundings, but il is a 



\v \u\vick"s kkvstone common wealth. 
.■)4 

.r.vc .uK-.tion uhctlu-r U couUl furnish a nu-.l that would be niore appetizing to 
^ huu>.rv uuui. The most pro.uiueul men of the natiou stoppe.l at these mns 
iuui en^oved tl,eir gcucrous hospitahty. Lafayette nursed his wounds alter the 
battle c,f V.randvwnu-, in Ik-lhlchem. "rhese hostelries were delightful resorts u 
the summer season, and it beeame fashionable i.i time for tired demzens of tne e,ty 
to spen.l their vacations here. They were most eoxy and comxortable too nt 
the bleak and storn,v days of winter, when great open f^res blazed m the 
hearths. These inns were renowned for their h.ospUalUy and the stranger at 
the han.ls of the host always received a kin<lly welcome. 

■•Whoe'er has travelled life's dull r.nn.l. 
Where'er his stages may have been, 
Mn^l sigh \n liiink he still hath inuuA 
His warmest welcome at an inn. 

Manv passengers travelling by stage would stop at the^e inns over night, some- 
iinu-s f'.r several dav. to rest and break the monotony of a long ride, for ,t was no 
lasv task to iournev in a crow.led stage for hours at a stretch, especally .hen 
the' road was heavv or the weather hot or melement. 

„ i. i„ ,he counties of Xorthampton and Lehigh, where are to be onnd 
todax n,anv .,f the descendants of the Moravians, that l>ennsyh;ama Dutch can 
, lard :poi<en m its purUy. L ven many of those that use Lnghsh speak ,t 
'nth a pecnbar accent, and much amusement is atlorded the passengers on the 
railroads as the brakemen call .ut at the stations "nass. "Nazares and Les- 
lehem" meaning P.ath. Xazareih an<l llethlebem. 

"i-un Lutherans bad couie into the ,.rovince on the tule of n.nm-.grat.on. 

,1 ;„ „,, Peter .Muhlenberg arnvcl. He began to strengthen the eongre.ga- 

.,s of which there were only about two m the pn.vmce. lie instuuted a pn. 

pa<vauda. but in his inroa.ls upon the ~ect. he encountere.l. as nught have b eu 

ex'pectcl, strenuous opposition, for it must be borne m nund that many ot the 

Smans who bad come over to Pennsylvania m the early .lays nad been pe,^ 

;^,d bv the Lutheran Church. They mi>trusted Muhlenberg and charged 

^m w.h all sorts of crin.es and .-eked intentions. Xot to be d,sma>-ed. how- 

e " he kept boldlv at lus work, and succeeded after .tremious ehor s, ui e.- 

Ih^lm. : Lutheran Llmrch m thi> cuntry. In fact, he had arrived m time 

; :; few congregations from utter di.ntegration. Mnhenberg. although 

i^n,ste<l bv his (lermnn brethren, was a man of education, broad and libeia! 

iw/and of the highe. character and integritv. He becaine one ot the 

I .wished generals of the Revolution, and during the war. while addressing 

L":iregation upon the subject of patriotic,,, thre.v ott his dene. g..wn an 

appeared in full regimentals, and bade the cougregatrm good-lwe a> he stalled 

forth to take charge of his command. 

,n ,.,.. under the reign of Klizabeth. a terrible msurrectu., broke out „ 

i,,,-n 1 I'vom t'-e date of the partial conquest by ILnrv 11.. the cc.ndition o. 

Ian, d l^e:, distressing and deplorable. The chiefs ... the d, erent dans 

o ribes waged constant war among themsdves. but when Lbzabeth imdeiU,ok 

up, se n,:,! the natives the Protestant religion, the people at once umted then 



an: 
tions 



WARWn K S KE\S1(IX1£ CDM M OX WKALT H . 55 

forces, and fought with a detcrminatiuii ihat couKi have 1)ecH indiR-cd oi;l\ hv 
religious zeal. 'Jdiiii,i,rs went from liad to worse and in the northern part of 
the island a war of extermination began, so cruel and so merciless that the 
Oneen herself declared that if the work of destruL'tion were contnined there 
would be nothin_g left of her kingdom but ashes and corjises. At last, after a 
vigorous and bloody warfare, when the people were reduced to the verge of 
starvation, Ireland submitted to iMiglaml's rule. 

In the conflict between I-jigland and Ireland, the greater ]iart of the pro- 
vince ot lister which bad rebelled against Elizabeth's |)ower. had been seized 
b\ the Crown and the land owners evicted. In order to hold a check upou the 
malcontents of the rest of the island. King James I., of lingland, and \ I. of 
Scotland, granted the lands which had been seized l>y Elizabeth to his Presb\- 
terian subjects Ijoth in luighmd and Scotland, the recpiisite for the title being ihat 
the holder should be ,in un(|ualitied I'rotestant. The cit\ of Eondion established 
a settlement called Londontlerrw and it was at once occupied b\' English and 
Scotch immigrants. In this way Protestantism was firmly ,and linalh established 
in the north of Ireland. These settlers in time were- recognized and designated 
distinctivclv as Scotch-Irish. During the counnonw ealth of Cromwell, the con- 
fiscation of Irish lands was continued and many b'ugiisbinen were induced to 
emigrate and settle upon the lands so confiscated. These peo]ile have been 
known in Ireland ever since as I'lstermen. but are known to us under the 
common appell.ation of Scotch-Irish. 

'idle .Scotch-Irish were the exponents of Calvinism. ;md when Charles T. 
came to the throne of England, be endeavored to coinjiel them tii conform to 
the rites of the Cdiurcb of l{ngland. W bile he was enforcing this attempt, the 
native Irish arose and made a deternn'ned etttirt to e.xpel the Scotch- 1 rish, and 
in the conflict many thousands were killed, lleing lietween two fires, the nali\'e 
Irish on one side and the persecution of Charles I. on the other. man\- Scotch- 
Irish emigrated to .\merica. Some went to .Mar\land, some went to X'irginia, 
and, in tact, they were to be found among all the provinces of the new world. 
The greater portion of them, however, migrated to Pennsylvania. Some settled 
on the Eebigh, st:)me went into ISucks and some into Eancasler Connt\-. but 
the greater portion settled in w h;it is now kn':>w n as the Cumberland \'alle\. 

The .Scotch-Irish poin-ed into the pro\ince and seized the land without per- 
mission of the proprietor, exercising a sort of scpiatter sovereignty ddie\ dif- 
fered from the Quakers in that thev were willing to fight for their libertw and 
they looked upon them with a sort of contempt, as a non-resisting class of 
men who would suffer an insult rather tlian resent it. Ila\ing been com]ielled 
to defend their possessions in Ireland. thi-\ brought with them the same s])irit 
of warfare to the nvw land. I'hey were a hardy, brave, hot headed race, e:isi!\- 
won by kind.uess. but ready to resent, even to tlu' death, .an affront or insult. 
They were w.arm in their friendshi|is. bul unforgixing and relentless in their 
enmities. The\ were well litted for the sinrd\ ;ind perilous life of fronliei'smen. 
Idiey hated the Indians at the start, and did not hesitate to take ever\ adv.antage 
of them, P.eing in constant dread of attacks from the rednien thev looked upon 
them ;is their n.atnr.il foo. In his youth, the Scotch-Irishman w.as trained in the 
bearing of arms. :ind he became .as expert in the use of the rille as Haniel I! 



ionne 



56 



WAKWH k's KKVSTONE CdM .\H).\ WKALTl 1 . 



or Davy Crockett. Tlic Scotch-lrislinian was clannish and lie enjoyed nothnic; 
more tban the society of his friends and neighbor.. His sports were rude, and 
consisted of foot-racin^v, wrestling, shin-kicking and rough and tumble hght- 
i„o- In his contests, however, he used as a weapon his fists and was not g.ven 
to'the slv and cowardlv use ol the dirk or stiletto. In personal combats one 
nf the favorite amusements was to gouge nut the eye of an opponent with 
Ih, tlunuh. A wedding was a great event in the settlement, and general y ended 
in a -n-and drinking bout, after the groom ha<l been laid at the side of the bnde. 
iM-on? the verv beginning the .Scotch-Irish had been subjected to Indian ani- 
busca.les and thev were kept constantly on the q.n rirc. fearing a sudden attack. 
In the harvest season, when the Indians were on the war-,.atli. scouts guarded 
the toilers in the fields, whose rides stacked, were close at hand to be 
seized at a moment's notice. Their religion was almost as severe as their char- 
acters Thev were devoted followers of Calvin aii<l Kno.K ami nothing suited 
ihem better than long sermons, dwelling on the vindictiveness ot an untorgivmg 
Cud Thev believed in the doctrine of predestination and that Adam was pre- 
destined to' fall and with him the whole human race and that only those who 
were elected to salvation In an omnipotent Cod would be saved. It a man were 
predestined to destruction, no matter how goorl his deeds or how correct his 
mV he was damned for all time. This was the doctrine of election, preached 
bv lonathan Edwards and which, to use the language ot his lohowers pre- 
d'estined an infant not a span long to the tortures of hell. 1 hey argue.l tlia 
Cod being omniscient, knew all things from the beginning ot time to the end 
llu-reof ami whatever He had foreordained was sure to come to pass. t uas 
h-u-d to find, h.nvever, in th.,se days, a Scotch-Irishman who did not believe 
that he was elected to salvation. Severe and bitter as this creed appears, it 
form the character of s.mie of the ablest men this country had ever 



bellied to 



i)ro(luced. , . , ■ , \ ■,t 

Durin- the Revolution thev ardently espouse.l ire American cau-e ..n.l it 

was their boa.t that not a Tory could he found among them. In 1704. 'hirmg 

Washinolon-s secon.l term of .iffice. the government imposed a reve.me tax 

up<in the manufacture of whiskey. The rough, Scotch-Irish backwoods.uen 

were extensivelv engaged in the distillation of large quantities ot licpior. i he 

distillers, or whiskev producers, refused to pay the tax so imposed and resisted 

the officers of the government in the matter of its collecti..n. One officer sent 

to c.llect the tax was tarred and feathered, while another received a heavy 

floo-.nng with beech rods. An army of frontiersmen was organized and all men 

wm- called on to stand in defense of their rights and to resist what was called 

the tvramiv of the new government. The rebellion continued for three years. 

when at last Washington decided u,,on strenuous measures, and without further 

ado sent an armv of fifteen thousand men to compel obedience to the aw. 

In face of .so large a force, the insurgents laid down their arms. 1 bus en.led the 

well-known Whi.skey Rebellion, of Pennsylvania. , , ,. .^ ,, 

k-or fifteen or twentv rears immediately succeeding the laiidmg of Penn. tl c 
Welsh in great numbers poured iut,> the ,u-ovince. The great majority were Quak- 
ers ■ Thev were given a section of land lying west of Phikulelphia, consisting of 
fortv thousand acres. For a long while they mamtaine.l the u>e ot their own 



W AKU ILK S KEVS'I ci.\l-; (DM M i ).\ WEALTH. 57 

tongue, but as tlic pripiilatinn increased all traces iif it disappeared and, unlike 
their German brethren, they were absorbed in the community. iMJr some dis- 
tance on the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, the names t^iveii tn tlie different 
stations remind us (if their early settlements; such as Meriun, 1 l,i\-LTfi ird, Tred\'f- 
frin, Berwyn, Radnor, Uryn .Mawr, L'\n\\yd and St. l)a\ids. this la--t having 
been named after the patrun saint of Wales. 

\\ e have briefly sketched the many classes nf emigrants that came to form 
the settlement of the |)ro\-ince: Dutch, Swedes, English, Welsh, Germans, and 
Scotch-Irish, and it was out of this melting |)ot, using the language of Israel 
Zangwill, that we developed the influence and the greatness of Peiuisvlvania. 



CHAPTER V. 

Pli.NN KETUUNS TO THE PROVIxXCE. THE TOWX STRICKEX WITH YELLOW FEVER. 
COLONEL ROBERT QUARRY AI'POIiNTED JUDGE OF THE ADM HiALTY. DAVID 
LLOYD AXTAGOXIZED DOTH FEXN AXD (JUARRY. I'EXX"s LIFE AT PENNSBURY. 
PEXX SAILS FOR EXGLAXD. PEXX DEXOUXCED FOR HIS IXTIMACY WITH THE 
COURT. LAXDIXG OF THE DUKE OF MOXMOUTH I\ EXGLAXD. THOMAS LLOYD, 
PRESIDE.NT OF THE COUXCIL, GOVEKXED THE PROVIXCE WITH AX KYE SIXGLE 
TO THE IXTERE.ST OF THE PROPRIETOR. THOMAS LLOYD RESIGXS. JOHN 
I'.I.ACKWKLL SI-CCEEDS LLOVI). PEXX XAMES THOMAS LLOYD DEPUTY GOVER- 
XOR OF PENXSVLVAXI.V .\\I) WILLL\.M -MARKHAM DEPUTY GOVERXOR IX THE 
TERRITORIES. THE CITY XOTWITHSTANDIXG POLITICAL COXTEXTIOX MAKES 
RAPID PROGRESS. VOLUXTEER FIRE SYSTEM. MARKET PLACE THE CEXTRE OF 
THE TOWN. 

0\ Sc])tcniln,r i.^, I'Kjv. I'enn k-ft Cuwcs in the I^le of Wii^ht on the ship 
■•Canterburv." Ilis visit to Enjj:land had not accomplished much in 
the wav of a final settlement of the controversy between him and 
Lord i'.altimore. On his voyage to America he was accompanied by 
his wife and his daughter just coming into womanhood. Letitia or "Tishe as 
she was affectionately called by her father. Penn's first wife, who had been 
such a comfort and support to him in all hi> anxieties and cares, had died in 
1604. leaving three children surviving her. His second wife was Hannah Lal- 
Kiwhill, the daughter of Thomas Callowhill. a merchant in Bristol. After a long 
and dreary voyage of three months, the ship at last reached Chester. The pro- 
jirictor was given a hearty welcome and a cannon was discharged in honor of his 
arrival, which was so badly worked, however, that it tore ofl:' the hand of a 
gunner. I'enn, on reaching the city, became the guest of Edward Shippen for 
uinvards of a month, he then removed u> the Slate Roof House, which was 
rented from Samuel Carpenter and wiiich stood on Second street, above Walnut. 

The winter was a sad one, for the town in the preceding summer had been 
visited for the first time by an epidemic called the ".Barbadoes Distemper." but 
which in truth was the Yellow Fever. Two hundred and fifty persons were 
stricken by this disorder ami i^assed aw;iy in a few months. This was a heavy 
draft upon the still comparativilv small community, seven or eight deaths a day 
being the average of the mortality. Almost every famil\- was visited by the 
dreadful scourge and medicine in its primitive stage could find no remedy to 
assuage the jiest. Quarantine and sanitary regulations were unknown as prac- 
ticed today and when applied offered but little resistance to the plague. It was 
the first visit of tho.se recurring epidemics that were to find their culmination in 
the dreadful attack of i/Q.v 

Coming out of the winter, the epidemic again increa.sed in violence, for the 
summer was an exceedingly hot one. which necessitated the immediate inter- 
ment of the dead. Funeral corteges jiassed almost hourly through the city; 

58 



WAKW I( I-; S KE-iSlOMi l_ ( ).\I M ON W ICALI 1 1 . 59 

|)rcservatives wure unknown and burials were made in nian\ cases the da\ the 
]iatient died. It was the custom in tliose days for the funerals to be largely 
attended and this necessarily spread the disease and increased the number of 
the stricken. 

Thoma.s Story, in liis journal in describing- tliis distemper wrote: '"Great was 
the fear that fell upon all tlesh '•' * ever\' face ,i;athered paleness and 

man\' hearts were humbled and coiuitenances fallen and >unk as such that 
waited ever\- moment to he summoned to the bar and nmnbered to the !;ra\'e." 

Shortb before the arrival of I'eim in this country, came one Colonel Ivobert 
Quarr\, wlii> was appointed in I-oudon — ju.doe oi the Admiralt)', an ijtificer 
whose diit}' it was t(.i adjudicate all questions arising as to the collection of 
Crown revenues. His commission extended over the i)rovinces of Xew York 
and Pennsvlvania. For some reason or other he seemed to take a speci.d liis- 
like to I'enn and constantl\- lodged charges of mal-;idnnnislration against him 
and the officials of the province. Me in every way toi), antagonized the (Juakers 
and seemed to delight in keeping up a constant irritation. David I^lo}'d, also 
became a thorn in the side of William IV'nn. He organized a Democratic 
party and did everything in his power to thwart the measures of Ouarry, the 
Roval Government Official, and to bring bin' under the contempt of the com- 
mon people. Penn, with his patient, com|)romising spirit, endeavored in every 
possible way to reconcile the existing ditterences, but without much avail. In 
1700, he anil his family removed from the city to Pennsbury, to enjoy the rest 
and the delights of a countrx life. Although the mansion as we have described it 
was sumptuously furnished and had appearance and atmosphere c)f a grand old 
baronial hall, still it was in truth in a wild country, far removcil from neigh- 
bors and those social features that make rural life so pleasurable. His wife 
and daughter, missing the intercourse and conipanionship of crmgenial friends, 
began to complain of their isolation. The place was difficult id' access and it 
was no light task to travel from the city, a distance of twent\' miles, over rough 
roads to make a short visit, and we have no account of week-end parties being 
entertained bv the ladies. 

In a pamphlet published in London in ijo,^ a description is given of the 
ro\al state that surrounded Penn at Pennsburw "The gate <d' his house or pal- 
ace," says the writer, "is always guarded with a J;uiissar\' ariued with ,i v.ir- 
nished club nearly ten feet long, crowned witli a large silver head embossed 
and chased as a hieroglyphic of its Master's pride. There are certain da\s in 
the week appointed for audience, and as for the rest you must keep youi' dis- 
tance. His iorj^s dc garde generally consists of seven or eight of his chief 
magistrates both ecclesiastical and ci\il. which alwa\s attend him and some- 
times there are more. \\'hen he perambulates the cih- one bare-headed, with ,-i 
long white wand over his shotdder in imitation of the Lord Marshal of Lng- 
l;md, marches gradnall\ before him and his train, and souielinies procl.amalioii 
is made to clear the way." 

.\s time ran Penn's wife and dans^hter grew more dissatisfied and insisted 
u]Kjn sailing for Europe. This ga\e the proprietor great worriment <.if mind 
for he was in love with his [)rovince and he thought to m.ike his couutr\- life in 
time an ideal one but his hopes had vanished and in a fit of angnish he wrote 



5o wakwu'k's KicvsioM-: ( ommo.wvkaltii. 

to a friend: "1 cannot jjrcvail on niy wife to stay and still k-ss with "lishe," 1 
know not wlial to do." His encniics were workint,^ against his interest too in 
Knrope and i-ord j'.altiniore was using his influence in every way to support his 
claim. There had been an agreement made before I'enn came to .America be- 
tween him and Lord Baltimore, providing for a full settlement of their dififer- 
ences. but it was of no enduring value and Baltimore would not live up to his 
word or to his promises. At last Penn, annoyed by the imijortunities of his wife 
and daughter an<l worried by the condition of his affairs in the old country, 
made up his mind to sail for Kngland. 'T confess," he said. "1 cannot think 
of such a voya.ge without great reluctaiicy of mind, having promised myself the 
(liiietness of a wilderness, 'i'hat I niiglu stay so long at least with you as to 
render evcrybod.y entirely ca.sy and safe, for my heart is among you as well as 
my body, whatever some people may please to think, and no unkindness or dis- 
.•ippointmenl shall (with submission to (iod's ])rovidence ) ever be able to alter 
my love to the country and resolulioii to return and settle with my [xxsterity in 
it. lUit having reason to believe 1 can ;it this time best serve you and my.self 
on that side of the water, neither tile riideness of the season nor the lender cir- 
cunislances of mv family can overrule my intention to undertake it. 

.\ sea voyage, from the old world to the new or from the new world to the 
old. in those clavs was no easy undertaking, it was fraught with great danger 
because of its length ami the character and capacity of the vessel. Une was 
almost certain in the prriod reiiuired to make the voayge. to meet several se- 
vere storms. To be three montlis upon the ocean, most of the time tossed about 
in a cockle-shell meeting temi-iest after tempest, was anything but agreeable 
to a man not accustomed to a seafaring life, but fortunately in this instance the 
ship which carried I'eiin and his family, the "American." )iiadc the voyage in 
the surprisinglv short time of f.mr weeks. The Pilgrims were four months on 
the ocean before ihey reached Plymouth; the ship that brought P astorius 
across the water met adverse head winds and ua- frequently driven out of its 
cour>e. encountered st.>rni after st.>rm and waves mountain high constantly 
swept its deck, while ;i territij gale ^napped the foremast. The passengers, 
about eightv in number, were sick every minnle of the time and it did look as 
if the vessel were doomed to destruction, but at last it .safely rode into port 
after a voyage of ten long weeks. Lafayette on his tirst voyage to this country 
was eight weeks on the sea. 

Shortly after the arrival of Penn in England. Charles IL died and the 
crown passed to hi^ brother, the Duke of York, who ascended the throne as 
James II. Charles had secretly espoused the Roman Catholic creed. Init James 
openly cont'essed the I'aith. .-iiul his conduct greatly offended the vast majority 
of the F.nglish peoiile. and. after a rei.gii of two years, he was compelled to 
abandon the throne and hasten to France to place himself under the protection 
of his royal cousin. Louis Xl\'. During this religious controversy between 
the King and his subjects. Penn kept up his intimacy with the Court, and had 
frequent interviews with the King. In fact, his cuiduct was so severely criti- 
cized that he was charged with being a Jesuit in disguise, with having been bred at 
St. < )mers. a Catholic ceillege. with having been given a dispensation by Rome 
to marry, and with having iierfornied Mass at Whitehall. St. James and other 



WAKWU k's Kl■;^s^()M•; co.makjnwkai.iii. 6l 

places. His denials were most pnsiiixc ami emphatic, but lliey .lid nut set at 
rest the public mind, and I'eim was lex iked upun 1>\ many people as a courtier 
and at heart a supporter of the Papacy. Tiiere \va>. perhaiis, in that agitated 
condition of the pulilic nund a reason for this suspiciou. for lie was on most in- 
timate terms with the Court and could secure at all times the ear and attention 
of the King. He could often obtain an audience with his royal master while 
even more important anil distingnislied citizens had to cool their heels in the 
antechamber. impatientU waiting to be admitted to the presence of ills .Majesty. 

At this time the unexpected landing of tile Duke of .Mounioutli, the natural 
son of Charles II.. in an atteni]it to seize the throne, threw Mnglaud into a tem- 
porary convidsiou, but William of (grange, who had married the daui^hter of 
James 11., compelled James |o alulicate and to relinquish all claim to the throne 
and the crown. It might be supposed that I'eim, the Ouaker, would ha\'e had a^ 
much iuHuence at the Coiul under a I 'rotestant as under a Roman Catholic 
king, but such was not the case, lie was looked upon as an intimate friend and 
supporter of James H., and in order to answer this charge he cleemed it ad- 
visable to state that he loved his country and the I'rotestant religion above hi^ 
life and had never acted against either, that King James had always been his 
friend and his father's friend and that in gratitude he himself was the King's 
forever. This repl\. Ixith tolerant and courageims, ought to have settled tlie 
question and allayed suspicion, hut a litter from Janie> to I'eun about this time 
was discovered by the government and the wi;irth\ Ouaker while waiting in 
Whitehall was arrested and at once brought before the l'riv\ Coimcil. The de- 
throned king, in the letter had asked for his assistance, and when I'enn was in- 
terr(_)gated as to wh_\' this assistance wa^ reepiested. he answered th.al he did not 
know but su|iposed that King James would have lieen glad to have had his 
aid in the matter of restitution, but that he could not help his monarch to re- 
co\er the throne because of his lo)alt\ to the Protestant religion. I hen, \vith a 
s[)irit born of courage, a reflex of his true character, he added that he had 
loved King James in his prosperity and did m.it find it in his heart to li.ile him 
in his adversity, that he loved him for man\' favors onferreil upou him, but 
that he could not join with him in what concerned the state of the kingdoiu. 
After a close and rigid e-xamination. I'eun was dischargeil. there h,i\iiiL; been 
foimd nothing in his answer nor his ex|)lanatiiiu that wtmld warrant his eom- 
luitiuent. .Although he was personally relieVL-d fr. .m eustod\. he w.is hebl 
miller bond. 

During all this time. I'eun kept an lye constantl\- upou his ]irovinie :iud 
hoped that the time was close al hand when he would be able to retm-ii to it. 
"There is nothing m\ soul cra\'es more for in this world, next to my dear fam- 
ily's life." he wrote, "th.au that I ma\' see poor Penns\ Uauia .■ig.'iin." The 
C(.)lony was rapidly adxaneint; and increasing in population, liui ihe condiu'l of 
Penii while in England, appareutl)- coquetting with the de|)osed ."^tuarts. g.avc 
great offence to many of the colonists .and in a great measure injuriMl his popu- 
larity and weakened his inthieuci-. 

Thomas Lloyil, President of the Council, was a man of great abilit\ .and 
exercised his antliorit\ with an eye single to the interests of the province, lie 
was born in Wales, was educated at Jesus College, (_)xford, ,-in<l tlu' colou\- w ;i % 



62 Warwick's ki-:vsto.\i-: com. mu.\ wealth. 

fortunate in haviiiij so alilc a man to help in its dcvclopinent. Ills admini.stra- 
lion, notwilhstanilinj;' liis ability, was a stormy one, and he longed for the 
arrival of I'cnn, but at last, being diseouragcd and dissatisfied with the i-our.se 
of events, lie resigned his position and the government was given into the 
hands of a deputy nami'd John ISlackwell. (_)f John lUackwell, i'eiin wrote to 
the live coininissiijiiers, "l-Hr your ease 1 have appointed one that is not a I'ricnd, 
l)ut a brave, sober, wise man. lie married old (ieneral Lambert's daughter, 
was Treasurer to the Commonwealth arni_\- in iuigland, Scotland and Ireland. 
* '-'' * Let him see what he can do awhile. I have (irdered him to con- 

fer in private with _\ou and s(|uare himself l)y your advice. Jf be <lo nut please 
\ou he shall be set aside." At the time of bis apijoinlment, .IJlackwell was a 
resident of .\ew l''.iig!anil. lie was not a Quaker, but by ]5rofession a soldier 
and proud of the tille which his military career had conferred upon him. He 
was an obstinate, arbitrary lellow and did not seek to accpiire ])oi)ular!tv by 
wise and conservative action that would have so aided him in advancing the 
interests of the |)rovince. lie arrived in Philadelphia, in December, i68S. ll'e 
made a failure of bis administi'atioii from the start, and after considerable 
strife and conlenlion with l)oth citizens and ol'licials, beggi-d to be relieved of 
his post. In writing to I'enn. he said among other things, "The climate is over- 
hot for m\' Constitution and age and the hosts of m(W(piitoes are worse than 
<d' armed men. I hope b\ the fir^t tra\'elling season you will Come and dismiss 
me." llis wish was m t gratitied at once, but after a \ear's delay he was re- 
!:e\'ed of his position and riiumas Llo\ d was once more elected I're.-ident of 
the Council, lie had bitterly fought lllackwell during his administration, and 
toi k great pains in pointing out his shortcomings. .\bout this time party 
si)irii was beginning to <levelop in the province. 

Ill i(n»j, I'enn made Thomas Lloyd Dcpntx' ( loveriior of reiinsv Kania, and 
William .Markham Deputy Liovernor in the Territories, that is the three coun- 
ties of Delaware. These fre(|Uent clianges in the government workcil to the 
detriment of the |)rovince. In a \ear's time the system of government had 
been altered six times. 

The Cit\ of rhiladel|)hia. imtw ithstanding the contention in the matter of 
]iolitical administration, was spreading out in every direction. To the south 
were the villages of W'icaco, I'assynnk and .Mo\amensing, while to the north the 
District of .Xorthern Liberties, and the Townships of Dublin, O.xford, llyberry, 
.Moreland and h"rankfoi(I were develo])ing rapidl\. The b'riends still had a 
commanding intluence, :\\\i\ were building substantial meeting iiouses and exer- 
cising a great influence for good on the morals of the coinmnnitv. They took 
special care in the matter of the instruction of ihe \oung, and taught them not 
onh- the rudiments id' education, but the immorality of laying wagers and of 
betting on horse races. I'dirtatiotis and attendance upon >'oung ladies, without 
honorable intentions, were discourage<l. It was urged that tlu' marriage cere- 
monv should be simple and without ostentation. 'Lhey also strongly op])osed 
the use of ardent drink and began a ])roj)aganda against the in.stitution of 
slavery. 

In i''i<)5. the Cbiircb of !\ngland purchased land for the erection of a suit- 

i 



Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 63 

able temple of worship, which eventuall} resuUcd in tlie crccliuii df L'lirist 
Churcli. 

The growth of the cit\' necessitated the introduction nf a nictlidd for the 
extinguishment of tires. Ah'eady there had been several cnntlagrations, and a 
volunteer fire department was organized. Many of the houses were frame 
and these wooden structures were increasing in numbers. In I'lfj", each house- 
holder, under a penalty i_if a fine, was to keep a "swab" at least twelve or four- 
teen feet long, as also two leathern Ijuckets to be ready at hand in case of fire. 
The swabs were made of material that would hold great quantities of water, and 
after they were soaked they were placed upon the roofs and cornice^ that were 
alread\- burning, and upon the roofs and cornices that were in danger ot igni- 
tion. It was a ver)- primitive method as compared with present fire systems, 
but it seems to have been pretty eft'ective, and indeed often |)re\ented the 
spread of what otherwise would have been very dangerous fires. At the cry of 
"Fire" the inhabitants in the immediate neighborhood of the conflagration threw 
their liuckets out of the windows to the pavement below, to be used by citizens 
who volunteered their services. The buckets avere usually made of leather and 
marked with the name of the owner. The people formed themselves into lines 
or chains, passing buckets from the pump to the buihling that was in liames, 
while another line returned the empty buckets. Frequently large hooks were 
used, with a rope attached to them, to tear down buildings in ilie line of the 
fire which were in danger of being l)urned. 

Wood instead of coal was, of course, used for the ]:)ur])oses of cooking and 
heating. In consequence, large accumulations of soot gathered in the llue 
and in a high wind this would take fire and blaze out of the to]i of the 
chimney. In fact, most of the fires were caused in this wa\- and this gave a 
vocation to a class of men and boys who were designated as chinniey sweeps. 

The market place was the centre of town life and it was located originally 
at the intersection of High and Front streets. About 1693 it was removed to 
Second street. The market house was covered with a roof, o])ened both sides 
and filled with stalls upon which were displayed the farm and garden pro- 
ducts which were for sale. The stalls were on both sides and the avenue in 
the middle was for the tise of pedestrians ar.d Ijuyers, There was a bell house 
at the end of each market, occupied by a clerk and the ringing of the bell 
announced the opening of business. The markets were opened from six ti) 
seven o'cl(ick in the morning in the summer, and from eight to nine in the winter. 
All classes met here, farmers, hucksters, pedlers and housewives. Indians 
brought in their berries, roots, maize, skins and wicker baskets, while the 
truckers from Jersey and from the iVeck exposed their fresh vegetables for 
sale and the farmers from the western districts of the province offered at a 
cheap figure, chickens, ducks, eggs and butter. 



CHAJ^KR V\. 



CONTENTION liKTWEEN PENN AXI) LORD l!.\l. 11 M< iKi; IN RICLATIOX 11) Till-; liOUND- 
ARV LINES I'.ETWICEN I'EN NS-iTAAN I A AM) MAinLAND. VIKCINIA's lEAlM TO 

A rouTiON oi" \\T-:si'i-:i<N l■l•:N\s^■L\•A^•lA. coxxec ric tt seizics and settles 
rill': WAOMixr, \\i.i.i'A'. i'icnn gives a chakteu ki iiii-. i\r\ nv i'iiila- 
1)i;li'1iia. xii;in wAicii icstablisiied. dicatm ui' wiij.iam i'enx. ciiar- 

ACTI':K of W ll.l.IAM I'lCNN. 



Fl\( )M tin- vcr\ bctjiniiin.tj of the proviiK-c ihvw were di.s])ntes as tu the 
1)(iiiii(lar\ hues l)et\veen l'enns\lvaiii;i and the neiijhborinj:^ colonies. 
These disputes were with Maryland i>n the south. Connectieiit on the 
north, and \ irL;'inia on tlie west, and it was years l)efore final settle- 
ments were made. The claims were resisted hy the I'enns at everv point but 
always with a fair, jnst and eqnital)le spirit and were idtimatelv settled in ac- 
cordance with a compromise that orii^inally would have been atjreed to b\ W"\\- 
liam Penn himself. llad the claimants been sn.ccessfnl, I'enns\ hania todas' 
would be a strip of land onl\' about JO miles in width ,and 240 in length, and 
wiiuld not include the cities of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. 

'rile tirst Contest arose between Alaryland and Pennsylvania, and it was this 
contest that necessitated the presence of I'enn in l'"ni;land. llad it not been for 
the Paltiniore claims, I'enn unquestionably \\<.)ul(l have remained several years 
lonijer in tlie province of l'enns\ Ivania until he had the cit\ well ortjanizcd and 
well f<iunded. Lord Paltiinore claimed territory that covered at least one half 
of the province of I 'cimsyhania. The orit;inal charter which the crown i^ranted 
to William I'emi. his heirs ami .assigns, conveyed "all that tract or parts of land 
in .Xnu'rica, with the islands therein contained, as the same is bounded on the 
east by Delaware Ri\cr from 12 miles distant ntirthwaril of Xewcastle town 
unto the three .and 4i)th <legree of latitude, if the said river doth extend so far 
northw'.ird. I'.ut if the said river shall not e.xtend so far northward then hy the 
said river, so far as it doth extend, and from the head of the said river the east- 
ern bounds are to be determined by a meridian line to be drawn from the head 
of the said river unto the said 4,Vd de.gree. The said land to extend westward 
5 de.grees of lon.gitmle. to be computed from the said eastern bounds and the 
said lauds to be bounded on the north by the beginning of the three and 40th 
degree of noialuTn latitude and on the south by a circle drawn ;it 1 _' miles 
distant from .Newcastle northward and westward nnto the Ije.ginning of the 
4()th degree of northern latitude and then by a straight line westward to the 
limits of longitude above mentioned." 

( )n the other band the charter granted to Lord lialtimore provided that 
"his province should run northward along the ocean tmto that part of Delaware 
r>ay on the north which lieth unto the 40lh degree of northern latitude." This 
language is not sufficiently e.x])licit to set aside all controversy. f(.)r an interpre- 
tation can easily be given to it which brought his territory into and covered by 

64 



wakwkk's KJd's ni.xE (.(iM MdX w i;ai.i II. 65 

the entire 40th (let;ree "f latitude on the nurtli. In tracini;- the hnes of his Li^rant 
Haltimore took as a lamlmark on the south, \\ atkinV I'nint. a ca|)e on the east- 
ern shore of Maryhinil exten(hnL;^ into the t^'hesapeake J5ay opjiosite tlie mouth 
of the I'dtiimac River. l\in^ in the ^Stli decree "f latitmle. I'rnni this pnint he 
ran liis hne eastward to the coast and then proceeihuL;" northward stoppeil at the 
end of tlie 40th decree of latitude, a short distance north df I'hiladelphia, and 
from this jxiint it ran directh west, then south and east to the |)lace nf iKj^inning-. 
His warrant for ,i;!>iiiL; sn far north was the lang-uagv of his charter which pro- 
vided that "his ]irovince should run northward alont; the ocean unto thai p.art 
of Delaware liay on the north which lieth under the 40lh decree of north lati- 
tu<le." He Contended that the languat^e "under the 4nth decree" reached to 
the end of and included the said decree, whereas the I'enns contended tliat it 
meant next to or adjoining- the heginnuiL; of the said de.gree, m other words. 
King under the same but not included within the same. Under the Penn grant 
it will he seen that the southern line oi I 'enns\ Ivania was marked liy the hegiu- 
ning of the 40th degree of latitude. This unft)rtimately overlapped the original 
charter of the lialtimores and included the greater portion of the state of Mary- 
land as well as the city of , Baltimore, and left un<ler the Baltimore grant onl)' a 
small portion comparatively of what Lonl Maltiniore considered his original 
possessions. 

The language of the Maryland grant, marked the end of the 40th degree 
of latitude as the northern line of ihe same. It does not seem rea>onable that 
these lines were correct under the two grants, for they conflicted unquestionably 
with each other and the I'enns were alwa\s willing, in \iew of the language of 
the two charters, to settle the matter b_\' compromise. It was natural that dis- 
putes in relation to the Ixmndaries of territor\ should arise at that time for there 
were no acciu'ate surveys such as ha\'e been made since and in granting the char- 
ters the authorities had to depend in a great measiux- u])on the maps that had 
been drawn by the earlv explorers and navigators. Captain John .'^mith had 
madi' two maps hut the\ were id' \drginia and New England. He had ue\er as- 
cended Delaware lla\- and the intervening section of coimtry between Virginia 
and Xew England had not been explored, and it does look as if there had been 
a mistake made in the Penn grant in fixing the southern houndar\ line at the 
beg^inning cif the 4(ith de.gree as well as a mistake in the fixing of the northern 
boundary line of Maryland at the end of the same degree. Here was ,in entire 
degree of latitude in dispute, its ending being claimed as the northern limilalion 
of Maryland and its beginning as the southern limitaton of Penns\ Ivania. The 
lan.gtia,ge of Peim's Charter also invohed the matter by the following Language: 
"That the province should be bounded on the south 1)\ a circle drawn at \2 
miles distant fmni Newcastle iiorthw.ird and westward ,it the iKginning of the 
40th degree of latitpde." It is difficult to understand what this means unless we 
.give it the interpretation that evidently was given to it at the time the ullimale 
compramise was made. 

When Peim reached En.glan(l he had an inter\iew with Loril lialtimore 
and although the meeting is described as having been cordial his f-ordship gave 
no intimation of surrendering his claim and evidence(l no spirit <d' com[M"omise 
and the contest was continued. The o])iuioiis of the most learned and (lis- 



66 u AKW R k's Ki-nsroxiL ti).\rM(>.\\\ iiai.iii. 

tini^'uished lawyers of lui.iL^land were sought by bntli pai^ties and strange to say 
these eminent gentlemen in every instance gave an npinion in accordance with 
the desires and wishes of their clients. Xo compromise being possible in that di- 
rection there was nothing left to do but to submit the matter to the Privy Ccnin- 
cil and here long and learned arguments were made. ])r() and ct)n. and judg- 
ments entered in favor of the I'enns. .I'ut Lord lialtimore with a spirit of no 
surrender resorted to delay and chicanery of every sort and brought into play 
the ingenuity of his lawyers to hold the matter in abeyance. The controversy 
extended out into years and still the parties seemed to be as far away from set- 
tlement as ever. At last, however, an agreement was entered into between the 
proprietors of tlic two provinces, and it was stipulated that the boundaries of 
Pcnnsxlvania and .Maryland should be settled by drawing a line between the 
same that was to be located fifteen miles south of the [)arallel ])assing along South 
street in Philadelphia, which then was the most southerlv portion of the city. 
This line was to continue to the western limits of the province l)nt no sooner 
was the contract executed than P)altiinore doubtless regretting his action again 
began to resort to every device to delay a final settlement of the matter. After 
everv effort bad been made to induce the Maryland proiirietors to comply with 
their agreement, suit was brought on the contract in a Court of I'.quity. L'p to 
this time the question of boundary disputes could alone be decided by the Privy 
Council they having exclusive jurisdiction in such matters, but unfortunately 
in .so far as the Penns were concerned thev seem to have had no power to en- 
force their findings. But a contract having been entered into between the 
contestants the Court of I''.(piity had jurisdiction and a Mill was filed request- 
ing the aid of the Chancellor and praying the Court to direct specific perform- 
ance of the contract. PTpon further delay a day was fixed for the hearing of the 
facts in the case and after an argumeiU a Decree was entered, directing the Cal- 
timores to carry out the provisions of the agreement, but they still defied the 
order of the Court and no settlement was had for a period of ten years. At the 
end of that time, however, light seeme<l to dawn upon the minds oi the Balti- 
mores, or the proprietors of ^Maryland and they agreed to enter into another 
contract, virtuallv a repetition of the original one. Commissioners were a])- 
pointed to confer upon the matter. Pennsylvania selected James Hamilton, 
Kicliard Peters. Reverend Doctor Ewing. William .\llen, William Coleman. 
Thomas Willing, Picnjamin Chew and Edward .Shippen. Jr. These were some 
of the most distinguished men of the province, but they moved too slowly to 
satisf\ file proprietors, and in i"'',^ two English surveyors and astronomers, ^la- 
son and Di.xon, were brought over to fix, b\' actual survey, the line of demarca- 
tion, drawing it from the circle surrounding Xewcastle that had been referred to 
in the original grant to ihe Penns, in a direct line to the western borders of the 
province. The\ spent four years upon the task, antl cut a pathway through the 
wilderness, 24 feet wide. They placed stones at regular distances ajjart, mark- 
ing one side with the coat of arms of the I'.allininres. and the other with the coat 
of arms of the Penns. The Indians, lukwever. were alert and w.atched the work 
of these white men with curious interest. 'I'hey grew suspicious and threatened 
violence. They could not understand what was meant by cutting so wide a 
swath through the woods, nor could thev understand the use of the instruments 



w \i;\\ i( k'^ keystone com m(i.\\\ i-'.ai.ih. 67 

of the surveying party, with which the white men seemed t(_i lie cumniiinicating, 
not onlv b\- (la\ Ijut also by night, with the stars and the planets. The Penns 
used their inlUience with the Chiefs of the tribes, however, and the work although 
delayed for a time was again liegim, but it was fomid too perilous a task to con- 
tinue. Man\ of the workmen engaged in digging, cutting and surve\ing were 
terrified by the threats of the Kednien. threw down their tools and deserted. 
When Alasijn and Dixon were about fift\- mile> from the western border of I'enn- 
sylvania they were compelled to abandon fm-ther operations; the line, however, 
which tliev marked still remains tii this da\' and defines the boundary between 
Pennsylvania and Maryland. 

I'rom the very beginning of this dispute the Penns had shown a spirit of 
compromise and were willing to ha\e the matter settled by fair and iu>t arljitra- 
tion, Init the Ualtimores were relentless in their op])osition and did ever\ thing 
in their power to thwart the matter of settlement. The final compromise, how- 
ever, was just and ecpiitable. and it was one from the very beginnmg which the 
Penns would have agreed to without any hesitation. In view of the contradictory 
language in both charters it was just the sort of settlement that should ha\-e 
been made and jir^tice in the end won her cause, and every Penns\ Ivanian todav 
is indebted to the Penns for their persistence, courage and determination in se- 
curing that wh/ch made Pennsylvania a great em[iire instead of a mere narrow 
stretch of territory. 

When the Maryland suit was disposed of, \irginia laid claim to that portion 
of Pennsylvania which lav between the last stone on the Mason and Di.xon line 
and P'emisyhania's western border, \ irgima taking it for granted that the la^t 
stone set up on the Mason and Di.xon line marked the extreme western boundary 
of Pennsylvania. There was no reason for this assumption because the sur- 
veyors would have gone further, all the wa>- to the western limits of the pro- 
vince of Pennsylvania, which western limits were clearly clefined in the grant 
to Penn, had it not been that they were sto|.)ped in their work b\ the threaten- 
ing attitude of the Indians, and the\ ceased their work (:>nl\ when it wa^ danger- 
ous to pursue it further. These distinguisheil surveyors had been emplo\ed to 
fix the boundary line lietween Pennsylvania and Maryland, not hetween \'irginia 
and Pennsylvania, for there ha<l been no contest in the matter of a dividing line 
between these two provinces. \'irginia in her claim drew a line northward 
from the last stone on Ma-on and Dixon's line to a point abmt the nnddle of 
the 41st degree and then west to the western l)oundary line of Penns\ Kania and 
then south and east to the place of beginning. This tract of land included the 
early settlement which eventually was to become the citv of Pittsi.)urgh, 

It was a mere ])iece of arrogance and spoliation ou the part of X'irginia, 
for she based her right to seize this territory on the ground that she was a 
Royal Province and that as such she had a right to claim and ,ipj)ropriate all con- 
tiguous lands that were imoccupied. There was no right wnv pistice in her 
claim. Iler ])m-poNe to erect a I'ort at the jinictioii of the .Monongalula and 
.Mlegheny ri\ers t(i [ireveut the advance of the I'rench was Uiit (}biecii'd to by 
the ])roprietors of Penns\ Kania, but her seizure of the land was bitlerK opposed 
and her conduct created great contention between her citizens and those of Pent. 
s\lvania a)id in the struggles that endued blood was s>.ed ;md lives were lost. It 



68 W AUWIl k's KinSIOXE Ctl.M MONWKAI.I'll. 

was not until 1771) tliat the (lucstioii was linallv settled. X'irginia was compelled 
to surrender all claims. .Mason and Dixon's line was extended westward to the 
boundaries of the state of I'ennsylvania and the contested land then became for 
all time the part of the territory of this state. 

The third dispute in relation to Ixmndarx lines was a claim [)ut forth bv 
Connecticut to the u])per half of the ])ro\ince of I'ennsylvania, includinc^ that 
portion of the terrilnr\ known as the 4Jnd degree of latitude. If the reader 
will take a map of the L'nited .States he will find that Connecticut is bounded on 
the north l)y Ala>sachusells, on the south by 1 -ong Islanil !^ound and on the west 
l)y Xew ^'oik and that she lies in the 4Jnd degree of latitude, as tloes the upper 
])art of the state of rennsylvania. The charter granted to Connecticut in 1662 
tixed her eastern boundary as .Varragansett l!a\' and extended her dominion 
westward to ihe I'.-icific (Jcean. There was, however, a jiroviso in the charter 
which excepted fri im this grant an\ portion^ of territory then possessed or in- 
habited by any other Christian I'rince or State. Thi-^, of course, precluded her 
from occupying an\ portion of the province of .\evv "S'ork or as it was then called 
the Xew Xetherlands. but leajjing over this intervening space, between her and 
rennsylvania, she clainied that her territory under the original grant extended 
from the western boundary of .\e\v ^'ork and swept across the continent all the 
wa\' to the Pacific Ocean, or as it was then called the -South Sea. 

I iinnecticut received her charter main' \ears before 1 'enns\ Ivania and when 
the grant was made to the latter province there was no resistance upon the part 
of Connecticut; nor did she claim that she had been deprived of any portion 
of her territory nor that there was any encroachment upon her rights. T'or 
}ears, by her silence, she gave her acquiescence and it seems never to have en- 
tered her mind that she had been dejirived of an\ portion of her territory until 
some of her hanh settlers, in their explorations penetrated the wilderness and 
came sutblenl} uixin the Wyoming X'alley, one of the most beautiful sections of 
this country. It was then in its primeval state and had not l)een scarred by the 
white man's axe. Its hillsides were cox'ered with forests and through the valley 
ran a great river like a silver thread. .So delighted and entranced were the ex- 
])lorer> with the beautiful vista si)read out around and before them that they 
carried the news home to their settlement and .aroused the cujjidity of their 
frien<ls and neighl)iirs. Iheir accounts, bowex'cr, were considered .so extrava- 
gant in rel.ation to the beauty and fertility of the land that the story was looked 
upon with suspicion. ( )thi'r explorers, however, brought back a confirmation of 
the first reports and a C(n'poration was organized called the Susc[uebanna Com- 
])a)i\. whose purpose it was to induce and jiromote settlements in the valley. They 
moved slowh ;ind with business judgment and as a first stej) to strengthen their 
claim the\- sent a deputation of citizens to attend the C»nmcil of the Six Nations 
held at .\lbany in 1734- to effect, if possible, a purchase from the Indians and 
seciu'e a title to the said lerritory. Tenn^ylvania having beard that such a con- 
ference would be held, sent as commissioners to rejiresent her interests, Jolin and 
Richard I'enn, lienjamin b'ranklin and Isaac Xorris. The Yankees, however, 
overcame all llie resistance offered by the 1 'ennsylvanians and by the tempting 
ofifer of i2000 of the current mone\' of Xew York induced the Indians to give a 
title to the said Su-(pieliamia Com])an\. It was not, however, until eight years 



WAKWKK's KI•■.^■S'I (IMC ( ()M MUX w |-;ai,'| II. 69 

after this purchase that ihc first scttlenient nt the laii'l in i|iK'Stinn was niaile 1j\' 
people from Connecticut. .At this time 200 farmers and their families jnurneved 
to the \'alley. huilt their huts and hes^'an to till the >nil. Thex were allnwed to 
reap the first croji hut after they had garnered the harvest the Indians suddenly 
swooped down upon them, killcil and scalped about twenty of the men and com- 
pelled the rest of the settlers, men. wniuen and children, to tlee thrnu.ijh tiie fields 
and over the mountains to find a refuge in X'ew hjigland. Some nf them, how- 
ever. tO(.)k a temporar\- habitation and >helter in Maston. This terril)Ie massacre 
greatly disheartened the officers of the Susquehanna Company and for \ears no 
further attempts at settlement were made. In the meantime, hnwever, the I^enn 
family, fearing tliat the purchase at .\llian\- b\ the Susi|uehanna Liim|)any would 
weaken their title opened up negotiations with the Indian tribes and finally suc- 
ceeded in securing an agreement. They purchased some of the land outright 
and induced the Indians to agree that they would not dispose of anv land in their 
possession without giving the I'enns the first chance to purchase. The Indians in 
truth had not much respect ior an option and perhaps did not full)' understand 
the meaning of the term fur thev did not hesitate to sell twice over or oftener 
any lands the\ had ])reviously sold, provided thev could find a purchaser or a 
higher bidder. The original sale by the Six Nations to the Susquehanna Com- 
pany had been made on the ground that the Indians who occupied the soil of 
\\'_\'oming were vassals and under the rule and dominion of the said Six Nations, 
and the Penns in order to weaken the position of the Susquehanna Companv 
negotiated with the Chiefs of the different tribes in that confederation. The 
Chiefs were invited to Philadelphia, were feasted and toasted and tempted, and 
so successful were the Penns in their cajolery that as a final result the Indians 
not only rescinded the sale to the Sus(|uehanna Com])any Init selected several of 
the Chiefs of the Six Nations to ira\el tn llartford and openlv disclaim the 
sale that had been made to the Susquehanna Compan\. In 1768, a council was 
held at Fort Stanwix and in final confirmation of the conference held at Philadel- 
phia a title was given of the disputed land to the Penns. As the matter nriw 
stood, the Penns thought they occupied an invulnerable [losition. The original grant 
in 1681 by Charles II. had given them the land and in the charter its boundary 
lines were clearly defined, b^irther than this the Penns had strengthened their 
position in securing a title from the Indians foi" whatever that was w<.)rth. 

There is another i>hase to this (|uestion that must not lie civerlooked. The 
charter granted to Penn, his heirs and assigns, was manv \ears after the charter 
had been given to Connecticut. If there was an\ (piestion about the land having 
belonged to Connecticut it was settled when the King gave his last grant, for 
the King in those flays differed from a pri\ate individual in such matters. The 
individual who made a sale of land anil passed title was bound by his act for all 
time and was esto[)i)ed from making any further .grant. The Indian title gave 
only the right to build a hut. to till the soil, to shoot and hunt and fish; it was in 
the nature of an incorjioreal hereditament. The Red .Man's title did not give 
absolute ownerslii[i to thcMand itself, as does an English deed "ml cmiiiiu ct ad 
iujcriios." 

The matter of Connecticut occupancy could easily have been settled by the 
emigrants of that colony by negotiating for the use and ownership of the land 



"O \\.\K\\ICKS KEYSTONE COM M ( IX WICAl. F 11 . 

with the I'cniis. but this they would imt do. They were not willing to lose their 
identity as 'S'ankees. The) \\anu-(l the land l<i he considered a part of Connecti- 
cut itself and they had no inteiuidii of becomiuji- citizens of another colony, or, 
in other words, of becninin^ rennsylvaiiians. 'i'he position they took, and their 
determination to exercise the rig^ht of squatter sovereignty, as did the Scotch- 
Irish in the western [lart of the province. ])rovoked a conflict that lasted for up- 
wards of thirtv xears and caused some little bloodshed. It was nut until some 
time after the revohuiuii that the disputed titles were settled. It mu>t be borne in 
mind that the contest waged by the people of Connecticut was not against Penn- 
sylvania, but against the Penns themselves, the proprietors of the province. In 
fact many I'ennsylvanians symjjathized with the settlers from Connecticut, and 
Captain Lazarus Stewart, a resident of Pennsylvania, became the aider and 
al)ettor of the Connecticut invaders. The conflicts between the inhabitants of 
Connecticut and the Pemis was called the Pennamite \\'ars. In order to main- 
tain possession of their lands against the inroads of the strangers, the Penns 
leased one hundred acres of the valley for seven years to Amos Ogden. Charles 
Stewart and Jrihn Jennings on condition that they would defend the land against 
all intruders. 

Amos C)gden came from New Jersey, was an Indian trader, a backwoods- 
man nf experience and in every wav fitted for his task. In February. i/^iQ. the 
.Sus(|uehanna Company sent forty men into the ^^'yonling \'alley, to be followed 
afterwards by twice as many more. They were given land by the said Companv 
and pnivideil with £200 of Connecticut currency to enable them to purchase fann- 
ing tools and weapons, on condition that thev would defend the valley against all 
intrusion upon the part of the Pennsxlvanians. Their leader was Colonel Zebu- 
Ion Butler. He was a veteran of the French and Indian Wars, a man of cour- 
age and resources, well fitted for the work he had in hand. When the forty 
invaders from Connecticut reached the valle}- they found the_\' had been fore- 
stalled by the Penns, and that the Penn re|n-esentatives had already established a 
Trading Post with the Indians and were in possession of the valle>'. Ogden had 
but a small force with him to repel the invaders, his command not exceeding ten 
men able to bear arms, but he fortified himself as well as possible under the cir- 
cumstances and made every preparation to meet the attack of the invaders. The 
little army of Yankees lav siege to the fort, threw out their pickets, and pre- 
vented (Jgden's men from shooting deer and cutting wood, thus depriving the 
besieged of food and fuel. ( )gden, lieing greatly outmmibered, saw that it was 
only a question of time when he would have to surrender, and he suggested a 
conference and a discussion. His proposition was accepted, and three men from 
Connecticut came to the lllock House to argue as they supposed the terms of sur- 
render. John Jennings, one of the leaders of the Pennsylvania contingency, 
sheriff of Northampton County, placed at once the three messengers under ar- 
rest and escorted them tn jail at Easton. After a hearing before a justice of the 
peace, the three pri.soners were released on bail, antl wnthout delay they marched 
back to jiiin their companions in Wyoming. Jennings, with the authority of his 
ofifice of SherifY, summoned at once the posse of Northampton County, and started 
in pursuit of the men wdio had been released on bail, but now having a superior 
force, he not only arrested the three men but all their companions, about forty in 



WWRWKK S KEVSTOXE COMMONWEALTH. 7I 

nunilier. and marched tlu-ni tliroiij^h the woods, a distance oi sixty miles and 
lodged tliem in the jail at Easton. Upon application they were all released on bail 
and hurried hack tn Wyoming with more determination than ever to settle in 
what they called this I'aradise. Additional settlers from Connecticut poured in 
and the numbers were increased to upwards of three hundred. lUiilding a strong 
stockade they were in a position now to defy Jennings and his posse. Jennings, 
himself, upon reconnoitering the ground, was of an opinion that the forces were 
too large for him to handle and he reported to the ijroprietor that he could not 
raise sufficient men to constitute a posse that would be able to oust the invaders. 
In fact he got but little assistance from the peojile in the C'ountv of North- 
ampton, because many of the residents sympathized with the Connecticut settlers 
and were anxious to have them as neighbors. It was not the land of Pennsyl- 
vania, ui.it the land of tlie province that was being seized by invaders, but the 
property of the proprietors, and the inhabitants of Northampton were anxious 
to have the land settleil, believing that the presence of the Yankees would in- 
crease the value of land in that locality. ^Matters ran I'm, a conference was held 
by representatives of Connecticut with representatives of the Penns, but no 
conclusion was reached, and Ogden again was autlutrized to organize a body c>f 
men, drive the intruders from the vallev and seize the lands already occupied by 
them. CJ'gden once more raised a little army, and strengthened it b\' the addi- 
tion of an iron four pound cannon, a piece of artiller\'. however, that does not 
seem to have Ijeeu of much service in this mimic warfare except to make the 
wilderness resound with its booming. The Connecticut settlers were under 
the command of Captain Durkee. ( )g(len was alert, however, and when Cap- 
tain Durkee was off his guard, suddenly took him prisoner. He was put in 
irons and sent post haste to Philadelphia. Ogden was in the command of fifty 
men, forming a sort of advance guard, and Jennings had under his command 
the main body. When these forces united, the enemy without further ado, sur- 
rendered. Some of the leaders were retaine<l as prisoners and the balance of 
the community were sent back to Connecticut. Seventeen had been left in 
charge of the settlement to reap the harvest, but as soon as those who had been 
sent to Connecticut disappeared, all property was destroyed including the crops, 
and the group of men who had been left behind to garner the harvest, were 
compelled to follow their companions into Connecticut. It looked now as if 
Pennsylvania was free froui the invaders, and ( )gden hastcried to Philadelphia 
to report the success of his enterprise. 

P)Ut about this time, trouble arose in ;uioth<'r direction and an unexpected 
one. Captain Lazarus Stewart, of whom we have already spoken, at the head 
of a number of Lancastrians, formed an alliance with some Connecticut peo- 
ple. He invaded the valley and compelled the surrender of the small garrison 
that had been left behind by Ogden to guard the Fort. The surrender included 
the capture of the little four-pound piece of artillery. .Stewart restored Wy- 
oming to the Susquehanna Company, and the Count'cticnt settlers, believing 
that the field was open, once more began an invasion. ( )g(len was again in 
the field and Captain l)urkee, who had been sent to I'hiladelphia in irons, sud- 
denly returned and with a force <lecided to att;ick ( )grlen who. inactive, was 
apparently waiting for reinforcements. .\s the little Comiecticul army was 



72 WAKWUK S KI'.V STONE CflM M OX \\i;Ar.T 1 1 . 

iiiarchint;' forward. confKk-nt of victory, with tla,L;s tlvint; and drums beating. 
Ogdcn .suddenly gave a command and at tlic head of his troops ruslicd out with 
all his men and seized the assailants. .'^< i sudden was his attack thai he took 
by complete surprise the Connecticut troops, and in the struggle one man of 
the Connecticut army was killed and several wounded. Ogden now retired to 
the Fort and his enemies decided to starve him out. Day after day the siege 
continued, and Hurkee's army, with tlie aid of the four-])ounder, graduallv ap- 
proached the l'"ort and succeeded in cutting oft Ogden from his supplies. Og- 
den. finding that matters were growing serious, sent a messenger to I'hiladel- 
phia begging for reinforcements, but as they did not come the old hero was at 
last compelled to withdraw, lie retreated from the valley and once more \\'y- 
oming was in possession of the Connecticut settlers. Captain ()g(len. how- 
ever, after raising an arm\ of one hundred and fiftv men. started once more 
to tlie scene of action, lie moved cpiietl)', cautiously and gave no signs of his 
approach but suddenly ap])eared in the A'alley while the settlers were at work 
upon their farms, and before the\- cimld rall\- in defence, mo>t of them were 
in custod)'. .\ large part of the population was .sent to Easton jail and the rest 
that escaped tied to F(Trl Durkee. Ogden at once started for the I'ort. and 
when he ri'ache<l it a conllict took place which was very short and decisive. 
At this time l)lood was shed, for several of the Connecticut men were killed and 
a number wounded and all the property of the settlers was destroyed. Ogden 
was again successful and looked with confidence into the future, as he boast- 
fully told the Penns that there were no men left in Connecticut with courage 
enough to become trespassers. 

Captain Lazarus Stewart, however, once more appeared upon the scene 
and surprised and captured the Pennsylvania garrison one morning before 
sun-break. Ogden's services were again called into recpiisition and with a 
hundred men he entered the valley, appeared suddenly at Fort Durkee and 
calU'd up<in the garrison to surrendei. llis order not being complied with, he 
made an attack upon the fort but was repulsed. Stewart, however, seems to 
have lost heart in the enterjirise, and was not willing to risk another attack led 
bv so brave a cajitain. and during the night he and his followers abandoned the 
fort and lied over the mountains. A few months after the flight of Stewart, 
the Connecticut people again appeared on the scene, this time with a force of 
one Inmdred and fiftv men, and the\ laid siege to the fort occupied by Ogden 
and his troojjs. In this invasion the Connecticut settlers were led by Zebulon 
I'utler. a soldier of greater courage and of far greater experience than any of 
the Connecticut cajitains that had preceded him. lUitler. with the skill of an 
abl'' soldier, comjiletely surrounded the fort and cut ott every avenue of es- 
cape. Ogden. however, was determined, if possible, to reach Philadel])hia, 
lay the facts before the pro|)rietors and secure reinforcements. The method 
he adopted to reach succor was dangerous to the extreme, but it was the only 
one left. Taking of? his clothes, tying them up in a bundle with his hat on 
top, he entered the river at midnight and floated down the stream with a string 
in his mouth towing his clothing. The moving body was discovered by the 
sentinels and a fire was opened at once and every bullet struck the bundle. 
Ogden's ''ace being on a level with the water, could not be seen and he sue- 



\\'.\k\\i(_Ks Kl•:^•.STo^'E cu.mmonwkai.tii. 73 

ceedtd at last in reaching a place of safety, where he ra|)idl\ |j;iI on his clothes 
and started on his way to Philadelphia, a distance nf nne hnndred and twenty 
miles which he walked in three days. When he reached the cit\' ni Philadel- 
phia his earnest appeals induced reinforcements and a certain L"ai)tain Dick 
started forth with a small command wdiich was tn he followed liy a larger hody 
of troops. Dntler, Imwever. having heard that reinfi.ircem^ni^ were con'ing, 
pressed his siege with vigor, and about the mitldle of August, 1771, the garri- 
son surrendered and articles nf capitnlatii lU were signed. 

The I'enns having heen driven from the valley, negotiations were opened 
with (ioveruor Trumhle of Connecticut to see if the matter could not be set- 
tled in some wa\ b\- compromise, but the tjovernor replied that thi^ was not a 
question between Connecticut and Pennsylvania but between the .^us(|uehanna 
Company and the Penn> who were the proprietors of the land in i|uestion. A 
year passed and the Penns made no further attemi^t to regain their projjerty. 
So confident was the Suscpiehanna Company in the jiosition it occupied, that it 
named the valley Westmoreland and constituted it part of Litchfield County, 
t'onnecticut, and the ^ettler^ had the audacit)' to petition the t'onnecticut Leg- 
islature to demand forty thousand dollars damages from Pennsylvania for the 
losses they had sustained in their contest to secure that which did not lielong 
to them. The Penns having lieen entirely excluded from the valley, the Con- 
necticut settlers poured in in numbers and occupied the land in every direc- 
tion and established a settlement at Aluncie. 

About this time appeared ui)on the scene an Irishman named Plunkett. a 
Sort of adventurer. He toiik up arms in favor of the Penns, and thought, no 
doubt, he was the nian destined to restore the valley to the original proprietors. 
With, an army of seven hundred men, he invaded the territory, hut Zeliulon 
Butler with about half the force of Plunkett, succeeded in putting him to fiight. 
It was a great victory fi:)r Connecticut and seemed to the settlers to be the end 
of the bloody strife that had continued for a period of thirtv years. 

Connecticut was wrong in the position she took in the beginning. The 
territor)' clearly, under the grant to Penn, belonged to him. his heirs and as- 
signs. Its boundaries were clearly defined. There was no (|uesti(in of a mis- 
take as to latitudes, as in the Paltiniore grant. The charter to Penn was known 
to the people of Connecticut and they were familiar with the boundar\ lines (_)f 
the province. For years they ac(|uiesce(l in the charter and thus strengthened 
the I'enn title to the land. It was only when they looked ui)on the vallev of 
the Wyoming with eyes of cupidity that the\' were seized with a desire to 
obtain it. Its beauty, fertility and situation had entranced them and thev 
seized the land without any right to its possession simply because they wanted 
it, and they poured into the valley against the protests of the owners and exer- 
cised the right of squatter sovereignty, .\fter the Kevolution ended, the land 
was no longer the private property of a family but was the part of a s(_)vereign 
state and it was necessary that the question should be finall\- ,ind delinitely set- 
tled as to what were the boundaries of that state. In 1782, Conunissioners were 
appointed by Connecticut and Pennsylvania, who opened their sessions Novem- 
ber 2, at Trenton, New Jersey, and after trial and argument the Court was 
unanimously of the opinion that Connecticut had no right to the lands in con- 



74 WAKWICK S KE\STOXE COM MOX WEALTH. 

troversy, "that the jurisdictidii and pi-ccniptidii of all llie territc.iry lyiiii;- williin 
the cliarter of Pennsylvania and now claimed by the state of Connecticut do, 
of ris^lit hcloiiEf to the state of Pennsylvania." Many years after the Revolu- 
tion tlio (|uesli(in of disputed ownership affected the titles of the land, and there 
was much litis^ation over the same and it was not until the Confirming Act of 
1787 that the rights of all parties were clearly defined. 

I'or believers in the doctrine of non-resistance, the Penns battled for their 
rights with a spirit, that though it may not have l>een consistent with their 
teachings, was, nevertheless, truly war-like. 

Before Penn's departure from America, he had given to the city, under 
his hand and broad seal on the twenty-eighth day of October, in the year of our 
Lord 1 701, being the thirteenth year of the reign of King William IT I. over 
England, Scotland, l*"rance and Ireland, a charter to the citv of Philadelphia. 
It provided for a Mayor, a Recorder, eight Aldermen and twelve Common 
Councilmen. The first mayor under the new charter was Edward Shi|)pen, 
while Thomas Story was the recorder. 

It was during Penn's second visit that a night watch was established for 
the city. That is, the Council appointed an officer "to go round ye town with 
a small bell in ye night time and give notice of ye time of ye night and ye 
weather and if any disorders or dangers happen by fire or otherwise, in ye 
night to ac(|uaint ye constable." 

TIk^sc watchmen carrieil tall painted staves, at the top of which were fast- 
eni'd perforated tin lanterns holding a candle, the light from which was so dim 
that it only intensified the darkness. It was their custom, too, to call out the 
hours of the night and the conditions of the weather, as "twelve o'clock and a 
moonlight night," "four o'clock and a cl(:)udy morning." If there was any 
special news that reached the citv after the watchman began to patrol his beat 
and after the citizens had retired and which was considered of public import- 
ance, it was his dutv to announce the information. For instance, after the sur- 
render of the I'.ritish at Yorktown, the voices ei the watchmen called out the 
hour and then added "and Cornwallis is taken." It may easily be imagined that 
u]:)on the ann<iuncement of such information the patriotic citizens, in their 
nightcaps, would raise the windows and many rush to the doors to inquire as to 
the details and then after retiring to their beds await impatiently for daylight 
for confirmation of the glorious news. 

Why the watchman carried a bell it is hard to say. Surely it was not to 
give timely warning, as it imdoubtedl}' did, to thieves, highwaymen or burg- 
lars that they might escape the clutches of the law. The ringing of the bell, no 
doubt, was to show that the policeman was on guard, traversing his beat and 
that he was protecting the property and peace of the city. The "drowsy charm" 
of his bell was 

" 10 bles> the doors lri>ni nighllv harm, ' 

and to give to the citizens that sense of security that comes from the knowdedge 
that the watch is on guard. 

There were nnmerous inns of ;dl kinds in the citv and on market davs 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MUX W !■: AL 1 II . 



/D 



they were crowdeil with farmers ami cuiintry people. "The 1 'liinie iil' P'eath- 
ers" on Second street, "The Pewter Platter" on Front street, the "Crooked 
Billet," the "Star and Garter," the "Three Tnns," the "White Horse," "Boat 
and Oars" were all well known taverns where li:)dging- and meals coidd be had 
at comparatively cheap figures. The tippling houses or ordinaries as thev were 
called, were under the direct surveillance of the police and if the customers 
grew too jolly or lingered at the bar too late they were rirdered home by the 
watch on the beat. 

The Coffee House had but recently made its appearance in. London and it 
became a resort for the well-to-do and fashionable. Every man of the upper 
and middle classes went to his particular Coffee House, not only to sip the de- 
licious beverage made from the beans from Araby, which was consiilcred a 
great luxury, but also to hear and discuss the news of the da\. A man was 
known by his Coffee House as a man (if the world toda\' is knuwn b\' his club. 
The Coifee House had become so 
popular a feature in Englnd that 
one was established in iMMut street, 
near Walnut, in this city, and was 
quite a resort for the well-to-dn. 

Shops of all kinds, too, were 
increasing in number and they 
were known by signs rather than 
bv the names of their jiroprietors. 
Good olives and capers could be 
bought at "The Sign of the 
Crown," all kinds of gloves were 
sold at "The Lion and Glove." This 
was following the general custom of 
England, where Alacaulay says the 

signs were used because the houses were not numliered. Furthermore, he adds, 
few, comparativelv, could read and it was necessary therefore to use marks 
which the most ignorant couhl understand. These painted signs gave a gay and 
grotesque aspect to the streets. The walk fmni Charing Cross to Whitechapel 
lay through an endless succession of Saracens' Heads, Royal Oaks, Blue Bears 
and Golden Lamlis. which disappeared when they were no longer required f<"ir 
the direction of the common people. English manners and customs obtained to a 
far greater degree in J'cnnsylvania than any other province, thus showing that 
English intfuence predominated here. 

At the beginning of the province the purpose of the proprietor had been 
in everv way to inspire a spirit of toleration and to secure religimis liberty, not 
for one sect but for all sects, Init unfortunately this spirit did not long con- 
tinue, at least from a Catholic |)oint of view, for in January, i/of), while I^enu' 
was in England, an Act was passed which prescribed an nath to be taken by the 
.\ssemblymen before entering upun (he discharge of their duties. The decl;ira- 
tion iif Christian belief was in the following words: 

"I, .\. B., do sincerely promise and solemnly declare before (jod and the 
world that L will l)e faithful and bear true allegiance to Oueen .\nue. .\ud 1 




The Oi.u Lo.nuo.n Coffki-; House, 17.54. Corner 
OF Fro.n't and Walnut Streets. 



~G Warwick's ki-asioxi'; commoxweai.tii. 

do suk'iiiiily profi'Ss and declare that I do from ni\ heart alihor. detest and 
renounee as impious and lieretieal that damnalile doctrine and position thai 
princes excommunicated or deprived by the I'ope of any authority of the See 
of Rome mav he deposed or murdered hy their suhjects or any other wliatso- 
ever. And I do dechirr that no foreign prince, person, ])relate. state or poten- 
tate hath or ousjjht to have any power, jurisdiction. su])eriority. |)recminence or au- 
thority ecclesiastical or spiritual within the realm of England or the dominions 
ihcreunti > heloufjinL;". 

"And i. A. 11., do .s(jlemnly and sincerel)' in the presence of Ciod, ])rofess, 
lestifx anil declare that 1 do believe in the sacrament of the I^ord's Supper 
there is not any transubstantiation of the elements of bread and wine into the 
body and blood of Christ, at iir after the consecration thereof by an\- person 
whatsoever. .\iid that the Tnvtication or adoration of the \ irijin Mar\ or any 
other saint and the sacrifice of the mass a> the_\' are now used in the church of 
Rome are su])erstitious and idolatr(-)Us. 

"And I do solenmlv in the presence of dod. jirofess, testify and declare 
that 1 do make this declaration and every part thereot in ihe plain and ordi- 
narv sense of the words read unto me as they are conmionly understood i)y the 
JuiS'lish Protestants. Without any evasion. e(|uivocation or mental reservation 
whatsoever and uitliout an\ disi)en>atinn alreruK t^ranted me for this |)urpose 
b\- the I'ope or au\ other authority or person whatsoever; or without any ho])e 
of an\ such dispensation from any person or authority whatsoever: or without 
tlnnkiuQ- that I am or may be accpiitted before God or man or absolved of this 
declaration ijr any part thereof althousrh the Pope or anv (jtlier person or 
persons or ]x)uer whatsoever should dispense with or annul the same or de- 
clare that it was null ami voiil from the he.^'inning. 

"And 1. A. 1'.., profess faith in God and the Father and in Jesus Christ his 
eternal .Son. the true God and in the Holy Spirit. <ine God blessed forever- 
more. And do acknowledije the Holy Scriptures of the CMd and \ew Testa- 
ment to be given b\- Divine inspiration."' 

The careful reading of this intolerant declaration shows that the eligi- 
l)i',it\' of the Assemljlyman depended more u])on what he did not believe than 
what he tlid l)elieve. The early charter rights as to liberty of conscience in re- 
ligion provided that officers of the government should profess a belief in Jesus 
Christ, till- .^avionr of the wdrld. and this proviso was continued under the 
charter gi\en 1)\ William I'enn to Philadelphia, in ijor. The Act of i/c/), 
however, goes nnicli further and perhaps its passage was induced bv the fact 
th.it William IV'iin himself was too closely allied with the Stuarts. 

( iovernor (iookin seemed to act at times without any judgment, almost 
<.'(|ualling the conduct in ofifice of his predecessor, young John l£vans. He 
greatlv antagonized the Uuakers b\ insisting upon an oath being taken in- 
stead of an affirmation. This resultetl in throwing the government into the 
hands of the non-Ouaker element. Gookin. however, at last was dismissed and 
in turn was succeeded by .^ir William Keith, a man of parts and of under- 
standing. Ih' was not a Uuaker but a soldivr. with the rank of Colonel, and 
proud of the distinction his title gave him. It does seem remarkable that every 
man sent out by the Penns from England to govern the province of Pennsyl- 



W Ak'WKKS KIC\ST(I.\I-: C'(lM M (l\ W i: A I. T I I . ~~ 

vania was a soMicr and wlmsc r(.'li,L;irHis \-ic\vs were in ilirccl u])|)i)-,ilii)ii tn llie 
principles taut;'ht liy the (jnakcrs. The new ( invernur was nut onlx^ a nnlitarv 
man, but a nieniher of llie (_ IuutIi nf luisland. 

I'enn was nnw L;ra(lnalK' a]ipi'(iacliini;" lii^ end. Ili^ life had lieen embit- 
tered by many thsappnintnients. I lis 'dhil\- l'".x]>erinienl" liad Inrned nut tn Ije 
a successful project but it hail in\id\eil him in delit and he was reduced alninst 
to bankruptcy. He had sold nuich i>l his land in the jirovince at too cheap a 
fiL;nre, and it did not make a sufficient return fur bi^ outlaw "( ), I'ennsvl- 
vania, what hast thou cost me!" he exclaimed. "About Thirty Thousand 
Pounds more than T ever got b\- it. two hazardous and most fatiguintj voNagcs, 
mv straits anil slavery here and m\ child sold almost. * * '''' * In short, 
I must sell all or be undone and disgraced intu the bargain." Many ot his 
friends in .\nierica wdiom he had befriended turned against him. Especially 
was this so in the case of David I.loyd. whu trnm a friend had turned nut to be 
a bitter antagonist, and in order to secm"e success in his political battles re- 
sorted to schemes to injure the re])Utaliiin anil inlluence of the ])roprietor. .\ 
man named I'urd to whom I'enn had entrusted the care of his i'.uglisli and Irish 
estates, ran him iiUo debt b\ hi^ careless management and extra\agancc, and 
it did not end here, for at the death of Ford bis widow had I'enn arrested. 
while he was attending a meeting in ( Iracc Church Street in I.ondon. The 
bailiff seized him forcibly and woidd have taken him from the bnililing with- 
out further ado had it not lieen for the intervention of his friends, who prom- 
ised that he shoidd be placed in custody at the termination of the services. 
He was cijufined in the Fleet Prison for nine months and although there was 
no fiiinidation for the suit, he was not released until his friends raised a suffi- 
cient sum to compromise with the h'ord attorneys. lie had lieen suspected, 
abused and even charged with playing the part of a Inpocrite. i 'f bis children 
by the first wife, none remained but I-etitia. and she had married a man for 
wliom Penn had a personal dislike. William Peun. Jr., a sou In the second 
marriage, had disgraced himself and his fanhl) li\' a riotous course of living. 
He was a reprobate, and although married and the father of children, no home 
ties held him in check, his dissipation continued and to the end he gave his 
father great anxietv and subjecteil him to deep hinniliation. Pen.u's mind had 
gradually given way under the liurden of his cares, and at last, July 3. 171S, at 
the age of seventy-four years, he died jieacefully and was laid at rest. 

William Penn may be tndv classed among the great men of the world. 
He was more of a philosopher than a politician. L'n fortunately, be was not 
a good judge of men. He was too confiding, and when be was once inipresseil 
and formed a friendship it was hard to break, even after he ought to have l)een 
convinced that he had Ijeen deceived. Ills trusting natin-e w^as often taken ad- 
vantage of by scheming and unscrupulous men whom be had assisted and be- 
friended. He was tolerant in spirit, bore suflering bravely and the human 
kindness in his heart was never soured by persecution. He looked upon all 
men as his brothers and his whole |)urpose in life was to benefit hinn,anit\. 
His character, when carefidh examined and weigheil, may reveal its weak fea- 
tures and show some flaws, yet, taking all in all, its kindness, its benevolence, 
its tolerance and its wisdom make it truly great and ever\ l'enus\ Ivanian has 



jS Warwick's keystone commowveai.tu. 

reason to be proud of the founder of his State. "Wise or fortunate is the 
prince," observes Edward (iibbon, "who connects his own reputation with the 
honor and interest of a i)erpetual order of men." 

Thomas Proud, in his "History of Pennsylvania," says that Wilham Penn 
may be styled "the parent of his ])nivince, in that he not only planted it with 
industry and virtue, and endowed it witli a j^encrous and excellent constitu- 
tion, but with, unremitted care and assiduity he also cherished it with the best 
and most affectionate advice and instruction, tending- more effectually to fix 
the bond of love and aft'ection between him and his people upon the most cer- 
tain and lasting- foundation which is the best preservative against all disorders : 
— -He treated them as beloved children, while thev regarded him as a tender 
father." Edmiuid Burke declared that "Penn as a legislator, deserves innuor- 
tal thanks from the whole world." 

Voltaire was so much inijircssed with the reports he heartl concerning the 
toleration of the government of Pennsylvania and the contentment and happi- 
ness of the people, that, in a spirit of enthusiasm, he exclaimed, "Their colony 
is as flourishing as their morals have been pure. Philadelphia, or the city of 
the brothers, their capital, is one of the most beautiful cities in the universe. 
These new citizens are not all primitives or Quakers : half of them are Ger- 
mans, Swedes and people of other countries who form seventeen religions. The 
primitives who govern, regard all these strangers as their brothers." Con- 
tinuing in the same strain, he further remarks, "I love the Quakers. Yes, if 
the sea did not cause nie imsupportable sickness, it would be in thy bosom, 
Pennsylvania, that I would finish the remainder of my career, if there is any 
remainder. Thou art situated at the fortieth degree in a climate most mild and 
favorable, thy fields are fi-rtile, thy houses commodiously built, thy inhabi- 
tants industrious, thy manufactories esteemed. Unbroken peace reigns among 
thy citizens, pri.sons are almost unknown and there has been but a single ex- 
ample of a man banished from the country." 



CHAPTER VII. 

I'ENn's will. KEITH N.XMED GOVERNOR. D.WID LLOVD. J.\MES LOG.\N. HIS 
CH.\R.\CTER. EEDEMPTIONERS. MAJOR IWTRICK GORDON. CONDITIOX.S OF 
P1IIL.\I)ELI>III.\. CU.STOMS OF THE I>A\". MRHAEL \\ELF.\RE. GI'.ORc^E WTIITE- 
FIELl). ANDREW HAMILTOX. TRIAL OF JOHN PETI^R ZEXCiFK, lUC.NJAMIN 
FRANKLIN. HIS CH.VR.VCTER. HIS DE.STH. 

BY the death of Penn his wife occupied tlie feudal ofifice of Lord Pro- 
prietor of the province. Under his will, Peini hail settled upon the 
cliildren by his first wife his English and Irish estates, while Penn- 
sylvania was to become the property of the widow and her heirs. 'J'his 
division gave great offence to William Penn, Junior, who himself hoped to 
become the Lord F'roprietor of Pennsyh'ania. The oldest son by the second 
wife was known as John, the "American," because he had been born in the 
Slate Roof House in Philadelphia. William Penn, Junior, attempted to exer- 
cise some authoritv in the province, but the Courts upheld his father's will and 
he retired to the Continent and died in I'rance about t\V(_i years after his father, 
a complete wreck. 

The new ( 'ii>vernor, with some little ceremony, publicly announced the 
death of the Lord Proprietor. Keith from the very start succeeded in winning 
the cijnfidence of the Assemlily, and easily obtained the appropriations necessary 
for a successful administration. He bought a large section of land consisting of 
about twelve hundred acres, at Horsham in ^Montgomery County. He built a 
large stone house which still remains standing and lived in grand st\le. His 
estate was called Graeme Park. He owned a number of slaves and had a fine 
stable of four driving and seven saddle horses. His carriage had the appear- 
ance of a coach of state, and attracted much attention as he drove over the 
road leading from his country seat to the city. Liveried drivers and footmen 
had not been seen in the province since the days of Penn, and they caused con- 
siderable comment. His coming to worship on Sunday was quite an event and 
people gathered in crowds to watch the arrival of the equipage. He had set 
aside for himself anrl his family a special pew in Christ Church kuijwn as the 
Governor's pew. 

In politics there had alreaily developed two factions, one led b\- Da\id 
Lloyd. Democratic in [)rinciple, or what today would he calletl Progressive, while 
the Con.'^ervative party, loyal to the Proprietors, was led by James I^jgan. 

James Logan, unc|uestionably at this time, was the most distinguished man 
in the province. He had had the absolute confidence of William Penn au<l after 
the death of the proprietor, obtained that of the widow, Hannah, and a brave 
and loyal defender of their interests he was at all times. He was the .son of a 
Scotch chaplain, who turned (Juaker .md in conseipience was compelle<l to go 
to Ireland where he taught a Latin school. James was horn at Lurgan, County 
Armagh, the twentieth of October, 1674. His intellect was remarkably pre- 

79 



8o 



WARWICK S KKVSri).\E COM M ON WEAI.T II . 



cocious, for at tliirteen years of age he was familiar with Latin, (ireek. and had 
a fair knowledge of Hebrew. As a boy, he was apprenticed to a linen draper 
in Dublin, and in his leisure hours devoted himself to study and in addition to 
his other knowledge acquired a use of the French, Italian and Spanish tongues. 
Penn was so impressed by the remarkable intellect of the young man that he 
made him his secretary, and when the rroi)rietor sailed for America, took him 
along. Xot (inlv was T^igan scholarly in his attainments but he had a marked 
capacity for business and administration. It is hard to tell what his career 
would havf been in lun-npean imlitics: it is reasonable to suppose, however, that 

he would have been distinguished, 
hut in the politics of Pennsylvania 
be became from the start, a domi- 
nating influence. Tie was a man 
of the highest honor and never be- 
trayed the confidence of his great 
lienefactor. I'or forty years he 
faithfully guarded the interests of 
ihe I'eup.s and resisted all the dem- 
agogic attacks made by David 
TJoyd, as well as the attacks upon 
the part of the Crown. luade by 
Colonel Quarry. He held a num- 
ber of offices and discharged the 
duties of every one with ability. 
He became Commissioner of Prop- 
erty, a member of the Provincial 
Cnuncil. a Judge of Common Pleas, 
Mayor of Philadelphia and Chief 
Justice of Pennsylvania. In the 
midst of his manifold duties he 
found time to devote himself to the 
study of botany and so ])ro found 
was his knowledge in this tlepart- 
ment of science, that Linnaeus, the 
celebrated Swedish lK)tanist, honor- 
ed him by naming an order of herbs 
the "Loganiaceae." lie also fmuid time to translate into F.nglish several of the 
Latin classics and with the same ease and facility he cnuld have translated an 
Knglish classic into pure Latin. 

The factions bad able leaders, as it will be seen, and the contest was waged 
vigorously at every point. Logan maintained strenuously the authority of the 
Penns; Quarry supjiorted the encroachments of the Crown, and Lloyd protected 
the interests of the commonalty. 

The government was gradually passing out of the hands of the Quakers. 
Punishment was inflicted for the slightest offenses, es])ecially those against the 
Crown. Two persons were punished for having spoken contemptuouslv of King 
George. ( )ne was sentenced to stand under the Court House for one hour on 
two market da\s, while the other was sentenced not oidv to stand in the pillorv, 




■ Iami ^ l.iii, \.\. 



w AKwu k's ki-;\"stoxe com .\io.\ wealth. 8i 

liut to be tied in the tail of a cart and paraded through the cit)'. Occasionallv 
men were sent ti> the t^^aHnws, anil the Eii,t;lish s\ stem (if t^iving' "benefit of 
clergy" to the culprit was introduced, it will thus be seen that crimes were in- 
creasing, no douljt due to the fact that anidug the immigrants were found a 
number of European criminals. The mural inlluence of the Ouakers. however, 
was abroad, for those citizeiLS who were foumi tippling in the taverns on Sun- 
day were connnanded to disperse and go to some place of iniblic worship. Ltmd, 
scolding women were taken before the magistrates autl di^cipliueil. Men were 
not allowed to smoke or swear in the [tulilic streets. Parties in<lulging in brawLs 
were committed by the watch to jail until the folkiwing morning. 

-V class of immigrants were swarming into the ])rovince known as dernian 
Redemptioners : in other words they were indentured servants who were to 
serve their masters for a term of years in order to redeem themselves from the 
charges and expenses incident to their voyage to the new wurld. These con- 
stant arrivals, of what were deemed undesirable immigrants, gave alarm to 
the conservative citizens and Ijigan wrote to England in 17 1" of these peiiple, 
"There are divers hundreds arrived here who have not one word of English 
and bring no credentials with them. The methnd that W'e conceive is in no way 
.>afe in anv colnny tho' we hope they may lie honest men. * * * * As 
the number of these strangers has given some uneasiness to the inhabitants 
here and will increase it if the\- ctnitinne thus their swarms, you will allow it, 
we hope, proper to be mentioned to you. * * * * This government nuist 
have that regard to themselves as not to be too free for the future in making 
admission easy." This protest, however, did not seem to ha\'e much influence, 
for in 1/21 an advertisement read: "Thomas Denham to his good country 
folks advertiseth that he has some likely servants to dispose of. One hundred 
Palatines for five years at Ten i'oumls per head." These poor creatures 
presented a motley a])pearance. Ignorant, unacquainted with the languages 
that were spoken in the province, for they had a patois that was nc.it under- 
stood even by the German residents, they were unal)le tn ni.ike known their 
wants. The men had red caps and when tiot in their bare feet, wore huge 
wooden shoes: the women tied strings around their heads to keep the long 
hair out of their eyes while their clothing was of the commonest texture. There 
was a suspicion that many of these Redemptioners Avere convicts that the • )ld 
World was dumping upon our shores, but be that as it may it was not long 
before these poor creatures were swallowed up in the progress and general 
development of the country, and have left no visible sign of their existence. 

Governor Keith managed adroitly to keep in touch with the -\ssembly, and 
at the same time gave no offence to the proprietors, and he might have gone 
on indefinitely in his rule, for he was a keen politician, hail it not been for the 
fact that in 1723, forming an alliance with David Lloyd, he undertook to dis- 
miss James Logan as .Secretary of the Provincial Council. Logan not being 
willing to submit to this arbitrary act upon the part of the Governor and his 
allies, took a hasty voyage to England and laid bis case before TTamudi I'enn. 
She sided with the Secretary and gave him a letter to be in turn h.inded lo 
the Governor, advising the latter, in no uncerl;iin terms, of his duties. i\eith 
however, confident of his power, ignored the directions auil instructions of 



83 VVAUWICK's KEVSTONK CUMMONWEALTII. 

Hannah Penn, and, forming a compact with David Lloyd, waged a war against 
James Logan over a question of Constitutional right concerning the power of 
the Coimcil as a law making body. Keith, in a tinal effort to recover his power, 
endeavored to arouse the people to revolt against proprietary rule. In diis 
rebellious move he was not assisted by David idoyd. and he sustained a signal 
defeat. He had been living at a fast pace, had mvolved himself hopelessly in 
debt and finally had to abandon his estate and broad acres at Horsham and tlee 
to England. Here he met with further reverses and spent his last days imjjris- 
oncd as a debtor in the Old liailey. When he took his departure he had to leave 
the i)rovince .so hurriedly that he was unable to take his wife with him, and 
Lady Keith remained in Philadelphia for the balance of her days. She resided 
in a' small wooden house on Third Street between Market and .\rch Streets, 
with an old woman as her only companion. At times she was reduced to want 
and it was as much as she could do to secure the bare necessaries of life. \\ hen 
she died she was buried in a quiet manner in Christ's Church yard, in the shadow 
of the building wherein as first lady of the province she had worshipped in 

state. 

The new (jovernor was :^L-ijor Patrick (.ordon. who arrived in Philadel- 
phia on June 22, 1726. 

The' population of Philadelphia at the close of the Keith admmistration 
was between eight and nine thousand. The city still was in a i)rimitive con- 
dition and her outskirts in some directions were covered with forests, and 
there were several instances of wild beasts making their appearance m the 
suburbs. The streets were not paved, except around the Court House. The 
black man was held in bondage and the Redemptioners from the Palatine were 
still bound to their masters by a term of ser\-ice. The Quakers as a class, 
at this period, were not opposed to slavery for many of them owned slaves, 
nor were thev opposed to the use of liquor, for the well-to-do had their cellars 
filled with the best brands of imported wines and liquors, and so far as beer 
was concerned thev favored its manufacture as a cheap and common bever- 
age, provided it was not made of molasses instead of malt. It was not until 
they saw the crueltv and inhumanity of slavery and the evils resulting fr.jm 
the' abuse of liquor,' that they became ardent Abolitionists and Prohibitionists. 

The costumes of the day were most elaborate as compared with the pres- 
ent standard. Even the Quakers had not yet adopted the brown and the drab 
garb, nor the stiff brimmed hat which subsequently distinguished them. W ell 
dressed men wore wigs and shoe buckles and bright colored coats and waist- 
coats. Ruffled shirt bosoms were not uncommon and lace cuffs half covered 
the hands. Knee breeches and low shoes were worn and to be ullra-fashion- 
able. men carried canes with tassels <langling at the top. The women dressed 
in gav colors and •'gaudy figured or striped calicoes and stuffs." As a sample 
of the cost of living, we might state that beef, mutton and veal sold at 3VSd. 
per pound, bacon a^t 7 and venison at -'d. per pound. h>om these figures it 
looks as if bacon were considered more of a delicacy than either beet or mut- 
ton. Fish and game, of course, were in abundance and comparatively cheap, 
although it did look at the time as if the ruthless slaughter of the game and 
the wholesale capture of the fish contimie.l the supply would be exhausted, 



W ARW K k's KEVSTOXE COM .M ON WE \1. r 1 1 . S3 

for there were pot fishers and tjimners then as there are in the present days 
and game laws were passed and the close season for hunting was extended. 
Paper money was in circulation, Imt. strange to say, notwithstanding its de- 
preciation as compared with sterling money, wages did not increase nor did 
the price of living. 

It was about this time that a wa\-e of religious fervor swept over the 
country. Revivals were started and itinerant preachers harangued the multi- 
tude wdierever a crowd could be collected. Michael Welfare, wdio hailed from 
Conestoga, came to the city "in the habit of a pilgrim," his hat of linen, hi^ 
beard at full length and a long staff in his hand. He called the people from 
their sins and declared that he had been delegated by God to reclaim the city 
from its sin. He spoke in the market house from a butcher's stall, or in an\- 
public place where he could get the ear of the people. One of these itinerants 
stalked into a Quaker meeting carrying a bladder filled with juice of the poke- 
berry in i>ne hand and a sword in the other and while addressing the assem- 
bled worshippers, suddenly ran the blade through the bladder, sprinkling the 
S(|uirting juice o\-er the clothes of several of the (Juakers and then in a loud voice 
exclaimed, "Thus shall God shed the blood of those persons wdio enslave their 
fellow-man." 

There were many of these wild enthusiasts, who went through the land 
endeavoring to convert sinners and have them flee from the wrath to come, 
but the greatest of these itinerant preachers was George Whitefield. lie was 
an exhorter of force and eloquence and had a voice that could be heard <lis- 
tincth- a mile away, and which was ca]iable of expressing every emotion of 
the human heart. He claimed that the whole world was his parish and he 
undertook the task of reclaiming all men from their sins. He came to Phila- 
deli)hia in Xovemljer, 1731 >, and reached the city about eleven o'clock at night 
after having ridden on horseback a distance of sixty miles. He held his meet- 
ings at all hours of the day and people flocked into the city from every section 
of the surrounding country, for his great reinitation as a preacher had pre- 
ceded him. It made no dilference whether he spoke in a hall or in the open 
air, for his voice would carry any distance and he could modulate it to suit 
anv place or locality, indoors or out. He must have had a remarkable mag- 
netic influence over an assemblage of people for he could sway them at his 
will. At times they were wrought up almost to a state of frenzy and woifld 
cry for help: then again manv wi)ul(l riill upon the floors as if stricken by a 
fit, writhing the body, wringing the hands and shrieking for mercy. When- 
ever he appeared upon the streets, he was followed by great crowds of people, 
which the sinner or the unreclaimed called "Whitefield's Mob." His great in- 
ducing power to conversion was that if the people did not repent at once, they 
would go to Hell and his description of the tortm-es of those condenuied to 
everlasting punishment, was not only graphic but terrifying. ( )ften when 
visiting the outlving districts of the city he woifld be accomi^anied b\ a 
cavalcade of horsemen, who sang hymns and psalms and made the air 
resound as they passed through the woods or travelled along the highway. 
Franklin, the philosopher, was evidentlv not nnicli affected by preaching so 
wild and violent anrl in speaking of the reviv.al he said, "It seemed if all the 



84 wakwick's kkvsionk ((im.mowvicaltii. 

world wore nmwiiii;- reliijious. for one could not walk lhrou.i,di Philadelphia in 
the evening without hearins; l>salnis sun.i;- in tlie different t'aniilies of every 
street." There were a numher of understudies who rose up under this spirit of 
revival, hut they could only mimic W'hitefield's gestures and paraphrase his 
hurning sentences. 

Governor (lordon died in .August, 17},C\ at the age of seventy-three, and 
for two years James I.ogan, who was President of the Council, was virtually 
the (Governor of the jjrovincc. Colonel Ceorgc Thomas, another soldier, was 
appointed to succeed Cordon, but his name not having been confirmed by the 
("rown, he did uot reach the province until 1738. 

Two of the most distinguished men in the province at this time were 
.'\ndrew Hamilton and P.enjamin Franklin. Andrew Hamilton came from the 
eastern shore of Maryland. He was a lawyer by profession and in time be- 
came the leader of the Pennsylvania bar. and may be called the first of that 
great line of lawvers that brought such distinction to Philadelphia. It was his 
argument in the trial of John Peter Zenger, in the stale of Xew York, that gave 
a new interpretation and a new meaning to the law of libel. Zenger was the 
jiublisher of a Xew York weekly journal, and in ij.U 'i^i''- criticised most 
severelv several acts of the legislature and attacked some of the most promi- 
nent officials in the province. Not only were his papers burned bv the com- 
ninn hangman beneatli the pillory in the public sipiare, but he was personally 
indicted for publishing writings tending to sedition and faction. His counsel 
had filed exceptions to the commissions of the judges wdio were about to try 
the case, and for his audacity, and contumacy in daring to question the juris- 
diction of the court, he was indefinitely suspemled. Zenger, being deprived of 
his counsel, was now in a bad plight and in his desperation, he called upon 
Andrew Hamilton, of Penns\ Ivania, to represent his case. This great lawyer, 
advanced in vears, had virtually retired from active practice, but believing that 
the case was one of public importance, he unhesitatingly accepted the brief. 
On the tri.-d. while the Attorne\ Ceneral was examining the witnesses, Hamil- 
ton arose and admitted that his client had both printed and published the arti- 
cles in the newspapers set forth in the bill of indictment. This admission hav- 
ing been made by the counsel fnr the prisoner at the bar, the .Attorney (ieneral. 
turning to the court, said as the defendant has confessed the printing and pub- 
lishing of these libels, there is nothing left for the jury to do but to find a ver- 
dict for the King. "For even supposing the libels were true the law says 
they are none the less libelous for that, nay, indeed the hw says their being 
true is an aggravation of the crime." In other words, the greater the truth the 
greater the lil)el. Mr. llamill.m, however, in answer .said. "Xo. Mr. Attorney, 
it is not the bare i)rinting and publication of a paper that will make a libel. You 
nuist go further before you can make out a case against my client, and charge 
him with being a libeler. for the word- themselves in the luiblication nuist be 
libelous, that is false, scandalous and sedition-. If the words cannot be so 
proved, then no case has been made out against tlie defendant." The Attorney 
Ceneral cited case after case in support of liis position, but was met at every 
turn adn.itlv bv his ;ible adversary who denounced them as St;ir Chamber 
cases, and even' when the Court ruled that they were still law, Mr. Hamilton 



wakwick's l-;l•:^■s I ii\i-; ihm m(i\\\ i-..\i,i ii. 8s 

still conleiiiled fur his \ie\v, until the Court stcriiK- interposed In- sa\iu^ that 
he wonlil not he permitted to argue against the fiiidint^s ot' the (_ ourt and ad- 
nionislieil him to u-^e the Court "with good manners." Turning tlien from the 
Court, the la\v\er appealed in a nwst impassioned way to the jtn'\. lu-giiig 
that it was not lihelcuis to complain of tlie eondnct of nun who in pulilic life 
gave l)ad administration. Time and again the t'onrt interru|ited the argument, 
but the conrageons counsel still held on to his view that the jury \vere the 
judges of the law and of the facts, dlie Ldml finally ^aid, "Xo, .Mr. 1 iamil- 
tt)n, the inr\ may find that Zenger printed and puhlislu-d those papers ami leave 
it to the Court to judge whether the\' are lihelons. \'ou know this i> \er\ 
common. It is in the nature of a s])ecial verdict where the jury leaves the 
matter of law to the Ci.mrt." "I know the jury may do so," re]ilied .Mr. Ilam- 
ilton, "hut 1 also contend that the\ ma\ ilo otherwise. I know t]ie\ ha\e the 
right, hexoud dispute, to determine ln'th the law anil the fact and where tlie\ 
do not donlit of the law they ought to do so. This leaving it to the judgment of 
the Coiu't whether the words are libelous or not, in effect renders juries use- 
less." The Court then suggested that it would reserve the point of law and 
leave the qtiestion of fact to the jury, and the jmint reser\ed could snbseipiently 
be argued liefore a full bench. .Mr. Hamilton made an ini]iassioned appeal to 
the jury, wdiich ileeply impressed them, for after the ch.arge of the Court in 
which the Judge admonished the jury not to he misled b\' the elo(pience of the 
learned advocate, the jur\- retired and in a short time rendered a verdict of U(.(t 
guilty. It was the first great argument and the first great victory wmi in this 
country for the freedom of the press. 

Benjamin Franklin was horn in lioston, Massachusetts, in the \ear 170(1. He 
was the youngest si_in and fifteenth child of a family of seventeen children. 
His father was a tallow chandler and soap boiler and the boy was earlv appren- 
ticed to the trade, for at the end of one year's schooling he was eni]5loved in 
dipping canilles and setting wicks, hut even at that early age and under those 
disadvantage(.)us circumstances, he found time to devote himself to a course cif 
reading and among the books that fell into his hands were lluuNau, He b"i)e 
and j'lutarcb. llecoming disgusted with his monotonous work, he was placed 
under his brother who was a printer, to learn the art of t\ pesetting. Desiring 
to make a start in the world, he decided to go to the citv of Pbilaflelphia. 
believing that away from his father's roof au<l thrown upon his own i-e- 
sources he would have a better chance to build bis fortune, d'his was in the vear 
1723 when be was a lad hut seventeen years of age. Without informing his rela- 
tives of his purpose, he boarded a vessel bound for .\ew York and journe\eil on 
foot and by stage coach the rest of the distance. He had but a few silver pieces in 
his purse and but one change of clothing, which he carried stuffed into his pockets. 
ife was without friends, without influence and without even a letter of recom- 
mendation, and five hundred miles from home, a stranger in a strange l;md. 
The little runaway must truly have felt the loneliness of his situation, but 
I'ranklin even as a boy, was not one who woidd surrender to despair. .Stopping 
in a liaker shop, lu' purchased two rolls, one of which he carried mider his 
arm, anil the (Jther he munched as he leisurely walked u|) lligb Street taking 
a surve\' id' the t(jwn. The story goes that at this time, in passing a house, he 



86 



WARWICK'S KEYSTONE COM MOX WEAI.T II . 



saw standing upon the steps the young huly. Miss Deborah Reed, who was to 
become hi. wile and it is ^aid she was mnch amused at the appearance ol the 
husky country lad who ate his breakfast while he strolled. 

Philadelphia, at this time, had a population of about ten thousand souls, 
h was the principal and most important city in all the colonies, had an indus- 
trious people, a growing prosperity, commercial importance and attorded an 
opportunity for a man of the industry and resourcefulness of a Frajikhn. It 
was not long before he arose in the estimation of the people because of his indus- 
try' thrift, frugality and public spirit. He set np a printing press, opened a shop 
for' the manufacture <,f lamp black and ink. dealt in rags, sold soap and lye 
cheese feathers, and in time became a ^^■ell-known printer, editor publisher, 
bookseller, bookbinder and stationer. During these early years he devoted bis 
leisure to the acquisition of knowledge and acquired a use of the French, Span- 
ish and Italian tongues.. Taking an actiye an.l prominent part in po htical 
affairs, he became a .Burgess, Justice of the Peace, Llerk of the C^eneral As. m- 
bh atKl Postmaster General, ^^o meeting was called to consider any pubic 
question that he was not there to giye his views and support and as a rule, 
, : use of his proiuinence as a citizen, he was called upon to take the clia. 
and act as presiding oBker. Franklin w.is practical ,n all things ^1 ^ jva 
his natural simplicity that made him most mipressiye. He wa. ,n.t the charac 
of man that was needed in the deyelopment of a young sett ement, and it 
i, safe to say without fear of contradiction, that had it not been ^o^; ^^ -"^^ 
and progressive views, the city would not have made the advance it did. I^ot 
'on Id he devote himself to practical affairs, but he gave also much time to the 
con'sideration of scientific subjects. He had at all times an inquiring and ni- 
uisitive mind, and when he noticed that the fur on a cat s back when s r.^.ed 
h, wrono. wa^ on a win.er-s night would send out electnc sparks, he at once 
ke himself \yhether or not these sparks were the same as the flashes o 
iol tiing we see in the heavens. His experiment to test this cpiestion was a 
v^ imple one. for in a summer shower he sent up a kite in the subu b. ot 
Ue c' .ul fastened a door key at the end of the string. V hen the lightmng 
flashed and came in contact with the kite, he touched his knuckle to the ke 
a, d . t a slight shock and saw the spark. This seems al very simple to . 
odlrbut in those times it was entirely new and it made him famous 1 
:;!;j world over and he looked out mto the future with a P™P^^- -';;- ^1 
he said -There are no bounds to the force man may raise and use in the elec 
tdc-d I;.- •• He saw then, perhaps more than any one else, the many uses to 
which this niiii-hty fluid could be applie<l. 

n ,i. early days, eager for information and mental development, he estab- 
lishe w at wa; called ^The lunto." a debating club which met at taverns or at 
e t,:l: of the members once a week. Among the '--'-^f . '^ ,1;-^^: 
.,„„ was Thomas (io.lfrev who invented an instrument by which a ships lat, 

y and educational and fn,m their eft'orts came the I'hiladelphia L,bnir> . 



litcrar 



WAIUVICK S KEVSTdNK C( >M M( IN WKAI.TII . 



87 



in 1731. Hciijaniin l-Vanklin, Tlioiiias 1 1(ij)kinsi>n, William Parsons, Philip 
Syng, Jr., Thomas Godfrey, Anthony Xicholas, Thomas Cadwalader, John Jones, 
Jr., Robert Grace and Isaac Pendleton were elected Directors. The beginning 
was a very humble one, for books they secured were lodged in the house of 
one of the meniljers, Mr. Rubcrt (irace, and they remained there until other 
quarters could be fnund. "'i'his," declared h'ranklin, "is the mother of all the 
North American subscriptimi libraries." 

Another institution witli which he was prominently connected was the 




l;i N.IA.\n \ I'KA.NKl.l \. 

■'loiii ;i rnif ]iriiit lucsciitcil to tlir t'linikliii Xutioiial Hank by 
.Siumiel T. lioiliiir. 



American l^bilosophical Society. It was the result of a circular iniblished Iiy 
Franklin, entitled, ".\ Proposal fur the Promoting Useful Knowledge among 
the British Plantations in America." The society was to extend throughout 
all the colonies, and they were to correspond with each other. 

Franklin, tun, was mainly instrumental in having chartered the College, 
Academy and Charitable school of Philadelphia, which subsecpicntly became 
the I'niversity of Pennsylvania. lie also forwarded the iustilution known as 
the Pennsylvania Hospital, which was chartered in 1731. In fact, as we re;id 
the history of the past, there seems In have been unlhing ni im|iorl;iuce in 
those days in which he did nnt t;d<e ,-i leading part. The pa\'ing of the side- 



gg WAUWICK's KEVSTOXE CdMMOWVEALTll. 

walks the li^htin^^ of the streets, the nrsanizalion of a f^re brigade, the .nstal- 
lation' of a useful nightwatch, all were pronioted by him. Before h.s arnval 
houses were cold until he gave then, stoves, and chunneys smoked unld he 
.uo"este,l a metho.l of relief. Fr.rn, the garret where, as a ooy. he rea.l and 
stmlied, from the shop where he dipi-ed caudles and set w.cks to the royal 
salon at \-ersailles, where he bore with simple di^uitv the office of -^-f"^- 
of the new republic, he was the same in his simplicity of character W th the 
eve of a sage, he looked into the w-orld (pnte through the thotights of men. 
studied their motives and fathomed their purposes. Unspoile.l by flattery, no 
eminence made him dix.y. no success ma.le him haughty, no .hsappom men 
d.presse..l him. He was not deeply learned, for he had had no early educational 
advantages, but he was a practical mau with good conmion sense, not a poet, 
^ot an ^ralor. but possesse.l of a natural wisdoiu that was greater even ban 
th, gift .,f genius. He alwavs kept his head, be seems never to have lost his 

''''"^; bterarv stvl, was expressive, lucid and simple. -It has." says Lord 
leftrev -all the vigor and even conciseness of Swift without any of h.s harsh- 
ness ' it is in uo degree more flowery, yet both elegant and lively. So great 
a master was he of pure English, that when the .p.estion of selecting .y""™,^; 
of the Congress to write the Declaration of Independence was consu ered, he 
mV'bt have been chosen instead of Jefifersou to pen that immortal document 
had it not been for the fact that the staid and serious old Mntan John Adam.s. 
..ed his selection for fear he .-ould insert one of his jokes or bits o humor 
- 1 hough wittv, he was not a trifler, for, like Lincoln, us wit w-as always in 
season and was used "to point a moral or adorn a tale." Atter the sigmug of 
.h D;daratiou of Independence. Charles Carroll of Carrollton, seriously re- 
marked. "We must all hang together." "Yes," said Franklin m sombre jest, 
"if we do not, we shall all hang separately. 

Durin- the French and lu<lian war. when the convention of the co omes 
was to be held at Albanv to consider means for common defence, he published 
in'the Pennsvlvania Gazette, a cartoon representing a snake cut luln pieces, 
each piece representing a colony, over which were written the words Lmte or 
Die" This di<l more to create a sentiment of union among the colonists than 
half a luuidred wordv and frantic appeals. He could express a truth ,u epi- 
grammatic f..rm and- it became an axiom nr life lesson. His P^verbs were 
thort vivid texts. Thev were the truth expressed in simple phrase. He could 
^omp'ress his thought into the smallest possible compass, but the compression, 
instead of making the meaning dim or obscure, only simplified and illumined it. 
••Poor Ricbard-s\\lmanac" was filled with wise sayings and although ,t is 
said bv his detractors that many of them were ancient saws and taken from 
foreign sources without acknowledgment, it will be admitted, after a close 
comp'arison. that his sayings were simpler and wiser than even those of the 
writers or sages who originally suggested them. To be sure they were jewels 
when he fouii.l them, but he gave them a recutting and a new setting and they 



lai Ills s<niii,^.^ >.v.i^ ^ I . 

es who origiuallv suggeste.l them. To be sure they were jewels 
wnen ne loun.l them, but he gave them a recutting and a new setting and they 
shone with greater beauty and brilliancy. Poor Richard s sayn^s bjame^a. 
current as the coin of the realm, and were adopted as rules of lite. W ha 
be more suggestive or so easily understood as "Sloth eats more than rust. 



WARWICK'S KEVSroMC TllM M ( i \ \\ i:a | . | n . ,Xc) 

fat kitchen, a lean will." 'W plciwman nn his less is hioher than a ;:,^entleman on 
his knees," "The eye of a master can do more than Iwth his hands." "I'low deep 
while shig-,t;ards sleep." In ji Hash more meaning;- is conveyed than in a pon- 
derous sermon. "I'oor Richard's Almanac" was found in the cottage of the 
plowman as well as in the boudoir of the lady of fa^hiMn. Ft became a house- 
bold book, and gave infonnation on all practical subjects, from the relief of 
the toothache to the proonostication of the weather. There was not a farm- 
house in the province where the almanac could not be found hansins' at the 
chimney place ready for consultation as to the proper time and conditions for 
the plowing- of the land, the .sowing of the seed and the cutting of the grain. 

Franklin's arrival in France during the American Revolution, created the 
greatest enthusiasm among that sensation-loving people. As the ambassador 
of the young republic, he was m(.>st wanuly and enthusiasticaliv received. The 
door of every fashionable and literary salon was thrown open, and his recep- 
tion at Court was most cordial. He was made a member of the learned and 
scientific societies of the kingdom. lie was feted, feasted and toasted and 
his name became a houselnild word throughout all France. "His name," says 
John Adams, "was familiar to government and people, king and cnurliers, no- 
bility, clergy and philosophers as well as to |>lebeians. to such a degree that 
there was scarcely a peasant, or a citizen, or valet de chambre, a coachman or 
footman, a ladies' chambermaid or a scullion in the kitchen who was niit famil- 
iar with it and who did not consider him a friend to human kind." lie seemed 
to the Farisians like an <ild philosojiher who had ste]:)ped out of the lu'story 
of the past, his heav)' shoes, his ir. in-rimmed spectacles, his hijuielv. rust\- 
brown suit and his long hair falling upon his shoulders made his appearance 
striking ami picturesque, and he never appeared upon the streets of Paris 
that he was not treated with regard and respect. The great philosopher, 
Auguste Comte, in his enthusiastic admiration declared that, "If he had been 
living when Franklin was in Paris, he would have followed him through the 
streets and kissed the hem df his home-spun overcoat made bv DelKirah." It 
was mainly through his efforts that France was secured as an allv fnr the 
American colonies, in the War of Independence. Franklin was not what mav 
be termed a religious man. He was not a sectarian in any sense of ihc word. 
His faith was not circumscribed by any creed and if the truth be told, his 
mind was much tinctured by the writings and teachings of the French i>hilo,so- 
phers, but it must not be for.gotten that he introduced a motion for dail\ prav- 
ers in the Constitutional Convention of 1787, saying: "I have lived a l(iug time 
and the longer I live the more convincing proofs I see of this truth, that God 
governs in the affairs of men, and if a sparrow cannot fall wilhuut 1 Hs notice, 
is it probable an empire can rise without His aid?" 

We have .given but a brief sketch of this remarkable man. who made so dec|) 
an impression upon his times and especiall\- ujxm the gri)wlh and ile\elopment of 
his adopted city. A man to have risen, by liis own exertions, from si 1 humble a sta- 
tion must necessarily have had great qualities of mind and heart and present day 
detraction cannot deprive him of the honors he wnii. Wr have traced his career 
briefly from the humblest be.ginnings until he became reco.gnized as one of the lead- 
ing diplomats and statesmen of his time. This p,i,ir lad. a mere w.aif. wIki came to 



go wakwick's kkvstone commonwkalth. 

a straiiiTc city williont money, friends or influence, rose to such distinction 
tliat when he 'died his body was carried to the tonil) with every honor a sorrow- 
ins? people could sliow and with that reverence that only real merit wins. The 
Governor and the Chief Justice of Pennsylvania were among the pall-bearers, 
all the officers of the government. National, State and Municipal, followed his 
bod\- to the grave, and twentv thousand of the common people, from whom he 
sprang and whose interests were dear to him at all times, attended and wit- 
nessed the ccremonv of his burial. Learned men the wide world over, paid honor 
to his memorv and when the sad news of his death was announced in the XatuMial 
Assembly of' France, the Abbe Sieyes, President of the body, was instructed 
to address a letter of condolence to the Congress of the fnited States, and 
Mirabeau, ascending the Tribune, pronounced the following beautiful eulo- 
gium: ••I'ranklin is dead. Returned unto the bosom of the Divinity is that 
Trcnius who freed America and raved forth upon Europe torrents of light. The 
"sage whom the Iw,. worlds alike ciaim— the man for whom the history of science 
and the historv of empires are disputing, held beyond doubt an elevated rank 
in the human' species. For long enough have political cabinets notified the 
death of those who were only great in their funeral orations, for long enough 
has court etiquette proclaimed hypocritical mourning. Nations should only 
wear mourning for their benefactors. Representatives of nations ought only 
recommend to their homage the heroes of humanity. 

"The Congress has ordained in the fourteen states of the Confederation 
a mourning of' two months for the death of Franklin, and America is acquit- 
ting at this very moment that tribute of veneration for one of the Fathers of 
hei" Constitution. Would it not be worthy of us to join in that religious act? 
* * '•' * Antiquity would have raised altars to that vast and powertul 
crenius \Nho for the advantage of mortals, embracing in his aspirations heaven 
'and earth, knew how to tame tyrants and their thunderbolts. France, enlight- 
ened and free, owes at the least an expression of remembrance and regret for 
one of the greatest men that have ever aided philosophy and liberty. 

■T propose that it be decreed that the National Assembly wears mourn- 
ing for three days for Benjamin Franklin.' 



CHAPTER VIII. 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS. 



THE struQsle lietwet'ii France and lui^land tn secure su|irciiiacv in 
America and India invulved tlie wlmle Continent ni Rnrnpe in a 
war that lasted for seventy years and iipwar<ls and may lie said tn 
have been waged in e\er\- quarter of the globe. "Black men fought 
on the coast of Coromandel and red men scalped each dther b\- the great lake.'^ 
of Xiirth America." In the Xew ^^'nrld, it was knnwn as the I'rench and In- 
dian ^^'ar, and extended, with intervals of peace, from i(iS() tn 17(1:;. 

\\ hile the English colonists h;id been getting a firm hnld in Xnrth .\merica 
from Maine to Georgia, the French were strongh entrenching ihenisehes in 
Canada and the neighborhood of the headwaters of the St. Lawrence, and at 
the same time were making an effort to secure possession of the great valley 
of the Mis>issippi. When the\" attempteil tn move south from the ("anadian 
line, hiiwever, the English colonists objected, ci intending that the\- were en- 
croaching upon their tcrritor^• — territorv which had been deeiled tn them by a 
treaty with the Iri:i(|uois who claimed to be the nwners <if tlie \alley, they li;iv- 
ing secured their title from the western Indian tribes. I'urtber than this, the 
English claimed the right nf possession because nf their gi'ants frnm the 
Crown, their title extending from ocean to ocean, but at this time little was 
known by English explorers of the vast extent and resources ni the western 
part of the continent. In fact the French expluratinns b;id lieen conducted on 
a grander and more extensive scale than those of the I-jiglish, in so far as the 
great basin of the Mississippi was concerneil. 

In 1673, Joliet, an adventurous fur trader, and Father .Marcjuette, a Jesuit 
priest, started forth to discover and navigate the Mississippi, which great body 
of water the Indians had informed them, lav west of Lake Michigan. Em- 
barking in birch bark canoes, the hardy pioneers paddled slowly up the Fox 
river to a place called Portage, which today is known as Portage City. Here 
they were compelled to carr\' their canoes overland for a distance of about 
two miles from Fox River to the Wisconsin. Lpon reaching the latter stream, 
thev again embarked in their canoes and were borne by the current until it 
floate<l them out on the broad and majestic bosom of the u])per .Mississi])pi. 
which at this point extended from shore to shore a distance of two miles. En- 
chanted by the view and juljilant over the discovery they had made, they bravely 
launched their canoes and started south. The>' fiiund the river lined by un- 
broken wildernesses, except where they came into spaces that were great open 
prairies. Onward they floated with the current, past the .Missouri and the ( )hio 
rivers, and reached the s]i<jt where He Soto had crossed the -Mississippi one 
lumdred years before. Not resting here any length of time, however, they 
pushed on and at last reached the Arkansas River, where they had a conference 
with a tribe of friendly Indians who warned them that it would be most peril- 

91 



02 W AKWUK's KI;V.ST0M£ C'd.MMDXW kai.tii. 



ous to proceed furllicr >oulh because of ihe hostile attitude of the red men m 
that locality. Up to this point it had been easy work to tloat with the current, 
hut when they turueil hack they were conipeUed to battle against the stream. 
Day after day passed and they made but conii>aratively little progress and un- 
derwent many privations, Init they had been sufficiently rewarded for all then- 
labors and the hardships they had undergone by the great discovery they had 
made. l^p<m reaching their friends, they made known to them in glowing 
terms the beauty and magnificence of this great stream running through the 
whole widlli of the continent. To be sure they had not reached the mouth of 
the river, as it originally was their intention to do, but they had gone far 
enough to be impressed with the importance of the river and the possibilities 
in the development of the new country. 

Si.x vears later than this, that is in K.-^), LaSalle, another great 1-rench 
explorer, set out to explore the great valley and after three attempts he was 
successful in reaching the Gulf, where he set up a wooden cross and claimed 
the lan.l in the name of the king, and in honor of Louis XI\"., called it Louisi- 



ana. 



All this time the English had been content with developing their settle- 
ments in the east. It seems never to have occurred to them how vast were the 
resources and possibilities of the great country towards the west. The I'reuch 
had been industrious in erecting a line of forts which were to be used in the 
defence of their possessions. These extended almost from the Lakes to the 
(nilf itself, but the English colonists, waking up to a realization of what oppor- 
tunities thev had lost, endeavored to reclaim the lauds, which had been taken 

from them. 

In the first war. which lasted for eight years, the French and the Indians at- 
tacked the colonists in the neighborhood of the Hudson. Marching secretly 
from Montreal in midwinter, they fell suddenly on the little village of Schenec- 
tady, in Xew York, at midnight, destroyed it by fire and massacred most of the 
inhabitants. A similar attack was ma.le on Haverhill, in Massachusetts, but 
not with like success. 

Then followed a long interval of peace, when the second war began, which 
lasted for eleven years. ' Deerfield, Massachusetts, was reduced to ashes by an 
attack of French and their Indian allies, and the Xew England colonists made 
an expedition against Quebec, which resulted disastrously. 

In the third war a force of Xew England troops, under the command 
of folouel Pepperrell, of Maine, assisted by an English fleet captured, in 1745, 
Louisburg, one of the strongholds of the French. The victory was a signal 
one and unexpected, for at the start it was thought to be a foolhardy under- 
taking. In the language of I'ranklin it was "too hard a nut for their teeth 
to crack." Peace, however, was soon declared, and under the terms of the 
treaty, the fortress was returned to the French. The victory had its influence. 
It gave the Yankees great confidence in their fighting ability, and. further 
than that, united the English colonies in sentiment as they never had been 
before. 

In 1754. began the fourth and final struggle on this continent between the 
English and the French, which resulted in the final overthrow of the French 



WARWICK S KEVSTOXK COM MUX W KAI.II [ . 93 

and rravc to the English the control ni the cimtinent. Pennsylvania became the 
verv centre (it this cunllict. The h^'ench. in nnler to strengthen their position 
and to make sure their possession of the j;rcat valley df tlu' Mississippi, had 
built a line of forts from the St. Lawrence t(i the < Ihin. TIk-n- virtually had in 
their control the whole Continent west of the Alleghenies. In order U> re- 
claim this rich territnry, a wealthy London merchant, in c. innectii:)n with a 
number of inHuential X'irginians, organized what was called the (Jhio Company, 
in 174S, the purpose of which Company was to induce, foster and assist the 
settlement of immigrants on the east bank of the upper ( )liio. it received a 
grant of 500,000 acres, in the region that is now emljraced bv West X'irginia 
and southwestern Penn.sylvania. The l'"rench, in order to counteract this 
movement, began the building i>f a line cd' rude forts extending southward irum 
Lake Erie to that point where the ,\llegheny and tlu- Monongahela rivers unite 
their waters. This point was designated as the "Cateway of the West,'" and a 
conflict was at once begun to secure its possessions. 

Governor Dinwiddle, of X'irginia. considered it of importance in the first 
|)lace to send a special messenger to the l-'rench Commandant, M. de St. I'ierre. 
stationed at \ cnango. warning him to desist from furlhcr occupancv of tlie 
land and to at once abandon the territory. It was not an easy task to bear such 
a message through a savage and unbroken wilderness for a distance of five 
hundred miles, over rivers and mountains, and the success of the enterprise 
would depend upon the courage, the hardihood and the resolution of the mes- 
senger. He finally decided to send as his ambassador, a young man of \'ir- 
ginia who was just coming into prominence. — George \\'ashington. He made 
the journey successfully, had a personal interview with the Commandant, deliv- 
ered his message and received the reply, which gave no intimation of surrender 
but evinced in its every word a determination to hold the territory against all 
Comers. It was seen that if the ( )hio Company was to retain its possessions of 
the territory granted to it by the I'rown, that it would have to do so by force 
of arms. It accordingly began the erection of a fort, but before it could com- 
plete its work, the Erench maile an attack, seized the h:df completed l)uilding. 
garrisoned it, and called it lutvi Duque^nc, in honor of the Erench (iovernor of 
Canada. Washington at once beg;ui the building of a small fort which he 
called I'^ort Necessity, and which was located alwut fift\ miles south of Fort 
Duquesne, but the Erench, still alert, suddenh- appeared with an o\erwhelni- 
ing force and compelled him to surrender it. 

W.'ir was now on in (.arnest and to meet the conditions, the English coliju- 
ists sent delegates to a convention that met at -\lbany, to decide upon a course 
of action. In this convention, it was urged by Benjamin Eranklin that the 
Colonists unite for self-])rotection and a compact was drawn n|i for this pur- 
pose. Among other things, it [)rovided that the Colonies should have a Presi- 
dent, appointed by the Crown, and a Council, chosen by the peo])le. It was the 
first attempt at union and consolidation for a connnon iinrpo^e made b\ the 
Colonies of America, but luigland feared such a combination and the compact 
was rejected, i-jiglaufi, howe\'er, to meet the conditions, decided to send over 
(jeneral I'.raddock with a bod\- of troops, two regimerUs of iMiglish soIdier\. 
Thev arrived in januarw 1733. The .arrival of I'.raddock proved that the 



C)4 W AKWU K S KKN'SIOXK COM .\I0.\ WKALTII. 

.Mother country was in earnest lo assist the Colonies and the people were roused 
to the greatest enthusiasm. 

ISraddock was a soldier of renown, a stitf. strais^htlaced martinet and so 
confident of his knowledge in all that pertained to warfare that he refused to 
take the advice of Washington and I'ranklin. who were familiar with the 
schemes, stratagems and methods of the red-men. 

ll was decided that three simultaneous expeditions shoidd be undertaken. 
The fir,->t of these was to be conducted by llraddock with the liritish troops, 
against Fort Duquesne. (lovernor Shirley was assigned to the command of 
the second expedition, which was against the French f(jrt at Niagara. The 
third was an ex|K'dition against Crown Point, to be led by a regiment of Co- 
lonial militia. 'J'lie most imiiortant of these, it will be seen, was that directed 
against I'ort Duquesne, in Pennsylvania, for it was the advance ])osition of the 
[""rcnch in the valley of the ( )hio. I'.raddock's army started from V'irginia, 
and about the midclle "f Alav reachetl Wills Creek in Pennsylvania. Here a 
long halt was made in order that horses and wagons might be procured for 
the conveyance nf the supplies and it was mainlv through the persuasive elo- 
quence of Penjamin b'ranklin that the farmers were induced to loan their 
teams for the pm"pose, and on the tenth of June the march was again taken up, 
but the armv mo\'ed very slowly. This plan of campaign, however, was adopted 
against the .advice of Wa.-^hington who urgently contended that the delay would 
be taken advantage of by the French to strengthen and reinforce their position. 
( )n the nineteenth of Jime twelve hundred regulars and officers advanced, leav- 
ing the remainder of the body with miist of the wagons, under the command 
of t'olonel Dunbar with instructions to follow closely. Praddock, controlled 
1)\' his luu'opean education and experience, still moved verv deliberatelv "halt- 
ing to level ever\- molehill antl to erect bridges over every brook, by which 
means he was four days in a<lvancing twelve miles." \\ ashington. who was an 
aide to Praddock. did all that a subordinate officer could do to urge his superior 
to hasten the march, but the English soldier, confident of his own ability, ig- 
nored every suggestion. 1 lad he followed the adxici; of Washington the expe- 
dition, doubtless, would have turned out to be a successful one instead of a dis- 
astrous defeat. 

.\bout this time Washington was strickoi with a fe\'er, was compelled lo 
go to the rear, and was confined to his bed until the day before the battle. Me 
then rejoined the Ceneral. but had been so weakened by his sickness that it was 
almost imi)ossible for him to retain the saddle. 

The_\' had now reached a ])oiin within fifteen miles oi the Fort, and there 
was no api)earance of an enemy, hul this was an ominous sign to the young 
American officer who had had former experiences in luilian fighting. The 

ver\' silence of the woods to him was oppressive and almost gave assurance 
that a ruthless enemy was lying in wait to make a sudden attack : the ground, 
too, with its thick growth of underbrush fa\ored an .ambush. The regulars 
were marching in fine military order, with drums beating and tlags fiying, and 
presented an imposing apjiearance in their brilliant uniforms, but Washington 
felt confident tliev were walking into the \'ery jaws of death, .\gain he im- 
])lored lir.-iddock to be allowed to send out an adxance guard of scouts, but 



WARWICK S KEYSroXM COM M0.\ WKAl.T 11 . 95 

his prayer was not heeded. On tlie nicirnin,<;- oi the ninth of Jtnie, the whole 
army, with its trains, crosseil the river in ])erfect mihtarv order, 'idiis was hut 
a short distance below the mouth of the Vuuniiiogheny. 'i'he iiritish re,^■ulars 
were in high spirits and eager for the fra\ , as was their Commander. Still not 
an enemy appeared, and Braddock as he looked into the face of his y(jung and anx- 
ious Aide, evinced every feature of contidenee. Not a red-skin was in sight 
and the most profound silence reigned over this unljroken wilderness. About 
noon of the day the troops had crossed the river they were within ten miles of 
Fort Dn(|uesne, and this was the second crossing that li;id tn l)e tuidertaken, 
because of an acute liend ed' the river in that locality. The adwance party was 
under the connnaml of Colonel Ciage and consisted of three hundred men, and 
this was closely followed by a party of two hundred, then came the main bod}' 
of seven hundred, with the artiller\- and baggage. After ,a nnle and a half's 
march, the army entered two ravines. These ravines were covered with trees 
and long grass, just the locality for an ambuscade, but still no scduts were feeling 
the army's way, no advance guard was read\' to give an alarm. Slowlv and 
leisurely, as if time were of no conse<(uence and precaution mi neces^il\-, thev 
entered these valleys of death. 

The French, however, were apprised by their Indian scouts of ever\- move- 
ment made by the English army, but the Cijmmandant at Fort Dnquesne be- 
lieved that he had a force too small to meet the opposing foe, and was in doubt 
whether to retreat or to capitulate. It was then that Captain de ISeaujue made a 
proposition to lead a party of French and Indians to assail fruni an aniljus- 
cade the advancing English troops. It was his original puri>ose to attack the 
advancing column immediately after it had crossed the river, but his spies 
brought him in reports that Braddock had. forded the stream, and it being too 
late to follow out his original purpose, Beaujue placed his force in the two 
ravines between which the English would have to pass on their wa\' to the 
fort. 

W'hen the advance troops, under Cage, had reached the ravines, suddenlv, 
and without a moment's intimation, a volle_\' <>i nni>ketrv was poured into their 
ranks. This was the first notice of the presence of the enemy, but the.\' were not in 
sight and the only thing to do was to aim at the spot where the smoke had 
risen, and the English officer gave the command to fire in that ilirection. Bul- 
lets ploughed uj) the earth and cut the bark from the trees, lint did little dam- 
age to the hidden foe. The English troops began to fall back and huddled to- 
gether in squads in the middle of the road, a living target to the savages in am- 
bush. \ olley after volley the French and Indians poured into these ranks and 
the .slaughter was terrific. Captain Beaujue was killed at the first lire of Gage's 
troops, and Captain Dumas, who was the next officer in rank, rallieil the Indi- 
ans and sent them down the ravine to attack the British on both llaid<s. He 
retained his position in front of the English advanc with bis l''rench ;md Ca- 
nadian troops. The Indians, still concealed behind the trees, l.ill gr.i-s and 
foliage, poured volley after volley into the ranks of the now bcwildeied and 
demoralized British soldiers, who, panic-stricken, refused to iibe\ the Cdui 
mands of their ofificers. If they had been wise enough to take a lesson from 
the conduct of their enemies, they would ha\x' separated and concealed tlieni- 



96 W AinVUK's KI-n'STOXE COM M ( )X \AK Al.T 1 1 . 

selves In-liind trees and npeiied lire, but all llieir presence of mind seems ti> have 
departed. I'lraddock, in the front of the fray, for he was a brave soldier if not 
a wise one, insisted U]ion forminj:^- his troojjs into platoons and wajifinsj a battle 
as if in an open field. The Indians, tjainintj confidence by the dismay of their 
enemies, aimed their rifies delil)eralely and effectively, brins^inn:- down a man 
almost at every shot. 

Washington, notwilhstandini; the fact that his advice had not been taken, 
rode ever\ where in the narrow field occnjjied by the troo])s, and endeavored to 
retrieve the da\'. llis nniform was pierced with fonr bnllets and two horses 
were shot nnder him, vet his body was not touched. Tfe was in the very pres- 
ence of death and it is miracnlons how he escaped destruction. .\n old chief 
declared that he aimed deliberately at this conspicuous fi,t;;ure and at last de- 
sisted, feelini; that the man was watched nver and protected by the (ireat 
.*^l)irit. An e\e-witness, who saw \\'ashinL;1i m in that li;ittle, gives the follow- 
ing descri|)tion of his cnnducf : "I saw him take hold of a brass field piece as 
if it had been a slick, lie lonked like a fury. He tore the slu'et lead from 
the tnuch-hdle, lu- placed one h.aud on tlie muzzle, the (ither on the breech: 
he pulk'<l with this and he pushed with that, and wheeled it around as if it had 
been Udihiug. It tnre the gmund like a barshare. .\ powder-monkey rushed 
up with the firt-, and then the cannon began to l>ark, 1 tell you. They fought 
and the\ fought and tlu' Indians began to holla, when the rest of the brass 
caiuKiU made the bark of the trees fly, and the Indians began to come down. 
That place the\- called Rock Mill and they left five hundred men dead on the 
ground." After passing through such a hail of bullets it dues seem as if Provi- 
dence had spared Washington for a greater cause. 

The battle cmitinued for three long hiiur>. liraddock had three horses 
killed under him, and received a shot through the right arm and the lungs, and 
was borne from the field. More than half of the British force had been killed 
or wounded. The Provincials, who had never been trained upnu an European 
battlefield, served as a rear guard to cover the retreat of the Regulars. The 
loss of the P>ritish and Provincial troops had been terrific: of the privates, 
seven hundred and fourteen were killed, while sixty-three of the eighty-six offi- 
cers engaged were killed or wounded, but the loss on the other hand, of the 
French and Indians, was comparatively trifiing, it being but forty all told. 
Man\ iif these were Indians who had ventured out from their ambuscade to 
scalp their enemies. If they had remained hidilen from the foe and resisted 
the tem])tation of taking bloodv scaljjs the I'rench loss would not have been 
as great as it was, 

^^'ashington virtually now took charge of the army, conducted the retreat 
and brought forward the wagons for the conveyance of the wounded. (Gen- 
eral Praddock died on the night of the thirteenth of July and was burietl in his 
military cloak in the middle (-)f the road. Washington, by the li.ght of a torch, 
read the impressive funeral service of the Rnglish Church over his remains. 

The defeat was most com])lete, for after the overthrow of the army in the 
advance, the rear division under Colonel Dunbar, became panic stricken, de- 
stroyed all the stores, and began a hast\- retreat. The battle is not designated 
bv any |)lace as other battles generally are, but is known distinctively in history 



w Ai;\\ KK s Ki:vsr(i.vE com mux WKAI.TM. 



97 



as Hraddock's Defeat, an.l sliuuM be taken as a warning- for all time that no 
man should refuse advice from those \vhi> are in a position to give it. So con- 
fident of his own success, proud of the discipline and C(JuraL;e 'if his armv, 
disregarding;- all suggestions and relying upon liis own iudgnient. he went 
down to a demoralizing and humiliating defeat. Fortunately the battle onlv 
retarded the final settlement, for ultimately the French were compelled to sur- 
render Fort Duquesne, and were driven to the Canadian liorder, and the defeat 
at last was retrieved when on a starlight night in the Autumn <.f 175O, Wolfe 
climbed the rocky heights of the Fortress at Quebec, 

P.y the treaty of peace of 1763, France gave up the wliole of her jx.sses- 
sions in America to England, including all tliat country lying west of the ( »hio in 
the great valley of the Alississippi. an Flmpire in itself, the resources and possibili- 
ties of which French explorers had been the first to ajipreciate. France, after 
a century (if war, the expenditure of vast treasure, and the shedding of tor- 
rents of blood, retained out of all her territory only the little barren islands, 
Miquelon and St. Pierre off the coast of Newfoundland, as .spots upon which 
French fishermen were to dry their nets. 

The war settled the fact that .\merica was to become the home of an 
English speaking race. 



CHAPTER IX. 

DANCING AND SOCIAL E.vn-.UTAI NMEXTS FAVORITE EEA'i URE.. THEATRES THE 
CHURCHES OPPOSE DRAMATIC PEREORM ANCES. SPORTS OF THE PEOPLE. FISH- 
^^WLINC, HORSE RACIXC, FOX H.NTIXC. ^^^^^^^^^^^ J^^^^^^;^ 
EIoilTIXG OF STRE.^S. FURMSUIXO OK WATER. ^^-'^ ™- ^ 
MARKETS COFFEE HOUSES. ST..GE COACHES. SCHOOLS. LIBRARIES. ENG 
^.M -"^AR WITH SPA.X AXO FUAXCE. F.U.L OF .UEBEC. SCOTCH-IRISH. 
PAXTOX BOVS. 



T 



HK citv at this time was escaping fn..n tlw niuralizinj; inlluence ot the 
()uak'ers and the religious spirit that had obtained under the ervid 
Exhortations of ^^■hitefield. Drinkuig was ahnost a universal cus- 
torn" and the ordinaries were filled with tipplers from early m the 
,n„rnnv until' late at night. The night watch in his rounds, v.s.tmg tavern 
Xr uiv rn. generallv got into a state of intoxication before the mormng 
dinned, and festive ^oung men on their way home otten m sheer nuschief 
would upset a watch-box with its drunken occupant. 

If a person made a visit to a friend it was a cause for comment it the Hask 

and -dass were not brought out before his departure. At elections, public cek- 

bratio weddings, chrfstenings. and the laying of corner stones, even ot 

c^":; quor rtolved like water. Farmers, while plowing their and, ^wmg 

e uVtino hav or harvesting the grain, always had hidden in a shady place, a 

" :. whi^ev: apple jack, or rum. and frequent draughts were had to enc<n,r- 

ai he fanP hands at their work. As soon as a man rose lu the morning he 

,1 ha was called an "eye-opeuer." then one after breakfast to give hi 

rcourao-emeut for the daVs work, then one before dinner as an appet.zei, one 

r^Hnner to digest the-meal. one before and after supper for the sa.iie^ piir- 

poses as those that were taken before and after dinner, and upon retiring a mght- 

car was taken to give one pleasant dreams. These were the stated or regular 

drinks that did not interfere with those taken in the intervals 

XX-orldlv amusements, too. were beginning to be introduced Ii ,,S a 
dancin- master announced that he was ready to teach all sorts ot ta.l lon- 
: l^nghsh and French dances after the newest and politest --- pract^ 
in Fondon, Dublin and Paris." He also oiYered 'to give -» >-"""S >V'' ; j^^, 
tlemen and chil.lren that pleased to learu of hnu Mie mos ^^^^^'^^ ^^^'^ 
in dancing and genteel behavior in eon.panv that can possibly ^^ S-en 1 > a y 
dancMic ,;aster whatever." .\nuisenients and acquirements .so light and nv- 
ok s were considered not only worldly but useless in the eyes ot the Quaker, 
and the ultra-religious, an<l were most severely con<lemned. but tha, dul not 
nrevent the voung folks from indulging in their frivolities. 
't^ speaking of dancing, no sketch of Philadelphia woul.l be complete witli- 

98 



WAkWKKS Ki:\Sll_).\IC r(l.\l.\I(.)X\VEALl II. 99 

out some reference to the faniMus Assembly. This was not a legislative body, as its 
name might imply, but simply an associalion (levoled ti> the innocent diversions 
of dancing and social entertainment.. It was organized in the winter of 174!^ 
and 1749 by fifty-nine suliscribers at 40s. each, in descril)ing une '>f its meet- 
ings, Richard IVters, in a letter to Thomas Penn. said, "I'.y the 1 Invenicjr's en- 
couragement there has been a very handsome Assembly <ince a fnrtnight at 
Andrew Hamilton's house and store, which are tenanted by .Mr. Ingliss. which 
make a set of good rooms for such a purpose." It will be seen that in those 
early days the dancing halls were in a warehouse. The moms were lighted 
bv candelaljra and 1:)\' candles placed in sconces attached td the wall, the talhiw 
often dripping, no doubt, on head-dress and shawl as the state!)' dame^ and 
beautiful Ijclles walked thrnngh the graceful t'lgu.i'es nf the minuet. The re- 
freshments were inmch and cake. So popular ;ind select did the .Vssembh' 
become that it was cnnsidereij a scicial distinction to receive an invitation from 
the managers. In those days the onl_\- rei|nisites for admi>sion to the chosen 
circle were respectabilit_\- and a purse deep enough to pa_\- the suljscriptiou |)rice. 
It was not a (piestion of lineage nor of location of residence. Strange to sa\-, 
it made no ditterence whether the invited guest lived n.)rth of Market Street 
or south of it. From these plain and simple beginnings de\'eloped a social or- 
ganization which claims to be one of the most exclusive, seclusive and fashion- 
able of its kind in this countr)-. to which is annexed a genealogical bureau to 
pass upon the lineage and the eligibdity of its members. .\. tomb stone mav be 
a patent of nobility. It does seem ti:> be in the nature of an assumption for a 
coterie of people to set themselves up as the elite and chosen in Israel, but such 
a society is harmless, for while it giA-es satisfaction to the elect it often gi\'es inter- 
est and amusement to the outer world. 

In 1740, a music master from England opened a house in I'cinrth Street 
and advertised to give lessons upon "'the violin, hautbo\ , ( levuiau Hute, com- 
mon tlute and dulcimer." He would also give lessons at the homes of his 
].)upils if it were so desired, and for a price he wnuld furnish music for balls 
and other entertainments. In time there also came along a fencing master wh<» 
advertised to give lessons in sword practice. His art was condemned as a de- 
testal)le vice and as inducive to strife and Ijloodshed. There were not many 
places of public amusement but on some of the streets were side-shows. 
One enterprising individual had on exhibition "a strange and surprising crea- 
ture called a mouse, aljout the bigness of a horse." It had "a face like a niou.se, 
ears like an ass, neck and back like a camel, hind parts like a horse, tail like a 
rabbit and feet like a heifer." It was said to be able to jump to a height of six 
feet. Judging from ihe descri])tion given, this must ha\e been a hull moiTse, 
but at that time these animals had not grown into ])ublic favor so as to be 
used in distinguishing a political party. 

A troop of strolling players \isited 1 'hiladelphia in 1740. It is thought 
they gave ])erformances here during the coininii:uice of se\er,il monllis. Thev 
were uufler the direction of two men, Murray and Thomas l\e;ui. !l is not 
known whether the latter w;i> an ruiceslor of the great Ke.aii who subse(|nentl\ 
won such distinction in the theatrical ]irofession. There wi're also women in 
the cast, which fact gave rise to much criticism ;ind, in some cpiarlers. to a deal 



,pO WAKWU k's KKVSTONK COMMONWKAl.Tll. 



Of conden^nalion. They produced such plays as • R>clw ^^ ^ •^>::^; ^ 
Smni.h Friar" '"The Beau's StratcRcnv' "Cato/ •iiusybody. and Fhe .Leg 
! r Oner " -'l '-' --" means an unintercstu.g repertoire. Indeed, a was ar 
?:"Sr "nnKh nf the light, frivolous and indecent trash produced on the 
Z^ ^^ta<n. Towards the close of their engagenient. they were mv>ted In 
he "honHes to leave the citv. and they shortly afterwards gathered up the.r 
ec d o urneved to New York, where they were given a warmer welcome. 
-;: n Fngli'sh con,panv of actors un.ler Lewis Hallam can.e to the cty. 
;;;-,td been travelling in- the s„uth, had also given a nun,ber of perform- 
V ,v Vorl- -uul were heralded as a most competent company. They 
::::m:d ' ^en^'r ;;' G:v:rnor llannlton. under the pron.se that nothing 
trSnt^r in,n,oral" should he placed upon the stag. ^^^^^^^J^^: 
tion was "The Fair Penitent." fnllnwe.l hv a farce called Mis. n Her ieen^ 
tZ X- were well received, and a nun.her of benefits were g>ven tor char.t- 
', PUT"-- The performances took place three times a week, begummg at 
ve. • ock in the 'vening, and the prices of seats were 6s for the boxes 4 s^ 
r the pit and 2s. 6d. for the gallery. In t75'). under the management of 
Hvdl) ugl s, the Hallan. Company was reorganized and a new frame budd- 
;? SouU.wark was constructed for the sole purpose of tl-atr.caWe,,re.^ 
„rio„ and this mav be considered as the hrst buddmg erecte.l exelu.neh 
^;am tic purposes in Philadelphia. The fact of its becommg a,, esta^^hshed 
Xe"f 1 em nt aroused the antagonisn. of the Quakers, the Presbytena,^ 
Cl therans and the Baptists, and they denounce.l the theatre as an nde to 
e ; d . eg'neracvfrom that conduct in which the people have heretofore 
;^1 med h^ favor of God and regard of good men." Agan,st v.ews so 
narrow the maioritv of the people protested, the play house remamed, lad Us 
close an lo;ensea;ons and gradually becauK- an established n.st,tutu.n known, 
as the Southwark Theatre, and was a popular resort until after the Revohmon 
IX- has alwavs been a favorite sport, especially fron, the davs ot Izaak 
WaUo^the father of 'the gentle art. but never were there strean.s where game 
^hw 're more abundant than in the waters of Pennsylvan.a. Especallv mav 
tl be sai 1 of the Schuvlkill River. Rock fish or striped bass n, the Sprn.g nd 
Fai "a" Plentv ,.f sport to the ardent fi.her. Whether or not the anglers 
^aC ci mzens of L deep whh artificial baU 1 have not '-n a^,le o d,s 
cover \\-e todav. when fish are so scarce, can hardly unagnie the teemu g 
Zuitie hat were to be found in the streams in those earlv t.mes. A num- 
b "o^^^e d votees of the rod and line organ.zed a c.npany and - ^ a J^ouse 
f " c ub purp.,ses at the Falls of the Schuylkill, and thev nanK.l the buddn.g Fo 
Tor luu) 1"! 1 W..1 K u,.ur,- the name. 1 lie 



St Davu'. the'.mgorhy of the n,end.e;. were WeUh. hence the name 

,...se was n,ade of rough logs and was located on ,1,. --^^Z^:t---nTcZ^ 

Xnother fisbhi"- societv was establishe.l in 173-'. and was called Mu Lolon> 

i^ S u-lkiU." Its name was subsec,nently changed, when the l^eyc^utKMi eftected 

",; "^ anee fron, iuigland. to "The State in Schuylkill. 1 he club hous 

w s below the Falls on the western bank of the r.ver. just north of the 

"sent (iu-anl Avenue P.r.dge. X\ hen |.-au-n,oun, Dam was e.-ected, U k- 

stn V 1 fi^lung n, the neighborhoo.l because the fish could no ascend th 

: m an,l s,? th. club house was carried to the eastern sule ot the r.ver nea, 



W AKWICKS KKYSTOXI-: ( IIM M ( l.\ WI-IAI.TII . lOI 

Gi"a\"'s Ferrv Bridge, ll suljseqneiUly removed to Andalusia on the l^elaware 
River. Xo longer does the site where it is loeated afford good fishing, and it 
has simplv beeonie a chib without a purpose save the giving of shad dinners 
in season. 

Horse racing has always been a favorite amusement among the iMiglish 
speaking peojile, and in 1766 a Jockey club was formed "to encourage the 
breeding of good horses and to promote the pleasures of the turf." I'urses 
were offered, prizes were given and entrie■^ were made at the Indian Oneen, 
antl the races were nm in May and September, about the time of the .May fairs, 
when the citv was filled with visitors. The track was located in the neighbor- 
hood of Centre Square about half a nfile from the outskirts of the city. 

In 1766, a Fox Hunting Club was formed, and it lioasted of having in its 
kennels "sixteen couple of choice licet houmls." The whip or the keeper of 
the hounds, was an old negro named Xatt. 1 he cross country run in those 
davs must have Ijeen rare sport indeed. Foxes were in plent\ and it was sel- 
dom the hunters ever went out that the\' di<l not strike a scent of old Reynard. 
There were not so nian\ fences to take as to-day, but there were olistacles 
enough that served as hurdles to give zest to the s|)ort. The yiiung bhiods who 
followed the hounds had a uniform all their own. They wore dark brown 
cloth coatees, buft" waistcoats, breeches, high boots and black velvet jockey 
caps. Tuesdavs and Fridays were the days they follijwed the chase. In the 
early days of the settlement the Chase began from Centre Square, now the spot 
where the public buildings are located. The clulj subsequently transferred its 
hunting ground to ( lloucester L'ounty, Xew jerse)'. and when it did so it 
changed its name to the Gloucester Vox Hunting Club. 

In 1751, the city had a population of about 15,000 people and there were 
in the neigbl)orhood of two th(:insand dwelling houses. The colon\- lumibered 
about 220.000, and it was estimated b) franklin that one third were Uuakers. 
one third Ciermans and one third Scotch-Irish. The city bad made wonderful 
strides but did not >et present the ap])earance of a nietroiiolis. The foot walks 
were not ]3aved, except in those places where it had been done by individual 
owners of property. The streets did not ha\'e a hard surface and in both sum- 
mer and wintL'r the\' were dust\'. and in ver\ wet or rain\- davs thev pre•^ented 
the appearance of mud ditches. There was no underground drainage and in 
stormy weather the surface water gathered in pools. The line of demarkation 
between the footway and the cartway was a row of posts fixed and standing 
upright in the ground to keep the wagons from encroaching on the ].)edestrians. 
Steps were taken to light the city, ior it was with great difficulty that |X'ople. 
after sunset, could, with safety, find their way through the streets, lanes, and 
alleys of the cit\. It was provided that a sufficient and conxcnient number 
of lamps should be set up. Whale oil was used as an ilhuniuant, and ii smoked 
to such a degree that it obscured the light, .and it was not until I''r,uikliu sug- 
gested a remedy that the lam|)s were of aiiy pr.idical use. lie n-ed four ]ianes 
of glass instead of a gl(jbe, ;uid left the lamp open ,il the lop ,ind bolloui to 
create a draught, but it was at the best a ver\- dim light, and would oul\- Imrn 
when the we.ather was jjropitious. or, in other woril>, when the wind was not too 
high and the rain not tof) heavy. 



JQ2 WAKWKK's KKVSTONE common WKAl.TH. 

TW water supply was increased and impr(n-cd by erecting an a.ldiUonal 

number of pumps. r . , ■ , 

The fairs in ^fav and November were interesting features of Lolonial 
life. They bnni-ht lo town many i)eople from the adjoininsj country districts. 
Men and women' travelled on horseback, their bassage tied up in a bundle and 
fastened to the saddle behind. Tublic entertainments, in which dancmg was 
indul"-ed were given in many of the Inns and the young cit\- bloods had great 
oppommitv to carrv on tlirtati.nis with the country belles. Tumblers, jugglers, 
clowns, dwarfs and mountebanks amused the people by their performances, 
while the sharper watched for his victim among the unwary and unsophisti- 
cated countrvmen. The fairs resemble.l those held at St. Bartholomew m 
Eno-land and those which we todav call our country and agricultural fairs. .\11 
sorts of merchandise were exposed for sale, from cheap jewelry to handsome ma- 
terial f<.r women-s gowns. At the time of the opening proclamation was made 
as follows- "Ovez. and silence is commanded while the fair is i)roclaiming 
upon pain of imprisonment.- The Mayor of the citv. in the King's name, 
strictlv charged and commanded all persons trading and negotiating withm the 
fair to keep" the King's peace, that no person or persons whatsoever shall pre- 
sume to set up anv bo,.th or stall for the vending of strong liquors, that no 
person or persons 'shall presume to bear or carry an unlawful weaix^n or to 
gallop or strain horses within the built parts of the city. That it any person 
shall receive anv hurt from another he shall repair to the ^layor and his wrongs 
shall be redressed. That the fair shall continue three days and no longer, and 
then, as a grand finale to the proclamation the herald cried out, '-God save the 

^'"^The semi-weeklv markets were the i>laces where the people congregated in 
numbers and a visitor from England. William Black by name, in giving a de- 
scription of the market place, said: -One may be sup,.lie<l with everv necessary 
for the support of life." and declared: "it was both extraordinary i?ood and 
reasonably cheap and could be nurcbase.l th.roughout the entire year. XVith 
<rreat <leli-ht he seems to have watched the young ladies "traversing the place 
from ^t-ili to stall.- Some had their maids behind them bearing baskets to 
carrv home the purchases, others were there to buy a little fresh butter or cot- 
tage cheese for Philadelphia was as famous for her <lairy pro.lucts m those 
da'vs as she is todav. or a dish of green peas, and under such circumstances, 
thev were their own porters. Iron chains were stretched across the street to 
prevent horses and wagons from interfering with the busmess of the market 
In the summer the market was open from sunrise until ten o'clock and until 
eleven o'clock during the winter months. The opening and cloMug were an- 
nounced bv the ringing of a bell. Farmers brou.ght in their produce not only 
frnm the 'surroun.ling counties but also across the river from Jersey. I he 
markets were such a feature of High Street that the principal thoroughfare 
in consequence changed its name to its present designation. 

Coffee houses were increasing in number, iov they had become very popu- 
lar resorts. In front of the principal one. known as the Ixmd.Mi. the slave 
market was stationed, where negroes were constantly exposed lor sale. 

Stao-e coach communicalion was gradually being extende<l and the tune 



W AKWICK S KKSSTONE CO M M (IXWICAI.TI I . 



103 



scliedules shortened. In 1732 the trip ti) Xew York (jccupied tliree da\s. A 
boat left the wharf every Weihiesday, and on Thursda\" a stage coach con- 
veved the passengers from Uordentown to Perth Amboy. Here there was an 
nin reci mimended as a house of good entei'tainnient, where the travellers re- 
mained over night. In the murning the\' ]jroceeded to New York by boat. 
There was still another ronte hv \\a\ of New Brnnswick and in 1737 stage 
coaches started from The Sign of the ( ieorge, at Second and Arch Streets, and 
frum The Death of the Fcix. an inn located in Strawberry .\lle\'. These car- 
rietl the passengers overland to Trenton Ferry. A shurt time after tiiere was 
a competing line tliat ran fmni Cooper's Ferry, by way of Mount ilolly and 
Sandy Hook. The "Flying Afachine," a coach that was drawn li\ speedv 
horses, reduced the time between riiiladelphia and New \'iirk to tW(j days. 
This conveyance was driven In- skillful drivers wlio gradualU' rednced the time 







j^^^"B^^^m 


■ 




^^^^1 




H 


•^v iPT^- 




^M^ 


:'^| 



Staiu: Coach. I'lin.ADEi.i'iUA to Niow Vohk. Tnii;. Two Days. 



to one day and a half. Much of the freight, in fact nearh' all of it, conveyed 
from Philadelphia to the far west was carried on ]iack-horses, for the roads 
beyond Lancaster were rough and r^cky. t'l ■mninnication with the Snuth, as a 
rule, was bv water. 

It was during this period that the Penn Charter ScIiudI and the ( ierman- 
tovvn Academy were established, institutiims which to this dav are classed 
among the best preparatory schools in the country. Christ and St. Peter's 
churches were united anrl |)laced under the direction of one rector: the old Pine 
Street Church was completed in 1769 while St. Ceorge's was opened for wor- 
-ship by the Alethodists in iy6r). Lotteries became the common means of rais- 
ing money f(}r all pnr])(i>es, religious as well as secidar. ('hrist Cliurch. after 
receiving its steei)le, placed therein a chime of bells, or what was called a ring 
of eight bells. Tliey were cast at a bell fonnrlry in London and brought to this 
comitry by Captain Ihidden, who generousU charged no freight fiir their 
transportation, and in recognition of this kindly act, the\' always rang <>\\t 
merrily upon the arrival of his ship in port, 'idiev were put in place by a man 
in consideration iliat they should be mnt'lled upon the occasion of his funer.-d. 



,,,^ WARWICK'S KKVSTONlL COMMON WKALTII. 



The Trustees of the church complied with tliis request. They were rung not 
only to call the worhippers to prayer, but also on the evenings precechns the 
ma'rket (lavs. The countrv folk would gather in numbers before the church and 
were delighted to hear the melodi.nis sounds that pcale.l fmm the steeple m the 

''"""'l^u-ing this period. England became involve,! in wars with France and 
Spain which serionslv interfered with the trade and c.mmerce of the colomes. 
Privateersmen were fitted out by private enterprise and preyed upon the sh p- 
ping of both countries, frequently bringing their prizes mto the i>ort ..t i hUa- 
delphia. The citv. too. was constantly kept alert bv startbng runjors that 
French and Spanish vessels were coming up the Delaware to blockade the 
port and. worse than this, to bombard and destroy the city. Ihe river was 
well" .guarded an<l pickets were stationed along the shores to g>ve an alarm m 

''''ThelSis had never been so tmublesome as they were immediately after 
the defeat of Braddock. Bv that signal victory their appetites had been whet- 
ted and tlun- were eager for blood. They committe.l outrages m every < nvc- 
tion upon the frontiersmen, who called upon the proprietary f^^^^'^'^^'''^ 
relief from these depredations. The Scotch-Irish had erected forts and block- 
houses on the frontier and in a great measure had then.selves borne the expense. 
\lx>ut this time. Governor Morris's term of office came to an end and he 
was 'succeeded bv Colonel ^^•illiam Denny. .Morr.s had been unpopular a. a 
nder but DenuN- because most obnoxious to the people, tor he threatened to 
hillet the King's troops upon the citizens. The price fixed tor the keep am 
hoard of the soldiers was so low that the inn-keepers declared they would 
close the doors of their taverns rather than support the Red Loats at so low a 
figure. .\t last the matter was settled by the erection of barracks m the North- 

""" Thrimlians, in the meantime, were carrying on their depredations, and it 
looked as if they had entered upon a campaign with the intention -f -J" 
,tino- the white .settlers in the western portion of the provmce .Mthou^h the 
fair:,f Onebec practicallv ended the French and Indian wars 1 ont,ac a brave 
and able'chicf of a Michigan tribe, and friendly to the breuch. tormed an a h- 
ance with a number of tribes to dr.ve the F.nglish out ot the whole wotehn 
eouutrv. The plot was betrayed by an Indian girl, who carnea the ,n.ormat.on 
to the -commander of the fort at Detroit. I'ontiac had nnUed n. bus plot most of 
the tribes except the Iroquois, who refused absolutely to lend hm, any assistance. 
]>o„tiac a shrewd and an alert warrior, one of the most mtelhgent ot 1 ,,, race 
carried 'on the war for some time, but at last was cotnpelled to snrren.ler. and 

personally beg for peace. , 

In all tlK.se contests the Scotch-Irish had been appealing for suppo.t and 
supplies from the proprietary government, bu, the Quakers -- oppo^« ./^^ 
th waging of war and thought they could accompli<h more by deal ng air > 
with the i-edmen. M last the frontiersmen were so wrought up by the slro k- 
ing barbarities committed by the Indians that they organized a company otim, 
of Faxton. or Faxtang. and Donegal Townships, in the upper pait o Lancaster 
Countv Thev were known as the -Taxton F.oys." and thev set iorth on a 



WAKWKKS KI-:\ STI.INE CUM M(JX\\ iCAI.rll. 105 

campaign to massacre the Indians wiierever found. Idic ^loravians had estab- 
hshcd a mission in a village at Conestoga and had endeavored to bring the 
Indians under a Christianizing influence. At a time when the liraves were 
mostly absent from their settlement, the "Paxton ISoys" suddenly fell upon 
those who remained and wrought great slaughter without discrimination. Men, 
women and children were shot down in cold blood. A number of the Indians 
escaped and sought official protection from the town of Lancaster, but when 
the authorities had placed them in the prison, the "Paxton J'.ii\s" broke open 
its doors and continued their murder of these defenceless creatures. A Alorav- 
ian minister, named Bernard Adam Grube. sympathizing' with the Indians, 
hastily transferred the survivors to Philadelphia. They were not given a very 
warm reception bv the inhal)itanls of the cit\ , l)ut were lodged in the llarracks 
and the Pest-house. The '"Paxton J5oys," still relentless and vindictive, threat- 
ened to march to Philadelphia and complete the slaughter. The conservati\e 
element, however, in the city were aroused to action by such threats, and 
public s_\mpathy was created for the refugees, l-'or -^ex'eral months the cit\ 
was kept in a constant state of excitement. Rumors lloated in ivoni e\'erv di- 
rection that the "Paxton Boys" were on the marcli and fidly armed, and with 
as bitter a hatred against the Ouakers as the Indians. I-'.very traveller, stage 
coach and pack team brought in informatiiin of the coming of the mob, which, 
in the excited imagination of the news-bearers, consisted of several thousand 
persons. The Indians were lia-tily transferred to New ^'ork, and the citizens 
made everv preparation to resist the antici]Kiled attacks (jf the backwoodsmen. 
Fortifications were thrown up on all the main |-oads leading to the city, and 
every piece of artillerv that was available wa^ brought inti> requisition. Scouts 
were sent out to report the approach of the enemy, and signals at night were 
to be given l)y the ringing of bells and the cries of the watchmen. U> arnuse 
the people at a moment's notice. ( )n a Sunday night, after the citizens had 
retired to their beds, a horseman dashed into the (own, his steed white with 
foam, and announced that the frontiersmen were in close proximity to the 
city. The people, suddenly aroused, poured out of their homes carrying their 
firearms, and assembled at the places that had been assigned as rendezvous : 
but, after all the excitement and confusion, when a true statement of facts was 
given, it was found that ihe number ijf frontiersmen had been greatly exagger- 
ated. There were not more than two hundred on horseback, and these seemed 
not to be so belligerent as they had been descriljed. Thev were dressed in their 
long hunting skirts, wore caps of raccoon or bearskin and carried tom.diawks, 
pistols and rifles. A committee of citizens went out to meet llu'm ;ind confer 
with them as to their grievances. It hmk >ome days for the excitement io sub- 
side and for the city to reach once more a norni.il conditi(jn and at last after 
assurances of assistance were given, the horsemen, willi^nt ci'eating an\ fur- 
ther disturbance, rode back to their homes. 

Lancaster t'onnty was organized in 1721) and this was followed bv the 
creation of York County in 1740, "westward of Su^(|uehanna and eastward of 
South Mountain." C.'umberland County came next, in 1750. "westward of .Sus- 
((uehanna, northwestward and westward of the County of N'ork." The town of 
Reading, in IJerks County, had been laiil oiU b\- the Penu faniiU' in 1730. ;nid 



jo6 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 

it soun assumed the proportions of quite a settlement. In 1752, Bucks Cmmty 
was divided, and the northwestern part became what is known as Northamp- 
ton. 'i"he population of these counties was growing quite rapidly and there 
was a demand for increased representation. Lancaster County had but four 
representatives, ^■.n•k two, Cumberland two, Berks one and Northampton one. 
and the rhiladelphia representatives were greater in number than all the other 
counties combined, which gave to the city a dominating influence in the Legisla- 
ture. This provoked, as may well be imagined, dissensions throughout the 
province. So earnest were some of the counties in their demands that they 
threatened to invade Philadelphia and force a compliance with their ideas, but 
the matter was finally adjusted by a proper system of apportionment. 



CHAPTER X. 

THE STATE HOUSE AND ITS BELL. 

IN the preceding chapter, we had reached the i>(Dint of time wlien the State 
House was ready to receive its bell, and a brief history of these two 
sacred relics of the nation may not be out of place. 

It was in 1729 when the first movement for the erection of a State 
House was begun. The court house at Second and High streets was not suffi- 
cient in capacity and accommodations to answer the purposes of the growing 
province, and a petition was signed calling for a larger building to be erected 
in High street, and the Assembly appropriated £2000, to the care of Andrew 
Hamilton, Thomas Lawrence and Dr. John Kearsley, who were to act as Trus- 
tees in the matter of the erection of "a house for the representatives of the 
freemen of this pnjvince ti 1 meet anrl sit in general assembly in the city of 
Philadelphia." 

Andrew Hamiltcm, the leading lawyer of that da\', was the moving spirit 
in the undertaking and to him must be given the honor of drawing the plans, 
of having designed and built that simple but impressive historic edifice. In 
1730, the Trustees purchased some lots facing Chestnut street between Fifth 
and Sixth streeets. and in 1732. the entire block on Chestnut street from Fifth 
to Sixth street, was procured and work was begun upon the edifice at once. 
The Trustees did not act in common, for Doctor Kearsley opposed strenuously 
the Chestnut street site and disapproved of Hamilton's plans. John Lawrence 
from the very beginning seems to have withdrawn from active participation in 
the enterprise. The whole burden having been thrown upon the shoulders of 
Andrew Hamilton, he went forward with the wurk. notwithstanding tlie oppo- 
sition of the Doctor and the indifference of Lawrence. 

Several years intervened between the laying of the foundation stone and 
the completion of the lower portion of the building, but in 1736, it was suffi- 
cient to answer the purposes of the Assembly and the first meeting was held in 
that year. The first occupancy of the building was celebrated in the hall of 
the second story, where a public banquet was held. In 1741, the tower was 
constructed, upon which the steeple was to be ]ilaced, and that occasion was 
memorialized by another public celebration. I'unch and beer flowed like water, 
in fact we mav form sdine idea of the (piantity of the farmer beverage when 
it is stated that eight hundred limes were used in its mixing. 

The central building, that is the State H'ouse without its wings, as de- 
signed by Hamilton, is one hundred and seven feet in length and forty-five in 
width. The first or grciund floor is divided intu two rooms each forty feet 
square, with a ceiling t\\fnl\- fei't high. These nxmis are divided by a hall- 
wax twi'Uty feet in width, exleiiduig fnim north to south through the building 
to a broad and imposing staircase, leading to the second lloor. .\s you enter 
from Chestnut street, the room on the left, which is the east side, is the fa- 



loS 



W \K \V K K "S K l■•.^•ST( ).\ 1-: e( ) M MOX \V KAI.T 1 1 . 



iiitnis Dedanilion CbanibLr. or wliat i.s gfiicrally known as In-lependcnce Hall. 
The room on the risiu, which is on the wl-si of the huildinK. was occupied by 
the Supreme Court of the Province. The long room on the second tloor was 
known a> the i'.ancHRlins; Hall, and was used as we have seen for Colonial 
entertainments. The east room on this lloor was occupied by the clerks of 
.\ssembly, and the west room by the Governor's council. This whole buildmg 
is the same in apjiearance as it was in the Revolution, it having been restored 
a few v.ars since hv tlie city of I 'hiladelphia, materially aided by the Philadel- 




(l|l> SlAli: 11(11 si;. iMll.n-iMll.NCli. JlALl., I.N JlLVOl.U 1 lO.N.VUV ll.Ml.s. 

pilia Chainer of the Daughters of the .\merican Revolution. The wings con- 
nected with the main building bv open arcades were added after the Revolu- 
tion. One was called the CJnmty and the oilier the City I'.uilding. 

\M)ile still engaged in bringing the work on the m.-iin structure to comple- 
tion, .\ndrew Hamilton died .\ugust 4. ' 74 1 ■ Hi- l-'"^''' .^^■'"'^ '^'^'''^ ^■'"'•''" 
tered l)v the criticism that was heaped upon him in relation to the work, and he 
received nothing hut blame and censure. Tuue, however, has given him the 
praise he failed to obtain during his lifetime, and the building .stands as a 
monument to his taste, ingenuity and ability and also as a model of Colonial 
architecture. The dimensions of the Comity and City buildings are the same, 
each is the counterpart of the other and it is fortunate that Hamilton lived long 
enough to complete the plans and make the whole struclm-e harmonious m 

design. 

The Congress of the United States occupied the County lUulding from 



\VAm\UK S Ki:\ST()\K CnMMdWVKAI.TTI. 100 

tliL' Sixth of Dect'iiiber, ijyo, until the seat nf ( l(.)veniniriit \v;i> irnMxcd to 
Washingtrin in iSoo. Washiiirjton was inaugurated in this huilliuL; for his 
second term a- I're>ident nf the I'luted States, March 4. ijM.v and. Jnhn Adani-^ 
was here inaugurated for the same office March 4. ijuj- L'mi^resN (iccu|iied 
the lower floor and the Senate the seccjnd sturx. The Su]ireiue Court of ilu- 
Utiited States held its first session on the second floor of the City I'uhldinL;. 
het^innini;- the first Monday of Februar\ , lj')i. and continueil to sit here until 
the fifteenth of August, 1800. During- this |)eriod John Ja\, John Rutledge and 
Oliver Ellsworth, presided as Chief Justice.^, h'rom May 10, 1775. the Conti- 
nental Congress sat in the room known as lnde|iendence llall until the close 
of the Revolution, except during a few months in the winter of i/J'' and dur- 
ing the winters of I"// and 1778, when the city was in the occupation of the 
British Army. It was in this room that W'asliington accejited his ap|)ointnient 
by Congress as Cieneral of the Continental Army, and here, on lid\ 4, 177'!. 
the Declaration of Inde])endence was adopted and that immortal ]iaper was 
afterwards signed in this room by the delegates. The Articles of I'onfedera- 
tion and I'erpetual L'nion between the States were adopted and signed in this 
same chamber July 7. 1778, and here on Xnvember 3. 1781. after the surren- 
der of Cornwallis at Yorktown, the twent\-fonr standards that hail been taken 
from the r.ritish were laid at the feet of Congress, His Excellency, the Am- 
bassador of iM'ance, being present upon that occasion. It was in this room that 
on September 17. 1787, the Constitution of the I'nited States was adopted. 

In the rear of the State House was a large plot of ground which we call 
to-day Independence Square. It was not much of a pleasure resort for its 
surface was imeven and not kept in order. It was surroumled bv a high wall 
with a wide and imposing entrance on Walnut street. To the southwest was 
another large open space wdtich we call Washington Square. It was used as 
a Potter's field. .\ nmnber of Messian soldiers were Iniried there during the 
occupancy of Philadelphia by the .Pritish and in those seasons when the yel- 
low fever raged it was used as a common burial ground f<ir the poor and im- 
identified. The graves were frequentl\' rifle<l Ijy college students, resurrection- 
ists and Ijody-snatchers. To save the dead from these ghouls, a staid eccentric 
spinster named Leah, a Quakeress by profession, would repair at night to the 
square and wrapping herself in a blanket would lie ilown among the graves 
to guard them from defilement. 

The State House, without any <piesti<.in, is the most interesting historical 
building in this country and that man is dead to everv jiatriotic sentiment who 
can stand within its walls and recall the events of the j)ast, without being over- 
whelmed by his emotions. Ma\- it ever be the Mecca towards which Pilgrims 
will wend their way to pa\' their devotions at the altar of freedom and mav no 
stranger from a foreign land ever stand in the shadow of its ruins and have 
cause to speak in derision of the instability of republics or id' the ilecatlence 
and the departed glory of a free peojile. In ( )ctober, 1751, Isaac .Moi'i'is, 
Thomas Leach and Edward Warner were the sii|)erintendents of the Slate 
House and thev wrote to Robert Charles, the Colonial agent in London direct- 
ing him to procure and ship "a good bell cast b\' tin- best workmen" having 
upon il "well shaped in large letters" these sIrangeL appropriate and pro- 



IIO WARWICK S KEVSTOXF, COMXIOXWEALTII. 

phetic words from the tenth ver^e (_)f the twenty-fifth chapter of Leviticus, 
"Proclaim Hberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." 
The following- inscription was also to be lettered on its side, "Wy order of the 
Assembly of the I'ruvince of Pennsylvania fur the State House in the city of 
Philadelphia, iJS-- Tt was to be about two thousand pounds in weight and 
was to cost about iioo. The bell was cast by Thomas Lester of W'hitechapel, 
London, and placed aboard a ves.sel that regularly ran lietween i'hiladclphia 
and the liritish capital, called the "Philadelphia Packet." The ship was under 
the command of Captain Richard lUidden. Shortly after the arrival of the 
bell, the metal was cracked by a stroke of the clapper while it was being tested, 
and (.'aiUain Budden was requested to return it to England, which he refused 
to do on the ground that it might not be received by the foundrymen who cast 
it, and thus would be thrown upon his hands a cumbrous and unmerchantable 
article. Two mechanics in I'hiladclphia, Pass and Stow, recognized as "ingen- 
ious workmen," agreed to recast the bell. They were given the contract and 
having luade a mould of the original, broke it into pieces. The same metal was 
used, with the addition of an ounce and a half of copper to the pound, which 
was done to make the bell less brittle. The same form and lettering were pre- 
served, with the exception of the change in the date and the addition of the 
names. Pass and Stow. 

The recasting was done successfully and the Ijcll was hung in the steeple 
on .\pril 17, 1753. The occasion was observed 1)\ ajipropriate ceremonies and 
large quantities of lime punch, beer, bread and roast meat were consumed bv 
those who took part in the celebration. Unfortunately, the ingredients in the 
metal had not been properly mi.xed, and a few weeks later the bell was taken 
down and cast over again and was restored to its place where it remained until 
during the Revolution when it was taken down from its place to prevent its 
falling into the hands of the llritish. It was conveyed with the heav_\- baggage of 
the army, in a continuous train of seven hundred wagons, guarded by two 
himdred North Carolina and \'irginia soldiers, to .A-llentown. According to the 
diary of a resident of .-Xllentown, the wagon conveying the bell broke down in 
the street and had to he unloaded, .\fterwards it found a lodgment in Zion's 
Church. This famous bell was modeled after one that was cast bv order of 
Henry Third to the memory of E<lward the Confessor in the early part of 
the Thirteenth Century, which was hung in the clock tower of Westminster 
and was named for a time, -St. Edward, but was afterwards designated as the 
"Cireat Tom of Westminster." 

The Ix'll is twelve feet in circumference around the lip and seven feet 
six inches around the crown. It is three feet measured from the lip to the 
crown ;nid twi* feet three inches over the crown. The length of the clapper 
is three feet two inches, and the weight of the whole bell is two thousand and 
eighty pounds. 

The ringers (jf the bell were Edward Kelly, 1753-5: David Edward, 1755- 
8; Andrew McNair, 1759-7(1. It fell to AlcXair's task to ring out the glad 
news of the proclamation of in<lependence. The last ringer of the bell was 
Thomas Downing. His term of ot'fice extended from iSj--^^. He lived in the 



WARWICK S KKVSTUXE CO.MMON WEALTH. 



Ill 



steeple and the pipe from liis stove protrude<l through one of the openings. It 
was while he was the ringer that the bell cracked in 1835. 

The life of the bell covers the most interesting periods of rmr historv as a 
people. It has rejoiced and wept with our fathers, has often rung a paean for 
our victories and has silently tolled a monody for our defeats. Its tones at 
times have depressed, and again have inspired. Like an alarm of fire it would 
shriek into the ears of the people, arousing them to action, and then in tones 
soft and pathetic it has mourned the deaths of the fathers as tlK\- passed one by 
one away. From its watch tower in the steeple of the old State House, L joking 
down on the world below, it has witnessed the niar\'elous growth anil the 
wonderful de\elopment of the Re- 
public. It saw the rising discon- 
tent of the colonists in opposition to 
the tyranny of the mother country 
and often called the pe<_iple ti:i- 
gether to consider means providing 
for a redress of grievances. When 
the Stamp Act went into operation 
it rang out its muffled notes in a re- 
quiem, mourning the ileath of lib- 
erty. It protested against the land- 
ing of the tea in I'hiladelphia, and 
shrieked in despair when the port 
of Boston, by order of the Ministry, 
was closed to the commerce of the 
world. It proclaimed the Declara- 
tion of Independence and rang the 
g];id tidings "throughout all the 
land unto all the inhabitants there- 
of," thus fulfilling the prophecy that 
was moulded upon its surface. 

From Le.xington to York- 
town through the long and dreary years of the Revolution, it watched the ebb 
and flow oi the conflict, and at last, in ( )ctober, 1781, it was roused at midnight 
from its slulnibers by the .glad but husky voices of the watchmen in the street be- 
low, crying, "Twelve o'clock aiid Cornwallis is taken." It rejoiced with the re- 
turn of peace, saw the establishiuent c>f our t_'onstitutional fonu of government, 
and watched with solicitude the events of the War of 1812. 

In 1826, there was a "minor in its carol" for. while rejoicing in the M.'ar 
of jubilee, it was C(.impelled to mourn for the deaths of Adams and Jefferson, 
two of the last three remaining signers of the Declaration. 

In 1835, while the remains of the great and good John .Marsh.ill were car- 
ried through the cit_\- to their place of interment, the bell, in tolling the national 
loss, cracked its throat never again to speak. Nearly all the great spirits of 
Revolution had passed away, and its voice Ijroke as if in sorrow. Its \\(irk 
for a season was done. 

.\t this peri(jil, the struggle between the sections was growing intense. 




The LiiiKKTY JJeli.. Now in 1 .ndependionce 

H.VLI.. 



IIJ WAUVVKK S KE^■ST()^•E C'OMMd.WVKAl.TH. 

Slavery tlireatcned (k'striRiioii to the Republic. In 1850 the -Missouri Com- 
promise was repealed. Silently the old bell watched with sorrow the gathering 
of the storm that menaced the integrity of the L^nion. Its sacred associations, 
its glorious proclamation were forgotten in the din and shock of battle when 
brother met brother in deadly conflict. It was a trying period during the 
years of reconstruction, but time and wisdom and love healed the wounds of 
the .Xalion, belter and brighter days dawned upon the Reiniblic. and then the bell, 
as if it still had a great mission to ])erform came out from its resting place, 
hallowed with sacred memories, and once more united the children of those 
fathers wlmui it had so often served, and for whom it had so often spoken. On 
I''rida}-, January 23, 1885, at 10 A. AL, the bell left riiiladelphia to take a 
journe\' to Xew Orleans where a great international fair was being held. .\t 
every town in which it stopped on its way, there were held great patriotic 
demonstrations. C'luirch bells rang, cannon boomed and people shouted. Its 
last sto]i])ing ]ilace before reaching Xew Orleans was the town of Beanvoir in 
Mississippi, the home of the ex-President of the Southern Confederacy. Mr. 
Davis at this time was advanced in years and left a sick bed to welcome the 
committee. In the course of his speech, which was most patriotic and eloquent, 
he said, "I believe that the time has come when reason should be substituted 
for passion, and when men should be able to do justice to each other." Then 
reverently and with deep emotion, bending bis uncovered head and turning to 
the bell, he said, "(ilorious old I5ell, the son of a Revolutionary soldier bows in 
reverence before you." In all the Southern States through which the bell 
passed the people turned out in droves, and the air fairly throbbed with patriotic 
fervor. Upon its return to the city of l'hiladel]>hia, it was welcomed home as 
an old friend and the people breathed easier after it was safely placed within 
the walls of the .State House. On this journey it was accompanied by William 
B. Smith, then ]\layor of Philadelphia, and a Committee of Councils. 

It did not leave the city again until i8<)3, when it was carried to the Chi- 
cago Exposition. One of the greatest demonstrations on its way West was 
given at Indiana])olis. the last stopping place before entering Chicago, and 
here ex-President 1 larrLson was orator of the occasion. Twelve thousand 
children of the common schools gathered to give the old bell welcome, and in 
the course of Mr. Harrison's remarks, turning to the Committee, be said, "I 
lh;ink \iin for the privilege you have given us to see this sacred bell." "This 
old bell," he said, "was cast originally in F.nglaud, but it was recast in America, 
It was when this was done that it clearly and to all the world ])roclaimed the 
right of self-government an<l the equal rights of man, and therein it is a type 
of what our institutions are doing for the immigrations from all lands who 
beard its tones over the water a century ago. * * * * The bell itself is 
here repeating to us throu.gh all its silence the great story of the Nation." L'pon 
its arrival at Chicago, a day was set apart for its reception and the demonstra- 
tion was most patriotic. 

The next great international fair held in this coimtry was that at .\tlanta 
in 1895, and on Friday, October 4th of that year, the bell again left Philadel- 
phia. It passed through Jialtimore, .-\lexandria, I'redericksburg, Richmond, 
Petersburg, Roanoke. Bristol, Knoxville. Chattanooga. Dalton and arrived 



WAKWKKS KicvsToxn: rtnrMoxwEALTiT. 113 

at Atlanta, Geiirgia. at 2 1'. AI. un October 8th. At every crossroad 
men, women and children flocked in crowds. .\t some places all business was 
suspended. Music, eloquence and cheers filled the air. Xothino- could have 
been more sincere than the reception given to the l)ell in these Southern States. 
Confederate veterans came out with their battle-rent banners, and fired salutes 
in honor of its coming. When it reached .\tlanta, the streets were thronged 
with people. The Ijell itself was literally covered with flowers thrown upon it 
on its "march through (ieorgia." As it entered the l'"air ( irounds at i'iedmont 
Park, it was accompanied by a military procession. The Pennsylvania Build- 
ing and all the surrounding grounds held exultant crowds of men. women and 
children who gave the old relic a glorious welcome. It was my privilege to 
accompaii}' the bell on this trip, and I witnessed scenes never to be forgotten. 
People came up and reverently took ofl"' their bats. It seemed to be the center 
of attention. The other attractions were all but deserted, while the ]ieoplc 
flocked and gathered around it. Two thousand school children broke out int(j 
song, and the authorities accepted its custodv as a sacred trust. (Governor At- 
kinson, in his eloquent remarks said, "That none were more sensible than the 
people of that State that in their keeping was tlie most precious relic of the 
Nation." ^^'hiIe on exhibition, it was surrounded Ijv crowds. Boys asked per- 
mission to rub Coins over its --urface for good luck. .\ blind cliild was held u|) 
and read its inscriptiiin with his fingers. ( )ne old ci)lored man, with bead 
bowed and uncovered, stopped and uttered a prayer. Such scenes were wit- 
nessed day after day. They were by no means unconnuon. There was no cere- 
mony during the whole period of the Fair so great in its patriotic demonstra- 
tion as the reception of the Liberty Bell. So eloquent in its silence, it became 
as it were, a tie to unite in a common sentiment those sections of the country 
that had been onlv a few vears back engaged in fratricidal strife. 



CHAPTER XI. 

England's ue*;tkktive i'olicies. famous stamp act of 1765. the ship 

UOVAL CIIAKI.DTTK P.EARS STAMPS FOR I'KXNSVLVANIA. ROYAL CHARLOTTE 
ARRIVES AM) HER CAPTAIN IS PLACED UXDEK ARREST. OX MAY 20, I776, 
NEWS IS RECEIVED OF rilE REPEAL OF THE OFFENSIVE LAW. PUBLIC.\TIOX OF 
FAMOUS LETTERS OF JOHX DICKINSON. BRITISH MIXISTRV STH.L PERSISTS IN 
IMPOSING TA.XES ON THE COLONIES. PARLIAMENT ABOLISHED ALL TAXES IN 
1770 OX ALL ARTICLES EXCEPT THAT OF TEA. IN I77O THE SHIP "pOLLY" 
.\RRIVED IN PORT. MEETINGS WERE HELD PROTESTIXG AGAINST THE ARRIVAL 
OF THE VESSEL. CAPTAIN OF THE "POLLV" IS ARRESTED AXD THRE.VTENED 
Wrni DUE PUXISII.MENT IF HE .\TTEMPTS IN ANY WAY TO UNLO.VD HIS 
CARGO OR TO DISTRIUUTE THE STAMPS. "POLLV" RETURNS TO LONDON. BOS- 
TONIANS THROW A CARGO OF TEA INTO THE HARBOR. BRITISH MINISTRY 
STILL PERSISTS IN ITS POLICY. GROWTH OF THE CITY AND BUILDING OF 
HANDSOME RESIDENCES. DELEGATES MEET IN PENNSYLVANIA TO CONSIDER 
THE CONDUCT OF THE MOTHER COUNTRY. B.\TTLE OF LEXINGTON. GEORGE 
WASHINGTON CHOSEN COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE CONTINENTAL .ARMIES. 
LEE OFFERS FAMOUS RES(.>LUTION IN CONGRESS. RESOLUTION PASSED AND 
REFERRED TO COMMITTEE. TO FRAME THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

AFTER the French and Indian wars, the loyalty of the colonies for Eng- 
land was most sincere. They had fonght her battles for supremacy 
in .\merica, and had followed her standards through the disastrous 
campaign of Braddock. and even to the taking of the fortress of 
Louisberg and the scaling of the Heights of Abraham. .\ little tact, fair play 
and just concessions would have kept them for years wedded to the interests 
of England. General Warren, in one of his eloquent outbursts, declared that 
Great Britain and the colonies "were like the oak and the clinging ivy," but as 
time ran on, the Alother Country acted arbitrarily in many instances, and did 
not treat the colonies with that consideration which they had a right to expect 
and to demand as her children. 

The Boston Massacre, the passage of the Transportation and Quebec Acts, 
the Navigation .\ct. Writs of Assistance. Restrictions upon trade, the ruthless, 
cruel, and zealous enforcement of the revenue laws, the Impressment of Sea- 
men, the Mutiny Act. which, inter cilia, decreed that the Colonial Assemblies 
should provide quarters, "with tire, candles, vinegar, salt, bedding, utensils for 
cookin.g, beer or cider, and rum" for the support of the troops, the Tea Tax, 
and the Closing of the I'ort of lioston were a few of the causes that produced 
the Revolution. 

Besides all this she had dumped upon the shores of the I'rovince of Penn- 
sylvania convicts from her jails, a.gainst wdiich conduct the .\mericans had 
entered a spirited and an angry iirotcst. The Pennsylvania Gazette, in 1751, 
sharplv stated, in commenting on this matter. "Thou art called our Mother 

114 



Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 115 

Country, but what gootl nnHlier ever sent thieves and villains to accompany 
her children, to corrupt some with their infectious vices and murder the rest? 
What good father ever endeavored to spread the plague in his own family? 
We did not ask tish Init thciu givest us serpents, and worse than serpents. In 
what can the .British show a more sovereign contempt for us than by emptying 
their jails in our settlements," Franklin, in a sarcastic mood, to show what he 
termed our gratitude for the kind acts of the Mother Cnuurty. >ent a collec- 
tion of rattlesnakes, which he advised the Minister to introduce into his Majes- 
ty's gardens at Kew. "with the hope that they might propagate and increase 
and they might in time l)ecome as beneficial to his Majesty's domininns as the 
rattlesnake convicts that had been sent to .\merica." England, too, had inau- 
gurated a restrictive policy, and to encourage the ini|}(irtation of pig and bar 
iron from his Majesty's colonics in .\merica |)riihibited the erectinn of any mill 
or other engine for slitting or rolling iron or any furnace ior making steel. 
Time and again the Ministr\' in every way hail shown a disposiiion i.if oppres- 
sion, forgetting that the inhafiitants of .\merica were men of spirit and inde- 
pendence who had come to the new world to find a refuge and who had blazed 
their way to civilization through a wilderness in order to escape from the tyr- 
anny of Europe, and the colonists boldly declared that the}' would not submit 
complacently to that tyranny which they had left the old world to avoid. 
England did not act towards America as if she were an integral part of the 
British Empire, but as if she were a conquered province. 

In 1765, the famous Stamp .\ct was passed, which required the use of 
stamps on all kinds of law and commercial papers, such as contracts, deeds and 
wills and on pamphlets, magazines, almanacs and newspapers. The stamps 
cost from a half-penny to £10. The tax virtuall)' followed a man from the 
cradle to the grave, for the stamps were atfi-\ed on certificates of birth, on mar- 
riage licenses and on burial jiermits. The measure called forth the strongest 
opposition. It was strenuously resisted by the colonies on the ground that as 
they had no representation in the r>ritish Parliament they should not be com- 
pelled to pay a tax which tlie\' had no voice in impiising. .\t the time of the 
passing of the obnoxious measure, Franklin was in Lomloii, and wrote to a 
friend in America: "I took every step in my power to prevent the passing of 
the Act, but the tide was too strong against us. You might as well have hin- 
dered the sun setting. That we could not do, but since it is dijwn and it may be 
long before it rises again, let us make as good a night of it as we can. We can 
still light candles. Frugality and industry will go a great way towards indem- 
nifying us. Idleness and pride tax with a heavier hand than Kings and Parlia- 
ments. If we get rid of the former we can easily bear the latter." 

On October 10, i^'i.S, a public meeting was called to consider what action 
should be taken when the ship "Ro\al Charlotte," bearing stamps for Pennsyl- 
vania. New Jersey and Delaware, should reach Philadelphia. A man by the 
name of John Hughes, a member of the Assembly, had been chosen by the Eng- 
lish government to distril)utc the stamps throughout the Province and the three 
lower counties. His name had been sug.gested by I'Vanklin to the British Min- 
ister as a proper i)er.son to whom to entrust such business, but when Hughes 
showed a willingness to accept the office there was a public demonstration 



11(3 WARWK k's ki:yst(ixi-: com m<in weai.th. 

against him and he was linrned in rth.i^y. In view of so violent an ontburst of 
]iopular indignation, he thought it advisable to i<eep within doors, but he gave 
no intimation of resigning the position. hVanklin. too. at this time fell under 
pulilic disapprobation, and even his loyalty in some quarters was doubted be- 
cause of the fact that he had suggested the name of Hughes and virtually stood 
sponsor for him and for a time it rerpiired all the ingenuity and skill of the wise 
old man to recover popular esteem. The I'.ritish Minister must have caught him 
napping, for it was one of his few political mistakes. 

When the "Royal Charlotte" arrived .she was escorted by the I'.ritish .sloop- 
of-war "Sardine." It was a day of great excitement. ISells throughout the city 
were muffled and tolled, flags were flung at half-mast and a procession of men 
and lioys wearing crepe, slowly and solemnly followed a dnun cori)s of ne- 
groes playing the Dead ^March, as if attending the funeral of Liberty. So 
threatening did the people become in their attitude that it was deemed advisable 
to transfer the stamps from the "Royal Charlotte" to her companion the "Sar- 
dine," thus placing them under the protection of the guns of a man-ot-war. 
The people, to meet the conditions, resolved to practice economy in every di- 
rection, not to use imported goods in domestic industries, and if possible to be 
self-sustaining in their manufactures. JMen and women wore homespun clothes 
and even went so far as to abstain from drinking any foreign beers or wmes. 
Everything was done to avoid the use of the stamps. Even the almanacs for 
1766' were published six months in advance that the editors might escape the 
payment of the tax. 

America, however, during this period, was not without friends in the 
English Parliament, among whom were Chatham, I'.arre, Conway. Burke and 
Fox. They strenuously opposed the imposition of the tax, claiming it was not 
only unwise but unjust. "The gentleman tells us," said Chatham, in an elo- 
quent outbursts, "America is obstinate; America is almost in open rebellion. 
I rejoice that .\merica has resisted. Three millions of people .so dead to all the 
feelings of libertv as voluntarily to submit to be slaves would have been fit 
instruments to make slaves of the rest." 

Other vessels arrived bearing stamps, liul there was no efTort made to dis- 
tribute them for as each ship came to anchor the stamps were immediately 
transferred to the "Sardine." 

At last there was received, on May 20, 1766, news of the repeal of the 
offensive law. It was brought into port by the brig "Minerva." Citizens soon 
gathered in great crowds, summoned by the ringing of bells, the Act was pub- 
licly read and the town went wild with delight. The officer who had brought 
the glad tidings was escorted with honor to the Cofifee House, toasted and 
cheered, and i)resented with the fri'cdom of the city. A public dinner was given 
at the State House and even the Captain of the "Sardine" was invited as a 
guest. Toasts were drunk to the health of the King, the Queen, to the House 
of Parliament and above all to the "glorious and immortal" Mr. Pitt. At 
liight. bontires blazed throughout the city, and the citizens drank copiously of 
beer and continued the festivities until the morning dawned. Even Franklin, 
under the general jubilation, once more came back into public estimation and 
there were manv toasts proposed to our "worthy and faithful agent." 



WARWICK S KlCVSTOXIi COM MOX WEALTH . 11/ 

Under such demonstrations and avowals of loyaltv for the relief given, it 
might be supposed that the English government would change its conduct, but 
this was not the case, for it did not in the slightest degree relini|uish its right 
to impose a tax, and on June jo. 17O7, I'arliament passed a law levying duties 
on paper, glass, painters' culirs. lead and tea imported into America. Again 
a wave of excitement swept uver the |)eiiple and all their lnyalt_\- in a moment 
was wafted away. About this time, Jnlin Dickinsim pulilished his famous 
"Letters of a Farmer in the State of I'ennsylvania U) the Inhaljitants of the 
British Colonies." They created the most profound impression U])(in the minds 
of the people and laid the facts nf the cise so clearly Ijcfiire them that there 
W'as no escape from his logic. "Thtise," he said, "wlm are taxed without their 
own consent, expressed Ijy themselves or by their representatives, are slaves. 
We are taxed without our own consent, expressed by ourselves (_ir our represen- 
tatives; we are, therefore, slaves." 

The .British Ministry still persisted that it had a right t<_i im|.)osc a tax 
upon the colimies, on the ground that the colonies were a part of the British 
Empire, and it was their duty tr> share with the .Mother C'ountrv the expenses 
incident to government, hut in order to ap|)ease (he colonies, the AIinistr\-, in 
1769, reduced all the taxes five sixths. This reduction did not satisfy the 
minds of the cijloiiists, for it was not the amount of the tax they were protest- 
ing against, l)Ut the righl of I'arliament to impose it. 

At this time Colonel Barn'', in a most elocpient speech in the I louse of 
Commons, said: "I prophesied, on passing the Stamp Act in 1765, what would 
happen thereon, and now, in Marcli, 17(10, I fear I can prophcc\' further troubles. 
That, if the ]ieo])le are made desiierate, finding no remedy from Parliament, 
the whole Continent will be in arms immediatel\-, and |)erhaps those provinces 
liist to England forever." 

In the spring of 1770, in order tti quiet the discontent in America Parlia- 
ment abolished all the taxes, with tlie exception of the tax upon tea, which 
remained at 3d. a pound. This reduction made no change in the attitude of the 
colonies. It was not the amount of the tax they were contending against, but 
the right of the iiritisli ( lovernment. without giving representation to tlie col- 
onies, to impose it. In fact, the reduction of the tax to a minimum was onK in 
the nature of a bribe. .V principle was at stake, and it seemed impo>sible to 
have the British Government understanfl that it was not the amount of the ta.x 
that was the question in co)itro\er-.y. l)ut tlie right to impose it. 

Every effort was made to introduce tea into the Province, but witboiU 
success. The people were alert and watched every vessel that came up the 
river. Of course, during this time smuggling was carried on extensiveU, and 
the English authorities were i)ut to their wits' ends to prexenl the landing of 
the smuggled articles. C)ne night, the Custom House officers, wlirn a l)rig and 
a pilot boat came stealing up the Delaware, boarded the iniMnimg vessels, 
o])ened the hatches of the brig and found concealed in the hold ln'tween tliirty- 
fivc and forty bo.xcs of tea, some claret and a litlle gin. ihe Pevenue .schooner 
seized the prize and j)roceeded up the ri\er, ])ul lieing oliliged to anchor near 
Red P>ank because of low water, tlie officers were surprised Uy the approacli 
of another vessel whicli came straight on and refused to heed the wai'iiiinr 



ii8 Warwick's kevstone com.mo.wvkai.tii. 

"keep off." Suddenly thirty men witli blackened faces sprang ^n board the 
Reveiuie vessel, threw the officers and sailors into the hold, ran her upon a 
bar, cut the rij^gintj and sails and released the boat containing;' the tea. This 
"outrage" so offended the British (iovcrnnient, that it insisted upon the cap- 
ture and prosecution of all those who had taken a hand in the affair, but the 
personality of the i)articipants was so carefull}' concealed that no trace could 
be found leading to the identification of the conspirators. It is believed that 
many of them were well-known merchants of the city. 

The East India Company, in 1773, had accumulated in its storehouses in 
London and Holland some millions of pounds of tea, which they held ready for 
shipment when the circumstances should appear more favorable. The British 
Government determined to aid the company in the matter of the introduction 
of the tea into the colonies, and a lunnber of cargoes were sent across the 
water. 

The tea consigned to Philadelphia was shi))ped in a vessel called "Polly" 
under the command of Captain .\yres. ^^'llen news was brought to the city 
that the vessel was coming up the river, a meeting was called in the State 
House vard, on December 27, 1773. Speeches were made by prominent citi- 
zens and it was resolved that the ship "Polly" should not be permitted to land 
her cargo. This was the largest public meeting that had ever been held at any 
one place in Philadelphia. It was carefully computed that about eight thousand 
people were assembled in the Square. A committee for tarring and feathering 
the Captain was organized, and public warning was given to the Delaware 
pilots that they would be summarily dealt with if in any way they directed 
the course of the incoming British ships bearing their hated cargoes. \Mien 
the "Polly" arrived, Captain Ayres was invited to come ashore and was told 
in positive terms that his .ship would not be allowed to unload the tea and de- 
liver to the consignees. "What think you. Captain," said the chairman of the 
committee, "of a halter round your neck, ten gallons of tar decanted on your 
pate, with the feathers of a dozen wild geese laid t>ver that to enliven your 
ai)i)earance ? ( )nh ihink seriously of tin-- .-nid fly to the place whence \au came. 
Fly without hesitation, and above all, dear Captain, let us advise you to fly 
without the wild goose feathers." He was informe<l that the people would 
not have "the detestable tea fuiuieled down their throats with Parliament's duty 
mi.xed with it." .\t this meeting it was declared that no power on earth had 
a right to t:ix the colonies without their consent. .\ vast concourse of people 
escorted the C'lplain to the wharf, when he was directed to ho.-ird his vessel 
and leave the jiort without further delay. Seeing that it was useless to ask 
for linie he then and there set sail from the foot of .Arch street, where his boat 
lav at anchor, ,ind proceeded down tin river on his way to "Old Rotterdam 
Place in Leadenhall Street. London." 

It wa> on December 16. that lioston had thrown her lea into the harbor, 
and tliis news was lironght In the famous Paul Revere, who had ridden on 
horseback all the wa\- from tlie ^'.•lnkee town, lie arrived in I'hiladelphia on 
December 2^, the dav liefore thr meeting was held in the -State House yard, 
and, of course the information he brought greatly increased the excitement 
and ;irou<ed the courage of the people. Boston, having (lestro\-ed $100,000 



wakwrk's keystoxk communwkalth. 119 

worth of tea by throwing the chests into the sea, Parhament retahated by clos- 
in"- her port against the commerce of the world. This news was brought to the 
city again bv the celebrated messenger. Paul Revere, and during his stay here 
he requested an expression of the popular feeling on the subject, so that Mas- 
sachusetts would know better what to do under the circumstances. A meeting 
was called in the Citv Tavern, where resolutions were adopted which, while 
"recommending prudence and moderation" gave every assurance to Boston 
that Philadelphia would stand by her in the cause of American Liberty, and 
large contributions were raised to relieve the distress in the New England 
town. 

In a letter written by Horace Walpole to Horace Mann, in h\'bruary, 1774, 
that keen observer wrote: "We have no news public or private, but there is an 
ostrich egg laid in America where the Bostonians have canted three hundred 
chests of tea in the ocean, for they would not drink tea with our Parliament. 
I think England will be conquered .some day in New England or P.engal." 

The conduct of the colonies produced the greatest sensation in England, 
and Lord Chatham, in the House of Commons, alluding to the Boston Port 
Bill, said: "You must repeal these Acts, and you will repeal them. I pledge 
myself to it that vou will repeal them. I stake my reputation on it. I will consent 
to be taken for an idiot if they are not finally repealed." "1 am against re- 
pealing this last Act of Parliament," cried Lord North, ".securing to us a reve- 
nue out of .\merica. I will never think of repealing it until I see America 
prostrate at my feet." "To effect this," replied Barre, "is not so easy as you 
may imagine. The .\niericans are strenuous, respectable, a hardy and free 
people, but, were it ever so easy, does any friend to his country really wish 
to see .\merica thus humbled, in such a situation, which would serve only as a 
monument of your arrogance and folly." Charles James Fox earnestly ex- 
claimed. "If you persist in your right to tax the Americans, you will force 
them into open rebellion." "We are now in great difficulties," said Dowde- 
swell, "let us do justice before it is too late." In answer to these appeals for 
justice and for fair play, the British Ministry boasted that "with ten thou- 
sand regulars we can march through the Continent and bring Boston on its 
knees, and terrify the rest of America by the example." 

Matters had reached such a i)itch that the colonies were convinced they 
should prepare for a common defence. The whole country was aflame, and 
the eloquent words of Samuel Adams, James Otis and Patrick Henry rang in 
the ears of the people, arousing them to action. "There is no longer any room 
for hope," cried Patrick Henry, "we must fight." Committees of correspond- 
ents had prepared the way for a general conference, and in 1774 a Continental 
Congress, the first ever held in .\merica, met in Carpenter's Llall, Philadelphia. 
The spirit of that t'.mgress, though calm, was most determined, and in an 
appeal addressed to ihc people of Great P.ritain, it said: "Permit us to be as 
free as vourselves and we will ever esteem a union with yon to be our greatest 
glory and our greatest happiness. \\'e will ever be ready to contribute all in 
our power to the welfare of the I'Jiipire. \\'e will consider your enemies <iur 
enemies, \our interests as our own. If >ou are determined that your .Min 
isters shall sjiort wantonly with the right- of m;inkind— if neither the voice 



I20 



WAKWK'K S KKYSTdNK COM .\I(I.N WE ALTI I . 



of justice, dictates of tlie law, principles of tlic Constitution nor the sugges- 
tions of humanity shall restrain your hands from shedding blood in such an 
impious cause — we must then tell _\ou that we will never submit to be hewers 
of wood or drawers of water fijr any Ministry or nation in the world." There 
is no intimation in this appeal, even between the lines, that evinces a desire to 
separate from the Mother Country. .She liad but to treat the colonies with 
fair and due consideration to hold and retain their loyalty and affection. 
"Your glory is our glory. Your happiness is our happiness. Your welfare is 
our welfare. Your enemies are our enemies. Your interests are our inter- 




C ai!1-i:mi;h'.s 1I.\i,i.. Mi:Ln.\(i i'j..\t:i'; of iiik Kih.st (. o.mim.n i .\i. L().\<.ki.: 



est.s," is language that cannot be misunderstood. There is no room for mis- 
interpretation and it should have aroused a tender response in the hearts of the 
liritish people. 

The following speech by Edmund Burke is in like >train : "My hold in the 
colonies is in the close affection which grows from common names, from kin- 
dred blood, from similar ])rivileges and equal protection. These are ties wdiich 
though light as air, are strong as links of iron. Let the colonies always keep 
the idea of their several rights associated with your government and they will 
cling and grap])le to you. and no force under heaven will be of ])ower to tear 
them from their allegiance. I'.ut let it be once understood that your govern- 
ment may be one thing and their i)rivileges another — that these two things 
must e-xist without any nnuual relation — the cement is gone, the cohesion is 
loosened, and everything hastens to decay and dissolution." 

.\t the time of the opening of the Revolution. Philadelphia had a pojiula- 



WAKWU K S Ki:VSTI).\E I I iM M ( ),\ WICALT H. 121 

tion of from twenty to twenty-five thousand people. It was fajnious, too, for 
its mansions, many of which were not only commodious hut elegant, and their 
interiors, if we may helieve the comments of distinguished visiting strangers, 
were furnished with marked taste. 

I-'ranklin's linme was located in the Ijlock hetween Third and I'durth streets, 
niirth I if Chestnut street. Tiie Masters house, which was described as "mag- 
nificent," stodd on the south side of -Market street hetween Fifth and Si.xth 
streets, and it Ijecame the h(ime of Washington when he lived in Philadelphia 
as President nf the United States. Joseph (lalIowa\, wli<) was recognized as a 
leader in societ\- and who. in the Revolution became a i>ronounced Tory, occu- 
pied a house in the neighborhood of Sixth and Market streets. Archibald Mc- 
Call. the leading h-ast India merchant of thiise days, lived at the cnrner <.]f 
Second and Union streets. Then there were three handsome houses occupied 
bv leaders of society, Thomas Williams, Mrs. Ilxrd, of Westover, and Mrs. 
Sanuiel I'owell. which ran suuth hetween Third and Fourth streets frum Will- 
ing's Alley to Spruce street. The Ladwallader mansion was on Second street, 
and was described by John .\dams as a "grand and elegant house." The Shi])- 
pens lived on Fourth street, Anthony Duche at Th.ird and Pine streets. William 
Logan, a son of the great James Logan, on Second street. There were many 
other residences of brick and stone occupied by the successful merchants nf 
the city, and altogether Philadelphia presented an air of pros])erity far sur- 
passing that of any other city in the colonies. The outlying country districts, too, 
were dotted with comfortable seats. wdTich, in some instances, were maintained as 
permanent rural residences, and in uther cases as summer hnmes of the well- 
to-do. "Belmont," the country seat of the Peters', was described by a I'"rench 
traveller as a "tasty little box on the most enchanting spot that nature can em- 
bellish, and besides the variegate<l l:>eauties of the rural bank> of the .Schu\l- 
kill, commands the Delaware and the shipping mouiuing and descending it. 
From whence is the most romantic ride up the ri\er to the Falls, in which the 
opposite bank is likewise seen beautifully interspersed with the country houses 
of the opulent citizens of the Capital." Then there were the "Woodlands," 
"Whitby Hall." "Harriton ' and "Lansdowne." most pretentious mansions, and 
occupied by the Hamiltons, the Coultas. the Harrisons anrl the Penns, respec- 
tively. The Lardners had a country seat at Tacony and the Wains one to the 
east of Frankford, the Chews one in (iermantown, while in the southern jior- 
tion of Philadelphia, in Moyamensing and Passyimk there were a number of 
fine estates, among which was Wharton's "Walmit ( irove." where was held in 
the days of the Revolution, the "IVIeschianza." When the delegates to the 
Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, the distinguished men among them 
were entertained by the leading families, and John Adams, in letters to his 
wife, could not find adjectives sufficient to describe the elegance of the interior 
of the homes and the sumptuous banquets that were spread and at the tiiue of 
his departure it was w^th regret that he turned his liack on "the happ\. the 
peaceful, the elegant, the hospitable and polite city of Philadelphia." Time 
and again did he refer in his diary to the "splendid and the niightv feasts" that 
he had seen si>read in those homes. No doubt, salt oysters from their native 
beds, the canvas back and the delicate meat of the di;imond hack terrapin, 

8 



122 WARWICK S KEVSTONK COMMONWEALTH. 

from the eastern shore of ^larylaiid, were to be found in the list of deUcacies. 
In fact, evervthinij that the stream, the field, the farm, the garden and the 
dairy conld sujiply was of the first order, while the pastry was unsur])assed 
anil the wines were of the rarest vintages. 

The fine arts, too, were beginning to be appreciated. The time had been 
when this was not the case, for in one instance a well known citizen, on His 
return from ]'"uro])e had brought with him a cast of a famous X'enus. and 
when he placed it in position in his jiarlor, it gave such offence to his staid 
and sombre neighbors that he was ci.)m])clled to conceal it from public view, 
and it was only shown to those who jKofessed to have a taste for art and 
were not sliocked by the nudity of the figure. Most of the furniture in the 
mansions of the opuleiU was imported from Europe and was chaste and cor- 
rect in style. 

Clothes. toi;>. except among the (Juakers. were of the latest cut and in 
some cases came from the sluips of England, fashioned by tailors and haber- 
dashers whose boast was that they were makers to His Majesty, the King, and 
to the Prince of Wales. In fact, so expensive and elegant was the dress of 
both ladies and gentlemen at the receptions given to the visiting delegates that 
John Adams refers to the wearers as "the nobles of Philadelphia."' The men 
wore coats and waistcoats of the most brilliant colors, knee breeches, silk 
stockings, pumps with silver buckles and ruffied shirts, while the women were 
models of the latest fashions. In truth, a ball room in one of the handsome 
residences of Philadelphia in those times closely resembled a salon at X'ersailles 
in the days of Louis XI \". 

When John Hancock came to Philadelphia to preside as President over 
the deliberations of the first Congress, he wore a scarlet coat and cocked hat, 
with a black cockade, and Thomas Jefferson, notwithstanding his democratic 
views, and his objection to ostentatious display, wore, tipon a state occasion, a 
long waisted white cloth coat, scarlet l:>reeciies and vest, a cocked hat, shoes 
and buckles and white silk hose. 

XVatches were in common use among the well-to-do. but were generally 
made of silver. The chains were steel and silver, or else fobs were worn. A 
gold watch was an exception. E'.ridge spectacles, or those that were held in 
place by nipping the nose, were introduced at an early day, and it was not 
until some years afterwards that tenijile sjiectacles came into use. .^nulT boxes, 
manv of them made of precious metals, were (|uite the vogue. Ouitasols, or 
parasols, were carried by ladies to keep ott rain as well as to protect against 
the heat of the sun. Umbrellas, too, at this date were introduced. Dr. John 
Morgan, a leader in fashion, is said to have been the first man who hacl the 
temerity to carry one in public, although he divides the distinction with Dr. 
Chancellor and the Reverend ^Ir. Duche. Of course such an imiovation was 
subjected to the ridicule of men and boys, but the umbrella was soon found to 
be so useful an article that even the gibes of rowdies could not prevent its gen- 
eral introduction. When, however, umbrellas were carried in the summer 
sea.son to ward of? the rays of the sun, the bearers were denounced as being 
effeminate. Mr. liingham. on his return from the \\'e>t Indies, says Watson, 
was attended when he went abroad bv a Mulatto bov bearing his umbrella, but 



w AKw iL K s Kl•:^ si'dNi: 1 1 im .\ii.ix\vK.\i.Tir. 123 

his example was not followed, aiiil he Mmn liimsclf aliamloncil the custom. 
The umbrellas were elums\- articles as comiiared with what are mi use to-dax'. 
They were made of oiled linen (if variuus coliirs, and stretched o\'er rattan 
sticks. Prior to their introductii in. small ca|)e> were used in s' inie instances in 
rainy weather which were thrown ii\er the shoulders, hut as a rule men faced 
the stiirni> withnut any artificial pri itectinn. 

On A])ril 24, 1773, at five o'clnck in the ex'cninti', a messent;er dashed into 
the town liearim;- ne\v> fruni Alassachusetts thai "( )n \\"ednesda\ mornini;", 
A])ril loth, near ten nf the cluck, a brigade consislino- nf almut a thiiu>and (ir 
twelve hundred men landed at Cambridge and marched to LexinL:;ti in, where 
thev fninid a cmniiany of our ci>liin\- militia in arms, upmi wlmm ihe\" fired 
without any prov(.icatioii whatever, killed six anil wdunded fnur nlhers." The 
bearer of these tidinqs was Trail or Israel IHssell who was sent nut fmm Mas- 
sachusetts and "chari;ed to alarm the coimtr\' cpiite ti3 Connecticut" and all 
jjcrsons were desired tn furnish him with fresh horses as tlie\' might be 
needed. The news frnm .Mas>;ichusetts created the Lrreatest excitement in the 
city atid it came at a time when the delegates were arriving to attend the ses- 
sions of the Second I'l intineiiltil Lmigress. Il was the first shot that had been 
fired, and the first blond that had been shed in the cause- of ind(.|iendence and 
it proved the truth ot fnsiah ( Hiincx's ]n'edictii)n. when he said at a meeting 
assembled in Boston, in 1774: "'We are not to Impe thtil we will end this cnn- 
troversy without the sharpest, shar])est conflicts. We are nut ti 1 ll.'iiter nur- 
selves that i)ii])ular resolves, popular harangues, pnpiihir acckuntitii m-. :ind ]iiip- 
ular va])or will vanquish our foes. Let us weigh and ciin--ider before we ad- 
vance to those measures which must bring on the must trying and terrible 
struggle this country ever saw." The hum- had come for the fulfillmeiU nf tJiat 
prediction. The first scene of the ilr;un;i w;is set on Lexingtnn lirecn in Mas- 
sachusetts, seventv sturdy yeomen, de>cribed in English accotints as "a rabble 
in calico frocks, with fowling pieces," stond face to face with ,1 thnnstmd Brit- 
ish regulars. .\ tla>h (_)f musketr\', and eighteen of tlie \eomen la\' weltering 
in their blond. The ^h<.it whicii brnke the ipuiet nf that April ninrn w;is heard 
arntmd the world, and marked the dawn nf an era in hulman freednm. 

When the news reached riiiladelphia, a banquet wtis lieing held ;it whicli 
Robert Morris w;is presiding. When the herald entered the htill, there was sn 
much excitement created that the guests upset the table. The bells tnlled, and 
men and bny^ paraded the streets thrnughout the night, and in the nmrning a 
great mass meeting was held in the Stale House yard, til which mei-ting the 
people resolved ih.at they wnuld bind themselves together fnr <lefence. luirly 
in .May, lleniamin I'fanklin arrived frnm F.ngiand, where he, ;it e\'er\' ])nint, 
had protected the interests nf the cnjnuies. lie w;i> given a glnriniis welcome, 
and proclaimed as the hero id' two cnntinents. 

A mmiber nf delegates fmm N'irginia, the ( '.•irnlintis. and M,'ir\l;mil rmle 
up from the .Smith in ;i cavalctide and having been met b\ a bnih' nf trnnps 
were given ;m escnrt into the city amidst the general eulhu>iasm. A few ila\s 
later the dele.gates fmm .\"ew Mngltnid. ;md .•il>n frnm .\'ew \nvk began In 
arrive ancl were given a like receplinn. .\s the) ctune inin the cil\ all the Ik'Us 
began to ring and chime, ]ien]ile lined the sidew.alks and gave a hearty welcnme 



1-24 



WAKWIC K S KI-I'i'STOXIC COM M(_)N WKAl.TII . 



to the (li>tinswi^lie(l visitors. CH course, the Massachusetts men were especi- 
ally honored and received with an ovaiinn. because upon the soil of that col- 
onv had been shed the tirsl blood of the Revolution. 

Upon the asseniblin.t;- of the Congress, its first act was to choose one of its 
members, (ieorgc Washington, of Virginia, to be Commander-in-Chief of the 
Continental .\rniies. I fe assunu-d command of the troops and hastened at 
once to the seat of war. 

Early in 1776. Congress "recommended to the respective assemblies and 
conventions of the I'niled Colonies where no government sufficient to the exi- 
gencies of their affairs bad been established, to adopt such government as that 

in the opinion of the majority of the 
peo|)le will best conduce to the hapi^i- 
ness of their State in particular and 
America in general." Cnder this res- 
olntion, a new state government in 
Pennsylvania was established and the 
.\ssembly su])erseded. 

( )n Jnne fith. 1776. in the Conti- 
nental Congress. Richard Henry Lee, 
of \lrginia, offered a resolution, which 
was seconded bv John .\dams. of Mas- 
sacliusetts, "That these united colon- 
ics are and of right ought to be free 
and independent states, that they are 
absolved from all allegiance to the 
llritish Crown, and ihat all political 
connection between them and the state 
of Great liritain is and ought to be to- 
tally dissolved." This was the first 
positive act on the part of the dele- 
gates looking to the severance of all 
connection with the Mother L"ountry. Mven as late as 1775, Jefferson said ex- 
])ressly : "We have not raised armies with designs of separating fraln Great Britain 
and estalilisbing independent slates. Necessity has not driven us yet to that des- 
])erate measm-e." liven Washington, when he took command of the Army at 
Cambridge, had not made u]) his mind that the object of the war was to be the 
independence of the colonies, anil the .\ssembly of Pennsylvania had actuallv 
])assed a resolution instructing its delegates and forbidding iheni to favor a 
separation from Great Britain. At first the colonies were struggling against 
oppression and t\rann\. with no intention of severing the tie that liound Amer- 
ica to luigland. Whenever the colonists opjiosed a measure, it was designated 
as a .Ministerial Measure, they felt that the great body of the English ])eople 
were their friends and ibe\ did not believe that the King was imjust to them 
nor in any way antagonistic to their interests, and they always insisted upon, 
and frecpiently exercised their right of petition to him directly and personally. 
Thev were deceived in so far as his friendl\' interest in them was concerned, 
for the King was the verv head and centre ol the scheme of .American taxa- 




l^Kii.\ni> ni:M!V Lee. 



WARWICK S KF.VSTOXE Cd-M.MtiX WEAI. I H. I25 

tion. I'lUt now the colonists liad taken tlie final step and had decided to sever 
all connection with the Mother Conntry. 

Lee's rcsolntion of Jnne sixth, in favor of independence was passed on 
the second da\- of July, 1776, and referring to this fact in a letter to his wife, 
dated July thirtl, John Adams said: "The second day of Jul}', 177'J, will he the 
most memorable epoch in the histury of America. I am apt to believe '.hat it 
will he celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. 
It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance by sulemn acts of de- 
votion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pdUip and parade, 
with shows, games, sports, guns, hells, bonfires and illuminatiijns from one 
end of this continent to the other, from this time forward fiirevermore." The 
second of Julv was not chosen, however, as the Xatii>nal .\nniversar\", but 
the fourth of Jul\, which was the day wdien the Declaration of Independence 
was adopted. 

A committtee to frame a declaratiijn of indejiendence wa> name(l. ci in- 
sisting of Thomas Jei¥erson. of \'irginia ; Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsyl- 
vania : Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, and Robert Livingstone, of New Ynrk. 
LTpon consultation, they all gave their views and o]3inions in the framing of this 
important document, Init the task of preiuiring the paper was assigned person- 
ally to Thomas Jefferson. At this time JeiTerson lived in the second story of 
a brick building belonging to a German liricklayer named Graff, situated at the 
southwest corner of Seventh and Market streets. The great statesman only 
slept here and walked down to the City Tavern, located on Second street above 
Walnut, for his meals. The house at Seventh "and Market streets was on the 
outskirts of the built-up section of the city, and was in a quiet and retired 
neighborhood, and here it was that the immortal Declaration of Independence 
was written. The site at .Seventh and -Market streets is now occupied by a 
bank, on the outer wall of wdiich is a brass or bronze tablet announcing the 
fact that it was in the building formerly located nn this site that the Declara- 
tion was penned. It was unfortunate that there was not enough public spirit 
in the city to have removed the building, so rich in its associations, to Fair- 
mount Park, as was done in the case of the Penn house. The building was of 
the Colonial style of architecture, its material was sound and could easily have 
been taken down and set up elsewhere and thus could have been preserved 
one of the great relics of the Revolution. 



CHAPTER XI I. 

Till-; CITY 111' I'll II.. \iiKi. I'll i.\ ii.\ Till'. idiRiii OF ]\\.y I .v lui-: .-^L'M .\ii:k of 1776. 
I'ASSAGB OF THE i)i:( i,.\K.\ri()\ OF iNr)i:i'E.\ui:.\'CE. rrr.i.ic re.sdixc. of ihe 
s.MD DECL.\R.\rio-\ OX _\r\.\ (Sill, uurnsn drive.x fko.m uosto.v. b.xttle 

OF LONc; ISL.N.VI). Ki;i'KK..\ r III' 1111: .\.MERICAN ARMY. FORTIFIC.\ri()X OF WEST 
POIXT. liATTLE OF' IRICXTDX. OICXER.M. IIOWK !XV.\I)E.S PEX X.SYI.VA X l.\. THE 
liATTI.E OF nR.\Xll\'\\IXE. I'.RITISII EX'TER I'i 1 1 l,.\DELPIIIA. DA'ITLE OF KEGS. 
WASniXGTOX .\r \'.\I.I.I-A' F'ORGE IX WIXTER (H'.VRTERS. MESCHI.X X2.\. GREAT 

srFFi'.Rixi; .\Miixr, riii-; .\.mi'.ric.\x irooi's. f.xr.mers were not .m.i.owed to 

TRADE Wn II THE CITY .\XD PRON'ISIOXS WERE AT .\X EiXORBIT.\XT HEIGHT. 
LYDIA DARRAGII. OUTBREAK OF THE EREN'CH RI-:VOLUTIOX. CLIXTOX ll.WIXG 
BEEX X.V.MICI) IHE SUCCESSOR OF" HOWE TtlOK HIS DEl'.VK 1 I'UI-: FKo.M IHE CITY 
OF PHIL.\DELrHIA. P.EXEDICT ARXOLl) .MADE .MH.IT.VRY COM .M,\XI).\XT OF THE 
CITY. THE SURREXDER OF YORKTOWX. 

LF.'I" US iniai^inc, S'entle reader, that we are strangers visiting Philadel- 
pliia ill ilie summer of 1776. or, to be more particular, on Thnrsda)'. 
the fourth (lav of juh i>\ tliat \ear. W'c have spent the night at the 
City Tavern, on Second street above \\ ahiut, which has tlie reputa- 
tion of being one of the best inns in the country. The weather is hot and sul- 
try. ])ut tile lintel being located in close pro.ximity to the Delaware, the cool 
breezes from the river made the temperature bearable during the night, although 
the mosquitoes were almost intolerable. I.eaving the hotel, we stroll up Sec- 
ond street to Nigh, which is tlie principal thoroughfare of the city. 

It is an eventful [leriod in the history of the colonies for they have 
already taken up arms against the Mother Lduntry, and their representatives 
are in sessimi in the State Hi.iuse holding under discussion the all-im])ortant 
question of making a declaraticm nf freedimi. There is nothing in the city to 
show that anything unusual is hapiicuing or abmit to happen. The stores are 
open and their goods displaced in an altnictive manner, yniing ladies wearing 
dainty slimmer gowns, and carrying reticules, are nut for a morning's shop- 
]iing, while the ubi(|uitous "buy, with satchel, and sliining morning face, (creeps) 
like snail unwillingly to sclinol." The lil.-icksmith's anvil resminds under the 
stroke 111 his hammer, tlie hucksli.rs cry their wares and the chiuiiie\ >weeps 
announce tlieir cmning witli a song all their own. ( ireat (-"onestoga wagons 
burdened with their freight, tlie bells on their horses r'niving merrily, c mie rum- 
bling along, while occasionally may be seen a stage coach with its weary and 
travel-stained passengers and jaded horses, arriving in town after a long jour- 
ney. Vehicles of all kinds go to and fro. r;using at limes great clouds ()f du-t. 
for the streets are not jiaved exce]it in some localities. .\ few Mildiers mingle 
with the i)cople and .give color to the scene, while the drums beating ;md the 
fife squealing al the recruiting stations are the only indications that war is in 
the land. 

126 



WARWUKS KEVSTOXE COMMOXWEAI.ril. 12J 

In our saunterings through the town, we come at last to the State I lonsc. 
A number of people arc gathered around its main entrance, while others are 
scattered in groups over the pavement, hut there is no --emlilance of what 
might be called a crowd. The tailor is there, having left his shup in charge of 
his boy, while he ran arnund the corner io hear the news; the cobbler is there, 
with last in hand: anil the wheelwright who has left his forge; as well ;is the 
mechanic with his leathern apron. The wiseacre, too, is there, who is ahvavs 
found in such gatherings, giving his views upon the [niblic (piestions of the 
day. The doctor, who has left his chaise at the curl), and the lawyer with brief 
in hand, have stopped for a moment to ask if any decision has yet been re;iched. 
There is no excitement, there are no exultant crowds ; the people wait in quiet 
expectation, although anxious for the news from the hall. 'J'he .^tate Ihmse 
bell rings out the hours as they pass, but still no announcement is made of the 
deliberations. As the day wears on the heat increases, all the windows of the 
Hjall are open, and occasionally froiu the street mav be had a glimpse of the 
distinguished men, as they move about the Hall, or stand at tlie windows to 
catch a breath of air. Often, too. their voices may be heard in earnest debate. 
The doors of the hall are closed, for the Congress is in executive sessicm. As 
nightfall approaches, news at last comes that the Declaration, after heated and 
vehement controversy, lias been adopted. There is no little flaxen haired, blue 
eyed boy to announce the glad tidings, and run up the stair-case shi-iuting to 
the bellman in the tower, "Ring! (Irandpa, ring!" l^nfortnnately, that story 
only finds itself in romance. Nor did the bell itself at this time ring out the 
glad tidings to the world. The rei>resentatives, deeply impressed with their 
day's work, emerge from the hall, wend their way to their respective homes 
and lodgings, and the people who have gathered in the immediate neighbor- 
liood, quietly disperse. And we, gentle reader, we who in im;iginati()n have 
witnessed the scenes just describe<l, will retire tri our rooms at the ijotel. 

It was a day big with events, and so solemn in its import that it did not in- 
duce to a spirit of exultation. The Declaration, as it has been said was "merely 
the assignment of reasons for an act which had been previously determined 
uf)on," that is, the passage of the resolution of Lee severed connection with the 
Mother Country, and the Declaration luerely set forth those reasons that im- 
pelled the separation. Be that as it may, the Declaration was the announce- 
ment to the world of the action of the colonies, and was one of the most im- 
portant ])apers ever issued and signed h\ a deliberative Assemldv. 

It was not until high noon Monday, the eighth of Juh, that the paper was 
publicly read, and Colonel John Nixon was chosen for that important task. A 
large crowd assembled in the State House yard, which was composed for the 
most part of apprentices, journeymen and idle loungers. We can picliu'i- them 
in their shirt-sleeves, knee breeches and (pieues, forming, as "l)ebb\" .Morris 
describes, a motley assemblage. From her |jatrician |)oint of view, she de- 
clares that but few of the leading citizens and men of distinction \ww to be 
found in the midtitude. She stood at the fence of her father's house, which 
was located at the southeast corner of Fifth and ChestmU slreel>, ;iud heard 
distinctly the voice of Colonel Xixon as he read the all-importanl docnmenl. 
The reader was in lull regimentals, and stood on a wooden pl;ilform. which 



128 



WAKWK K S KI■;^•ST(I\K COM ,\I( IN WKAI.T 1 1 . 



was hif^h above the nfroiintl and which had been used hy the Aniericaii Philo- 
sophical Society in its observatinn nf ihe transit of X'enus. in ]ji"). and read 
with a Inud vniee and with distinctive emphasis the livint^ words of that im- 
mortal i)aper. In the nii^lit bonrtri-s were lisi^hted and the bells of the city ran^ 
out in jovful acclaini, the Stall' Ibmse bell enunciating; the inscription upon 
its side: "rroclaini hl)erl\ thr( in,L;lii mt the land nnti> all the inhabitants there- 
of." 

Altliiui.iih the Ueclaratiun was adopted on Thursday, the fcnirth nf July, 
it was not sitrned until -nrnv time afterwards, in fact several of the meniljers 




SlG.M.N(; Tins Dkci.aka HON (JK I \iih'i;m]|',\( I.. Ai'i'iiii\ i n .Iri.v liii. ITTil 

Jm)I,i.()\vin(; Ai'casr 2mi. 



did not ai)peiid their signatures until the following August. .\ mimber of the 
delegates, refusing to sign, were supplanted bv others, ami some delegates 
signed the pa|)er who were not re])resentatives in the Congress at the time of 
the passage of the Declaration. Tlie niemliers who represented i'ennsyivania 
in the Congress at the time of the adoption of the Declaration were Robert 
Morris, I'lenjamin Fr.anklin, John Morton, John Dickinson, James Wilson, 
Charles llnmphreys, lidward \\'illin.g, Thomas Willing and .Xndrew .\!len. Of 
these men llenjamin I'ranklin, John Morton and James Wilson \dted in favor 
of the Declaration. Robert Morris thought it was premature, but subse(|nentlv 
signed il. Dickinson and Humphreys voted against it and the others aliseiUed 
themsidves from the sessions, .\fter the changes were made in the coni[)lexion 
of the representation, tlie signers were Koliert .Morris. I'leniaiuin Rush, Benja- 
min l''r;mklin, Jolni Morion, ( leorge Clymer, James Smith, ( Icorge Taylor, 
lames Wilson and ( ieorge Ross. 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COiXMUN WEALTH. IJi; 

The British having been driven from Boston, they determined to strike 
their next blow at Xew York, thus lioping to secure a position tliat would 
separate the Xew iMigland colonists from those si;nith of New \'ork. thus prevent- 
ing them from rendering assistance to each other. The battle of Long Island 
resulted in the defeat and the retreat of the American army, and Washington 
led his forces up the east side of the Hudsim River, intending to fortify West 
Point, as the principal strategic position in that portion of the counlr}'. Wash- 
ington, however, unable to hold his ground against Cornwallis was compelled 
to retreat. He left a large portion of bis arm\- under the command of General 
Charles Lee, and when be was sorely pressed by the enemy, he sent for Lee',-> 
assistance, but for some reason or other that officer disobeyed the command. 

Washington, compelled to abandon b'ort Lee, retreated through Xew Jer- 
sey, witli the intention of preventing if possible the capture of Philadelphia 
by the British troops. Xot long after Washington had reached Penns\lvania 
he crossed the Delaware River to I'renton, and on L'hristnias night, i/J'), in 
face of a severe snow storm, \\ith an army of less than twent\-five hundred 
men, surprised a bod}' of Hessian soldiers, took one thousand prisoners, and 
seized a large quantity of arms and ammunition. All this was done 
with scarce the loss of a man. The victory was so complete and so unexpected 
that it revived the hope and renewed the courage of the despairing Americans. 
Washington so impressed b'rederick the ( ireat with his skillful manoeuvering 
that the old King declared it was not excelled by any like camjiaign in niiK.lerii 
warfare. 

About this time the terms of enlistment were expiring and Washinglon, 
unfortunately, was without the money that was needed to pay the soldiers for 
their services. Congress had issued vast volumes of paper money, but it lie- 
came utterly worthless and so low did it fall in pin-chasing value that to de- 
scribe a thing as useless was to say it was not worth a Continental. In tins 
extremity, Washington communicated with Robert Morris, in Philadelphia, and 
implored him to raise, if possible, fifty thousand dollars in hard cash. The appeal 
was so earnest and the peril so great that Morris, earlv on Xew Year's nitirning 
of 1/77, travelled from door to door amiiing his rich and patriotic neighliors. 
an<l before daylight, collected the amount needed by Washington. It was at 
once forwarded to head(|uarters and saved the ami)- from disorganization. 
After obtaining a victor)- over Cornwallis at Princeton, the Americans went 
into winter (piarters at Morristown, Xew Jersey. After the Battle of Mon- 
mouth, the Hessian prisoners, under guard, were brought to the citv of I'lnla- 
delpbia, and Watson, in his "Annals," states that an elderlv gentleman who 
saw them on their way to the prison, descriljes their appearance as follows: "I 
stood on the p(jrch of I 'emlierton's liou>e in Chestnut above Third street. Tlie\- 
marched up Chestnut street past the State House, where Congress sat. Tlie\ 
made a long line — all fine, heartv looking men. and well clad, with large kna])- 
sacks, spatterilashes on legs. Iheir looks were siitislu'd. ( )ii each siile, in a 
single file, were their guards, niostK- in light summer <lress, .-uul souu- without 
shoes, but slepijing light and cheerful." 

During the Spring of 1777. Washington ])ut forth e\'erv effort to increase 
enlistments. It was in this \ear thai Kosciusko and I'tdaski, two enn'neiil I'ol- 



I30 



WARWICK S KEVSTON'K COM MON WlvM.TU . 



ish patriots, joined the army. They were followed later by the Marquis de 
Lafayette, a I'"rench nobleman, about nineteen \ears of a.<je, who came from 
Paris to ofier his services to tlie cause of .American liberty, lie brought with 
him ISaron de Kalb, a German military veteran, 'i'hey were both made Gen- 
erals in the American Army. Shortly afterwards, ISaron Steuben, a Prussian 







l.i: M \Hi;ris l)i: I, a Kayiittk. 



military engineer, arrived in camp, lie un<lcrt(ink to introduce (liscii)line into 
the army, ;md by constant drillini; of the troo])s broui^lit tlicm into a fair state 
of efificiency. 

General Ib.nve in command of ihc T>ritisli, undertook, in the stnnmer of 
1777, an ex])edition to I'ennsylxania. The Uatlle of lirandywiuc was fought 
on September 11, 1777, in which the .Americans sulTered a defeat and was 
followed by the disastrous Rattle of Germantown. .\ Ixidv of troops, under 
the command of ( leneral \\'a\ne. was surprised near the Paoli tavern on the 
night of September 1\\ (.'nticth. and a numbrr were killed and wnunded, or 



WARWICK s I<I■:^■.sTn^•l■; co.mmoxwicalih. ■ 131 

taken prisoners. The men were cut to |iieces by swords and liayonets, and the 
engagement is known in American histurv as the I'aoli Alassacrc. 

General Howe then, the road heing (ipen. tnuk possession of the cit\', and 
the British flag waved in triumph nver the capital of the L'nited Colonies. The 
entry into the city was led by a body of tr<io[)s under the command oi Lord 
Cornwallis. on the nmruing of September Jdth. A com|)any (if light dragoons 
was at the head of the column, and they were followed by llritish and Hes- 
sian grenadiers, and a detachment of artillery. The Hessian, "\ellii\v legs," 
under "( )ld Ivnyi)," as the Hessian ( ieneral, Kn\ phausen, was called, with 
their brass caps and fierce mustaches, created a feeling of terror in the hearts 
of the citizens. As the troops advanced the bands played "God save the King," 
and the Tory ladies, standing at the windows, on the balconies and door steps, 
waved with their handkerchiefs a hearty welcome to the ineouiing trnnps. 
"They looked well — clean and well clad," wrote Deborah I^ogan, "and the con- 
trast between them and our own poor, barefooted, ragged troop.s was ver\- 
great and caused a feeling of despair." Several days prior to the capture of 
the city, the roads were tilled with wagons carrying furniture and household 
articles of every description. According to a census made by General Howe, 
after his entry, five hundred and ninet\ dwellings and two hundred and fortv 
stores were empty, the occupants and owners having tied. There were still 
open, however, for business, in the neighborhood of one hundred and sixteen 
stores. Many of the men having ffed, the population was made u].) chietfv of 
women and children. The chimes of Christ Church were hurriedlv removed 
to a place of safety, as was the State House bell, as we have alread\- stated. 
Congress hastily adjourned to hold its sessions in Lancaster, sulisequently in 
York, and at last in Baltimore. In order to restore a municipal control, loseph 
Galloway was appointed by General Howe, Superintendent of Police. The 
night watch was increased, and no ijne was permitted to go abroad between 
tattoo in the evening and the reveille in the morning, unless he carried a lan- 
tern. An exception was made as to doctors wdio were called upon suiidenh' 
to attend their ])atients. Recruiting stations were o|)ened, and e\-er\- induce- 
ment was made for enlistments. ".Ml intrepid, able-bodied heroes," the |>roc- 
lamation read, "who are willing to >erve his majesty. King ("leorgc the Third 
in defence of their country, laws and cijustitntion against the arbitrar\- usur- 
pations of a tyrannical Congress, have now not only an opportunity of manifesting 
their spirit by assisting in reducing their too-long deluded countrymen, but 
also of actpiiring the polite accomplishments of a soldier, bv serving onl\- two 
years, or during the present rebellion in America. Such siiirited fellows who 
are willing to engage will be rewarded at the end of the war, besides their lau- 
rels, with fifty acres of land wdiere every gallant hero mav retire to enjov his 
liottle and lass. I'.ach volunteer will receive as a bounty Five Dollars besides 
arms, clothing, and accoutrements and every other rcfpiisite proper to accom- 
pan)' a .gentleman soldier, b\ applving lo Lieutenant-Colonel .Mien, or at Cap- 
tain Kearnex's rendezvous, at Patrick Tourv's, three doors above Market street 
in Second street." 

.Among the amusing incidents of the \\ .ar. was the celebrated occurrence 
called "'The I'.attle of the- Kegs." ( )n the >t'\enth of January, 177S, a number 



1.3^ 



VVAKWICK S I<E>'S'rONK COM M ON WKAI.T ! 1 . 



of barrels charged with sjun i)ii\v(ler, and so arrans^cd ihat the\- were exploded 
by a spring lock when coming in contact with any hard substance, were con- 
structed at IJordentown. New Jersey, and floated down the Delaware with the 
purpose of destroying the llritisli shipping, but it so hapiiened about this time 




CKciiii.i'. W'A.suiMn'dX AT Tin-: Timk ok rin-; Ami i:r( an Ki'Voi.nio.x. 



that the liritish. fearing the closing of the riwr b\ ice. moved their vessels 
and anchored them closer to the shore, thus taking them out of the current. 
If it had not been for this, there might have been reallv great destruction of 
property. The barrels were submerged beneath the surface of the water, and 
were supported by a buoy, and a> they came tloating down the stream, the 
r.ritish opened fire until every chip that appeared upon the waves was sub- 



WARWICK S KEVSTdXE CO.M Ml l.\ W'EAr.Tll . l_^2> 

jected to a furious fusillade. The crew of a barge, in attempting to lift up 
one of the kegs, caused an explosion of the |)o\vder, and four men were killed 
and a number of others were wounded. All sorts -of rumors were in the air 
as to the contents of the barrels, some people in their imagination, believing 
that they concealed armed rebels, positively asserted that they saw bayonets 
protruding through the bung-holes. The tiring did n(_it cease until after the 
last barrel floated by, and when the citizens saw that no serious damage would 
be done, thev found much amusement in ridiculing tlie British officers and sol- 
diers who had shown every sign of fear while the attack continued. 

During the winter of 1777-1/7'^. Washington held his army in winter 
quarters at \'alley Forge. It w-as a season of unusual severity, and while the 
Continental troops "naked and starving" were dying id" putrid fever on the 
frozen hillsides of \'alley Forge, Howe and his officers were living luxuriously 
in Philadelphia. The fortunes of the Americans at this time were at a low ebb. 
Cabal and intrigue raised their heads and plotted against the Ci immander-in- 
Chief. Congress, utterly inefficient, had depreciated to a par with the wurth- 
less currency thev had issued. Despair and despondency seized the hearts of 
the people. The future seemed nut to have one rav of hope, but it was the 
fortitude and resolution of Washington, and the courage and patient endur- 
ance of his troops that kept alive the patriotism of the country. It was at 
A'alley Forge that the crucial test was made, it was at X'allev Forge that the 
cause of Liberty was triumphant. As those shivering, starving men gathered 
about their bivouac fires, the^- keiit alive the spirit that was ultimatelv td tri- 
umph. 

Xo one can predict what the result of the Revolutinn would have been 
without the resolute courage nf ^^'asllington and the endurance of the Amer- 
ican troops in that desolate cam|) that cheerless winter. How great is the debt 
of gratitude we owe those men wdio suffered against odds, wdio sustained the 
burden and strife and won the cause I Hungry, foot-sore, and heart-weary, 
they bravely, heroically, constantly bore the burden of the conflict waged for 
liberty. The history of their deeds is written in tears and blood. All are at 
rest, many sleeping wdiere they fell, others in obscure and nameless graves, but 
the epitaphs of all are enshrined in the hearts of their ever grateful country- 
men. O, what do we owe as a people to those brave men, those heroes in rags, 
at times almost naked, meanly supplied with food, often without shelter or 
protection from the cold blasts of winter and the burning suns of summer, who 
steadfastly and determinedly battled for freednm and opened a career for our 
national glory? Can we ever pay our debt to those men who in all ages have 
made a nolile stand for liberty? Not so much do we owe to .\ngelo wdio 
chisels the marble into life, nor to Raphael who Ijreathes his spirit into the canvas, 
nor to the architect wdio conceives the designs that are put into form and as- 
sume the beautiful proportions of the temple, nor to the poet who recoiuits in epic 
song and living numbers the hemic and pnmpous det-ds of kings and captains, as to 
those men who in all ages, with dauntless sjjirit, fought on everv field where lib- 
erty and her cause made battle, who suffered on the march, in the conflict, before 
the tribunal, in the dungenn and at the stake, with no hope of earthlv glory. These 
men fought nut fur per^unal amhilinn, bin for the rights nf man .aud the freedom 



!34 \VAK\VU,lvS KEYSTONIC COM MON WICALTU. 

of the human race. These were the common sohhers. the unknown jnartyrs who 
fought from a sense of duty and wlio never expected to reach fame, .ij'lory. the 
laurel, nor a throne. They were tliat threat army of men who are not honored willi 
epitaplis and monuments, whose names do not hve in sonfj and st(.)ry. but wlio 
composed the IkjsIs that made civihzation possible, whose hearts, "presfnant with 
celestial fire" bore patiently the heat and burden of the day. and who opened ,t,^reat 
eras for liberty, tor art and for letters from .Marathon to I.exington, from Athens 
to Florence, hdm Pericles to l'".lizal)eth, from Augustus to I.co. 

The llattle of Saratoga, which is classed among the fifteen battles that 
have had a lasting influence (jn the world's history, secured for us the aid of 
I'rance. On h'ebruary 'i. 1778. llenjamin Franklin, then our Minister at 
Paris, succeeded in obtaining a treaty by which tlie I'reiich King pledged him- 
self to furnish men. ships and money for the furtlur i)rosecution of the war 
against bjigland. 

While the P)rilisli occujiied i'hiladelphia, they made the conditions of life 
as gay and as agreeal)le for themselves as possible. The officers gave dinners 
at the various funs, and s])ent much of their time lolling in the Cofifee Houses 
when lhe\- were not engaged at the gaming tables, shaking dice, or indulging 
in the amusements of the cock-])it. Balls were given weekly at the City Tav- 
ern, and from time to time, theatrical exhil)itions. Major John Andre, who 
afterwards, liy order of Washington, was shot as a spy, took a great interest in 
the dramatic entertainments, and amused himself l)v ])reparing the stage settings, 
])ainting the scenery, and occasionally taking part in the performances. Phila- 
delphia was a garrison town. Tier streets were filled with soldiers, nnniicipal 
impro\-ements virtually stopped, the streets were torn up into deep ruts made 
by the wheels of the army wagons and the heavy artillery, Fvcn the churches 
were used for military purposes, in some instances for stables. So easy and 
rollicking was the life of the English officers and soldiers while in possession 
of the city that it was said the British looked upon the war as a cajjital joke. 
The \\ liigs. or the patriotic citizens, suffered every indignity at the hands of 
the troops, but the Tories were juliilant and gi\'en e\'er_\' ])rotection. 

( leneral Plowe had fallen into disrepute at home, and the British govern- 
ment decided to supi)lant him by the aj)pointment of .Sir Ilenrv Clinton. The 
retirement of Tlowe fr(jm the command of the British arnn ga\'e an occasion 
f(jr the celebration of a grand festival. .\lthough as a commander he liad 
been slothful, he had endeared himself to both officers and soldiers. In their 
ease and enjovnieiits they had almost forgotten that they were warriors and, 
no doubt, were glad to be relieved from the burdens of war and active cam- 
paigning. 'J"he Home Government was of the opinion that the liody of ragged 
l)rovincials, shivering and starving at \'alley l-'orge. should have l)een sur- 
rounded and destroN'cd long before this and an end put to the war. 

Before the de|)arture of Howe and after the arrival of Sir Henry Clinton, 
a grand jiageant was held such ;is had never been seen before in the new 
world. It was called the "Meschianza, " a word in Italian, meaning a medlev. 
It was on Afav eighth that (leneral Clinton arrived and took charge of the 
troops, lint it was not until the t\vent\ -f<iurth of that month that Howe took 
his deijarture. 



WAKWICIC S KEVSTU.NE CUM -MON WEALTH. 135 

Tlu' entertainment took place on ^Fay eig-hteenth. Its first feature was a 
grand regatta on the river. i^>oats, gaily decorated, furnished witli bands of 
music, carried the British nlticers and tlieir la(Ues. Upon reacliing Market 
street, the grand flotilla stopped for review, while the bands pl.ayed and the 
people sang. "God save the King," .South ni the cit\', on a line Avilh I'lfth 
street, was located the Wharton Mansion. It was surrounded l>y beautiful 
trees, was called "Walnut (irove," and was one of the niost pretention^ ;uid 
commodious houses in the city. Here was held a tilt or tuiuniament, "accord- 
ing to the customs and ordinances of ancient chivalry." (ircat bodies of troops 
in handsome iniiforms, were formed in militai'y arraw and surrounded the Iieau- 
tiful and spacious lawn. All the bands of the arni\- were brought into requi- 
sition, were massed and placed luider the baton of one director. Triumphal 
arches were erected, while am])hitheatres on all sides, decorated with tlow'ers, 
bimting and flags provided seats for the spectators. Seven horsemen, called 
the Knights of the Ulended Rose, and seven called the Knights of the lUirning 
Mountain, at the dropping of the glove, charged and shivered their spears as 
cavaliers of old, in the presence of their fair ladies. The fourteen ladies of the 
fourteen knights were chosen for their beauty and accom])lishments, and the 
gallant knights fought in main.ten.ance of their challenge that their ladies ex- 
celled all others for beauty, grace and \irtue. Young black slaves, in ( )riental 
dress, accompanied the knights, and held their stirru])s while they mounted, 
while on each side of each knight was an esquire, one bearing his lance and the 
other his shield. It was so beaut ful and inspiring a scene that it would have 
created envy even in the heart of the lUack Prince, or Richard LVieur de Lion. 
All the knights, expert horsemen, were clad in full armor after the manner of 
the days "When Knighthood was in Flower." Seven of them rotle grey horses 
and the other seven black. The steeds were chosen for their beauty and spirit 
and were all handsomely caparisoned. A group of heralds and trumpeters an- 
nounced the opening of the conflict, and at once the knights rode at each other 
at full gallop, shivered their lances, discharged their pistols, and ended the 
combat with drawn swords. It was a l:)eautifu! and imp(jsing scene, most 
spectacular and seemed even more than mere mimic warfare. At the height of 
the sham battle, a field marshal gave a signal to retire, declaring that the fair 
damsels of the Blended. Rose and the lUirning Mountain were satisfied that 
their respective knights were beyond all other men brave and valiant. After 
this great pageant there was a commingling within the walls of the m.-msion 
of all the invited guests. Candles were lighted and dancing began which lasted 
until daylight, while refreshments were served at intervals. 

It was a gala night for the British officers and the Tor\- belles of the city, 
but it only intensified the patriotic ;irdor of the loyal .\mericans throughout all 
the colonies. Major .Andre said it was the most splendid entertainment ever 
given by an army to their general. He may have been right in this, but on 
the other hand, there could not h;ive been a)i\ thing nmre ill-timed, for it 
only marked in deeper contrast the sulTeriugs of the .American troops. Howe 
had done nothing to merit such a fete. The triumphal arches erected could 
not have been dedicated to him because of ;ui\ signal victories he had won on 
the field of battle. There \wvr no tattered standards c.qitured from the enemv 



i3f> Warwick's kicvstonic commonwealth. 

to show his powers as a commander, and tlie whole thing was incongruous, 
out of time and out of place, and not onl\- provoked the resentment of the 
W'liigs, but induced the conteni])t and the ridicule of the liritish themselves. 
An old artilleryman, being asked what was the difference between the Knights 
of the Pjin'ning ATountain and the Kniglits of the Blended Rose, said, that the 
former were tomfools and the latter d d fools. The Tories, men and wo- 
men, after the evacuation of the city by the British and even after the restora- 
tion of peace, were never forgiven for the part they took in the entertainment. 

During the occupation of the city the surrounding country was devastated 
by raiding parties from both armies. In fact, there was almost as much dam- 
age done bv the .American troops as by the Britisli. and the whole country 
looked as if it had lieen laid waste by a swarm of locusts, dreat trees were 
felled and fences broken down f(ir firewood. A number of handsijme suburban 
residences were destroyed liy fire, as well as barns and stables, h'armers were 
closely watched and summarily dealt with by the Americans if they dared to 
sell produce or provisions of any kind to the Ijritish troops. The necessaries 
of life rose to the highest ]irices. Hay was sold by the pomid. and a bushel of salt 
cost from £15 to £20. Pork and meats of all kind were worth their weight 
in gold. Flour rose to the price of £6 a cwt.. sugar to 2s. (k\. a pound, chickens 
sold for IDS. each, potatoes for i6s. a bushel. The distress among the poor was 
appalling. They had no gold nor silver and the paper money that was in cir- 
culation was at iliis time all but worthless. Allen McLane, a dashing cavalry 
officer, commanded a troop of American Horse, and kept the country side in 
fear. It was worth a farmer's life to attempt to supply the city with provisions. 
On the other hand. Colonel Simcoe was at the head of a body of British troops 
called the Queen's Rangers, and he constantly sallied out to forage the neigh- 
borhood and make reprisals wherever they could be found, or to indulge in a 
skirmish with McLane's troops. 

The suft'ering endured by the American prisoners is beyond the power of 
description. They were huddled together in the State House and in the Wal- 
nut Street prison, and at tiiues received scarcely food enough to sustain life. 
During the winter season they did not have even straw to sleep on and were 
withnut fires or blankets. The windows were without jjanes of glass, and thus 
the inmates were exposed to the cold and inclemency of the weather. Many 
died from sheer exhaustion. Some of them, made insane by their hunger, 
gnawed at pieces of bark and wood and even attempted to eat clay. The suf- 
ferings in all conscience were hard enough to bear, but Ijesides this thev were 
subjected to the cruel treatment of brutal keepers. 

It is hard to believe the stories told of the treatment <if the prisoners in 
the \\'alnut .Street jail at the hands of a Ijrutal man n.iined L'unningliam. He 
seemed to take special delight in upsetting dishes oi foixl. which were being 
served, then to see the poor faiuished prisoners scrape it up from the floors 
with their naked hands. The\' were driven to such extremities tiiat in order 
to satisfy the cravings of hunger, they were compelled to powder the rotten 
wood of an old pump, mix it up with the vile scrapings from the floors and 
walls and then boil the whole mass in a pot of water. l"or hours at a lime 
thev would watch the holes in the buildings to capture the rats which they 



WARWICK S KI';\'STONE COMMONWEALTH. I37 

skinned and ate raw. In the long dreary nights in winter, they huddled to- 
gether in the corners of the room to keep warm and when death at lengtli 
came to their relief, they were tlirown into pits in \Vashington Square without 
any mark of identification. 

Shortly after the capture of the city b\- the jkitish, when the Americans 
were at Whitemarsh just before they retired to X'alley Forge, the .British de- 
cided to make a foray and suddenly surprise the American troops. When the 
British officers were in consultation in the house of Lydia Darragli, where they 
were quartered, making arrangements for the attack, she oyerheard tlieir plans 
by putting her ear at the door of the chamber where they were consulting. 
Having heard from their own lips the details of their plans she retired quietly 
to her room until the officers h.ad gone to Ix-cl. Some <:)f tlieni it is said even 
knocked on her door on the way to their bedchambers, but she made no reply 
and feigned sleep. After all was quiet in the house, she arose, dressed herself, 
sought the headquarters of General Hnwe. and induced him to give her a pass 
through the lines on the ground that she was in dire need of flour and could 
secure it from a friendly neighbor if allowed to pass the pickets. She started 
out into the night with an empty sack, and wlien beyond the British outposts she 
met an American officer to whom slie confided her secret, who, it is said, con- 
veyed at once the information to (General Wasliington. Some consider the 
story a fabrication, a mere legend, and further to detract from her glorv it 
is stated that Washington already had information friim another source and 
had made preparations to resist the attack. Be this as it may, tliere is much 
foundation for trutli in the incident, and if she did make an effort to convey 
this nevys to the Commander-in-Chief of the American troops, she is worthy of 
all praise and honor. 

The story finds some corroboration in a note made by Flias Boudinot, in 
his journal, which states that while on the outskirts of the city he dined in an 
Inn at Rising Sun, that wdiile here an old woman came in and stated that she 
desired to go into the country to Ijuy a sack ijf llour ; that just before leaving 
she handed him "a dirty old needle book" which after she left he found con- 
tained in one of the pockets, "rolled up in the form of a pipe shank" a piece of 
paper containing information of Howe's contemplated attack, and that Boudinot 
immediately conveyed that information to Washington. It is fairly reason- 
able to suppose that this was Lydia Darragh. There is further corroboration 
that on the night of December fourth, fifteen thousand troops niarclied out of 
Philadelphia bent on making an attack somewhere, but after advancing towards 
the American lines they simply reconnoitered, engaged in a few skirmishes and 
returned to their quarters. 

It was about this time that in the ranks of the .\merican army were car- 
ried for the first time the stars and stripes. Betsy Ross, residing in a small 
house which is now at 239 Arch street, is said to have been engaged by Wash- 
ington and some members of Congress to make the first flag tliat should be 
known distinctively as the American colors. Doctor Oberholtzer. in his inter- 
esting and exhaustive "History of Philadelphia" says, "'Jdiere are no more 
definite claims for anybody in this behalf, and as the distinction nianifesth- be- 



138 W .\U\\ K k's KI•;^■ST()^"lv com MONWF.AI.Iil. 

longs to sonic one, llctsy Ross socnis likch' lo hold the place lo which she has 
been so lonj;- assigned." 

Althdugh the llritisli had their "Meschianza"' in 1 'liiladelphia, the Ameri- 
cans were not without a season of testivit\', when the\- celebrated the alliance 
with h'rance in May, 177S. at \'allcy Forge. The French treaty raise<l high 
hopes ot the Americans and .gave them new inspirations and the event was 
celebrated by a review of the troops and the discharge of cannon. They did 
not present the military appearance of the Uritish, their clothes were tattered 
and torn, many nf them were harefonled and clothe<l in dilterenl stvles of uni- 
form. Their arms were covered with rnst, and many of the .guns were without 
bayonets, indeed, many of them were simply fowling pieces, fit only for the 
sports of the field rather than for a war like campaign. Tin boxes and cow 
Iiorns were their ].)Owder pouches. Even the officers wore coats of every color 
and make. iSaron Steuben says he saw officers at a grand jiarade at X'alley 
Forge mounting guard in a sort of dressing gown, made from an old blanket 
or woollen lied cover. 

.\s the warmer weather advanced there was much rejoicing among the 
Whigs, because of the rumor that the llritish contemplated an evacuation of 
the city. The Uritish commander, in view of the fact that an alliance had been 
made with I'rance. and for fear that a French fleet would suddenlv appear in 
the harbor of Xew ^'ork, decided to make a hurried departure. Preparations 
were made and at last tents were struck, some troops being sent to Xew York by 
transports, while others were carried over the river to Xew Jersey to march 
across the country. The army of Clinton, at this time, consisted of about sev- 
enteen thousand soldiers, and thev were accompanied \<y three thousand Tories 
who feared that if ihey rem.'iined bebind, their lives would be in danger upon 
the return of the American troops. l!efore noon, on the eighteenth oi June, 
the re.ar guard of the I'.ritish Army disappeared, and Philadelpltia was for all 
lime relie\ed from their [iresence. The patriotic Whigs who had sutldenly 
fled from the enem\ . came back to reclaim their own. Watson, in his ".Vn- 
nals,'" quoting from the diary of a young lady, says, of the date June 19. i//!^: 
"We have aslonishiug news that the I'ritish have reallv left Philadelphia. This 
is delightful. ( )iu- ;irmy is now about >i\ miles off, on their march to the Jer- 
seys. 1 now think of nothing but returning to the city after an e.xile of twenty 
months," and in JuK she further writes, "It has now pleased kind Heaven to 
restore us to our home in safety. .\l\ heart (l;mced and my eves sparkled at 
the news. The very noi-e and rattle of the citv were as music to m\- senses, 
.so .glad was I to be ;igain at home." The Tor}' newsjiapers, immediately upon 
the t'vacuation suspended publication or else changed their sunpathies. while 
the Whig journals st't up their presses and at once issued editions. 

Put what a sight was presented to the eyes of the returning patriots. The 
streets were lilth_\'. camp litter had acciunulaled in every direction, the houses 
where the troops had (piartered had iieen deprived of their doors and windows, 
and even the floors were torn up to furnish fuel for the fires. I'nrniture, cloth- 
ing, bedding and household articles of every description were destroyed. The 
State House was so filthy that Congress was obliged to hold its sessions in 
another liuildiug, while the vard in the rear, where the arlillcrv had been 



WARWICK S KE'lSTDNli COMMONWEALTH. I 31) 

parked, presented the appearance of a ploutjhed field. "The dirt, stencli, filth 
and flies in and about the city," sa\s Christoijher Alarsliall, "were hardh' cred- 
ible." In the surroundini; cnunlrx' districts, the fields were hini;- in fallow, 
great forests had been cut dnwn. and the nrchards were dcstniwd and trees 
stripped of their bark as well a> their fruit. 

The heat of the summer was intense, there was not a Ijreath of air, and 
the transports in the Delaware crept slowly down the river towards the bay, 
depending- more on the tide than the wind, Imt their troubles were nothing as 
compared with the hardships sufi'ered by the British troops in their march 
through Jersey. The sun beat di.iwn upon tlieir heads pitilessly and the sand 
under their feet was burning hot, and many of the men in their winter uni- 
forms, were borne diiwn under the weight of their heavy knapsacks and fell 
exhausted by the roadside. They were pestered almost to death by swarms of 
fleas, gnats and mosquitoes, and the farmers shot down the unfortunate lag- 
gards and stragglers. 

Washington, believing this was his opportunity, followed the retreating 
British, and brought them to an engagement at Aloniuonth. on Tune 28th, 
1778. This battle would have been a signal victory had it not l)een for the 
defection of General Charles Lee. As it was, the British forces were ghul to 
escape and hasten their march to New York. This was the last battle of import- 
ance that was fought on northern soil, for the war was now transferred to the 
south. A .British expedition attacked and captured Savannah, ( ieorgia, in De- 
cember, 1778. 

In the summer and autumn of that year, the massacre at Wyoming oc- 
curred, and the most atrocious cruelties were perpetrated by ferocious savages, 
under the leadership of their chiefs and Tory captains. 

In 1779, in the north, there seemed to be a lull in the confiict, both armies 
standing at bay, but operations in the south were continued under the leader- 
ship of Cornwallis. 

In September, 1780, Benedict .\rnold, the trusted and confiilential friend 
of Washington, turned traitor, .\fter the evacuation of Philadelphia by tiie 
British, Arnold had been put in charge oi the city. He was a brave soldier, 
and fought with gallantry at the Battle of Saratoga, and was seriou>ly wounded 
in that engagement. In fact, there was as much credit given to him for ihe 
winning of the fight as to (^ieneral (_iates, his superior oi^cer and the Coiu- 
mander-in-Chief. Arnold was a haughty and an ambitious man, and a|)parently 
ilid not care to win popular esteem, and his conduct, while in ch.argc of the 
city of I'hiladelphia, gave great ofi'ence to the citizens. Even Ids integrit\- was 
assailed, and there was reason for this because of his manner of living. lie 
rode almost in state through the streets of the town, in his sumptuous coach, 
and he liverl on .Market street in the house known as that of Richard Penn. 
where he entertaineil exten>ivel\- and extravagantly. He subsequently removed 
to .Moiuit I*leasant. on the brow oT the Schuylkill, considered one of the finest 
country seats in the ci_il(.]n\. He openly visiled the houses of the leading fories, 
and married Pe.gg\-, the daughler of h'.dward Shippen. So ostentation.? was he 
in his style of living that he caused suspicion in the minds of the people and 
called down npou his he,-id the condeiun.alion of ihe whole comnnuut\'. lie 



14" 



\V.\U\VU;K S KEV.STONIC COM iMOX WEALTH. 



was cliar,y(.-d witli having apin-opriatcil money coiiiniitti.'d to his care at the 
liinic he was put in charge of the city, and with being' concerned in certain shady 
commercial transactions. The judgment ot' the peoi)le, perhaps, may have 
been too severe, and he may have sutTered unjustly imder the general con- 
(lenniatinn, but that is no excuse for his subse(|uent conduct. The abuse, how- 
ever, no doubt, soured him and induced him for gold to attempt to betray his 
countrv. His treason has coupled his name with that of Judas Iscariot. For- 
tunately, his plot was discovered, and he was compelled to tlee. He took refuge 
on a P.ritish ship lying in the Hudson, and ended his days in London, an exile 
and an outcast. 

The winter of 17S1) and 1781 was most severe, and the sufferings in the 

.American camp at Alorristown 
were almost as great as those that • 
were en<lured at X'alley Forge. 
.Several victories in the south, how- 
ever, cheered the nation and gave 
the people fresh hope. Cornwallis 
moved to Yorktown in July, 1781. 
hoping to get relief by sea from 
\ew York, but suddenly, to his 
surprise, appeared a French fleet of 
warships in the harbor, under the 
command of Count De Grasse, and 
this cut off his expected relief by 
sea from Xew ^'ork. Washington, 
on the TTudson, gave the British 
Connnander in .\ew York every 
reason to believe that he was mak- 
ing preparations to attack him, but 
suddenly, after having received 
financial aid through the exertions 
of Robert .Morris, he pushed his 
army rapidly across the country 
to the head of the Chesapeake 
l'.a\, and then transported them by water to Yorktown. With the I'Yench ships 
blockading the harbor, and the American troops assailing the fortifications. 
Cornwallis was between two fires, and was at last compelled to cajjitulate. his 
troops marching out of the town on ( )ctober iw. 1781. with bands pla\-ing "The 
World's C]jside Down." This victory \irluall\ ended the war. but a final 
treat\- of peace was not signed lietween I ireat liritain and tlii> CouiUi'x niuil 

Ihe news ot the surrender .at \'orkto\\n was l)ri>uglu ti> I'luladelphia at 
nfidnight by a horseman, and the uij.;ht watchmen were infornied, and in their 
romids called out in the early hours of the morning the glad news that Corn- 
wallis w;is taken. 




IJlMliHT Alt.NUlJi. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

CONDITION OF THE CITY AFTER WITHDRAWAL OF THE P.RITISH TROOPS. Sll-.TR 
OERARD APPOINTED FRENCH MINISTER TO THE UNITED STATES AND WARMLY 
WELCOMED IN THIS CITY. FORT WILSON RIOT. FRENCH TROOPS IIND1';R IHE 
COMMAND OF COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU PASS THROUGH THE CITY. SURRICX- 
DER of CORNWALLIS at YOKKTOWN. BRITISH VESSEL ■"THE GENERAL MON'k" 
CAPTURED BY JOSHUA BARNEY AND BROUGHT TO THIS CITY. TREATY OF PEACE 
IN 1783. CONN'EN'TION .MEICTS IN MAY. I787, IN THIS CITY TO FRAME A NEW 
CONSTITUTION. .\DOPTI0N OF THE CONSTITUTION. PHILADELPHIA M ADIC ITIIC 
SEAT OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. WASHINGTON IS I N AUGURA I l-.D l'RI-:SI- 
DENT. TAKES UP HIS RESIDENCE IN THIS CITY. SURROUNDED BY STATE. HIS 
CH.\RACTER. HIS INFLUENCE. HIS WISDOM. HIS UNSELFISH AMBITION. 
HIS STATE RECEPTIONS. VICK-PRESII HCNT .\DAMS ARRIVES IN THE CITY AND 
ALSO THOM.AS JEFFERSON. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. DF..\TI1 1 M- FRANKLIN. 
POST OFFICE E.ST.MiLISHED. PITTSBURGH .\ND ITS GROWill. STEA.M N.\\'l(;.\- 
TIO.N. 

AFTER the evacuation of I 'hiknlclpliia. tliat city wa.s no Ioniser the 
storm centre of the Revohilion in so far as warhke operations were 
concerned. It was reckoned that tlie damage done to private prop- 
erty and iniliHc ]iro|)ert\- 1)\ the I'.ritish during their occupancy reached 
nearly tW(.) hundred tliousand pounds, a very large sum of uKine}- at that 
period. 

The Whigs now turned their attention, with a vindictive spirit to harry 
the Tories, and they began a system of inquisition and oppression. W hen the 
British retired from the cit\- the officers advised the Tt>rics who remained 
behind to make the best terms possible with their enemies for. of course, they 
could expect no assistance now from their British friends. (Jaths of allegi- 
ance were required to be taken, and those who refused were in m;m\ cases 
attainted of treason, while tines, iniiirisoninents ami forfeitures were imposed 
in every direction. .\ list of traitors was i)ul)lished. whieli contained the names 
of some of the most distingui>hed citizens, as well as men of all classes and ol 
every occupation. Spies and deserters were hanged or shot on the commons 
and it became a daily recreation for the people to turn out en masse to witness 
the executions. Crowds of men and boys marched through llie stri'els lojlow- 
ing the condemned to the scaffold. In some instances the i)risoners passed 
through the citv seated upon their coffins in carts, with ropes around their 
necks. It was a dav of general reckoning and rctrihulioic The (Juakers, too, 
came under investigation. They would not t.ake the oath ot alle.giance nor 
would they directly nor indirectly, aid the causi- of the Colonies in their wai' 
with the Mother ConntiA. Tlu'v maintained tlieir views in the l.'ice ot persecu- 
tion, but they were careful to make no dislo\al utterances that might arouse 
the anger of the mob or would subject them to prosecution at the hands of the 

141 



142 WAUWICR S K1^^■ST()N1■: COM MO.WVEAI.'III. 

authorities. Chief ju.^tice McKcaii held court even (luring;- the siiiunier months 
to liear testimony against the traitors. .\ grand entertainment was given at 
the City Tavern by a committee of i)atriotic citizens and care was taken to 
sec that no invitations were sent to the Ijclles who had played a part in tlie 
pageant of the ".Meschianza." 

In tile sumnu-r of 1778, Sienr (Serard. the first of the I'rench Mini.sters to 
the L'niteil States, arrived in the cit\. lie was given a heart}- public recep- 
tion, and the people tiu'ned out in great crowds to welcome and to do honor to 
the representative of tiiat state that had so materially aided the colonies in 
their war for independence, ."shortly after his arrival the birthdav of the 
l-'rench King. Louis X\'T., was celel)rate<l and the Members of Congress called 
in a body to congratulate the Minister iipcm that auspicious occasion. To show 
how deeply the jiatriots drank to the health of the King, we mav state that at 
a banquet given in the City Tavern at which two hundred and seventy gentle- 
men sat down, five hundred ;ind twenty-two bottles of Madiera, about two 
bottles to each guest, — one hundred and sixteen large bowls of punch, nine 
large bowls of toddy, six large liowls of sangaree and twenty-four bottles of 
J'ort were consumed. Xor did the managers of the feast forget to ])rovide 
for the artillerists who fired the salutes, for they were furnished with two tubs 
of ,grog and it is reasonable to suppose, judging fr<im the quantitv of wine 
drunk at the banquet table, that the tubs that held the liquor fur the soldiers 
were by no means small, (lerard was succeeded the following year bv a new 
Minister. W. de la Luzerne, and the drinking and the feasting continued, ban- 
quet after ban(|uet, night after night. While this revelry and dissipation went 
on. the armies were suffering for the bare necessaries of life, at times having 
nothing to eat but a crust of bread. These things gave deep concern and anx- 
ietv to the minds of Washington and his Generals and in strong terms they 
expressed their disapprobation of the luxury and extravagance indulged in at 
these entertainments. The soldiers in the field munching their hard tack be- 
came discontented when they heard of these sumptuous feasts. The people, 
too. were restless. I'ajier money was worthless, there was no gold nor silver 
in circtdation and the prices for necessaries had risen to exorbitant figures. 

In ( )ctober. 177<), the "[•"ort Wilson" riot occurred. \\'ilson resided in a 
large brick house at the corner of Walnut and Third streets. He had de- 
fended a mmiber of Tories in the treason trials, and was suspected by the peo- 
ple of being disloval to the American cause. A mob of men, dragging with 
tbcjm two pieces of cannon, started out to attack Wilson's house. Hearing of 
their coming, he gathered about him a few friends and was determined to 
stand in defence of his home. The crowd, however, armed with crow bars 
and sledge hammers broke open the doors and a skirmish took place upon the 
staircase. The authorities aroused to action disi)ersed the mob. by charging 
with a body of horse after one man in the house had been killed and three 
wounded. 

1^'rices for the necessaries of life ro>e as rapidly as the paper money de- 
clined in value. .Mthough it was at jiar in 1777. in 17S1 it had become utterly 
worthless. A witty old gentleman, quoted by Watson, declaret! a fast trotting 
horse could not keep [lace with it. A common workman would amuse a 



WARWICK S KEVSTdNE t OM MCIX WEAI.TII. I43 

fjroul* of friends by liLjlitint;- his pipe witli a ten dnUar note. W'atsnii states 
that a stulTed I'addy was suspended in riiiladelphia wlii)ll\ covered witli hills 
of various denominations while a barher papered the walls of liis shop with 
the wiirthless notes or "shin ]ila>ters'" as tlie>" were calleil. 

In January of 1781. I'olonel Allen McLane purchased of W. Xicoll. a 
tradesman, a number nt articles, aniline; which were a pair of boots, fnr which be 
jiaid in paper money $')0O. in addition he Ix^u.^ht 6-'4 yanls e)f calico, at $85 a vard, 
$752; 6 yards of chintz, at $150 a }ard, $<)00: 4'j yards of Morine at $100 a 
vard, $450.50: 4 handkerchiefs at $100 each, $400: 8 yards of (|ualitv biiiding 
at $4 per yard, $3.2; 1 skein of silk $10. These articles including;- the boots 
reached a ti:)tal of $3,144.50 in pajXT money. The same bill conbl have been 
settled for less than £20 Sterling'. 

At this time. French troops under tile command of L'ount de Ki'iciiambeau, 
passed through the cit\' on the way to join the army of Washington in \'ir- 
ginia. Dressed in their gay and brilliant miiforms bearing their silk Hags ami 
marching with the stei)s of trained soldiers. the\ were in marked contrast to 
the shabby appearance of the American troops, and their cr>ming excited the 
wildest enthusiasm. Wdien the news of the capture of Yorktown reached the 
city there was a general illuminatiiin. and for some time a season of merry- 
making, and the winter of 1781 and 1782 was one of the most brilliant the city 
had ever seen. Minister Luzerne's lii)nse was the centre of attractii^n and the 
French officers and their wives for a time came io the city and entered with 
spirit into all the entertaiinnents. Washington, too. accompanied bv his wife. 
came to Philadelphia in Xovember, and of ci_>urse was welcomed with the 
greatest acclaim. The surrender of Cornwallis seemed to be accepted as the 
conclusion of the war. although it was two }ears before a peace treaty was 
signed at Paris. A sort of desultory warfare was carried on, but there was no 
great and energetic campaign waged. -V notable naval engagement, however, 
took place in 1782, in the Delaware. A r.ritish war vessel called the "General 
Monk" had given great annoyance and trouljle to the ship|iing of this port. 
She guarded the approaches to the city, and it was with difficulty that any trad- 
ing vessel could safely reach the harbor or depart from it. It was deciiled 
by a number of business men, at a secret meeting, to tit out a vessel of suffi- 
cient tonnage and capacity to give battle to the British brig, and if possible, to 
capture her. A vessel equipped for the purpose was placed under the command 
of Captain Joshua Barney. He was furnished with a crew of one hundred and 
ten experienced sailors. Idis vessel, which had been christened the "Hyder 
Ali" [lassed down the river with all sails set. disguised as a merchantman, lie 
was accompanied by several vessels which he was to convoy to the capes, in 
order that thev might safely reach the open sea. When in the T.ay, he saw 
a brig that was pointing her ])row in his direction and had cleared her decks for 
action. He ordered the vessels in his convoy to turn about and proceed u\) the 
iiay to the mouth of the river, but while going about, one of them, called the 
"Charming Sally." ran aground, and the vessel wliich proved to be the "General 
Monk" at once bore down upon her and oi)encd tire. Barney waited for his 
o|)|K)rtunitv. however, and when he came up to the "General Monk" he poured 
a hcavv broadside into her, and so lerrdic was the tire lh;it in half an hour the 



144 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 

I'.ritish tlag was lowered and the "Monk" was a prize lo be carried back tu the 
jwrt of Philadelphia. The "General Monk" lo.st twenty men killed and thirty- 
three wounded, while liarney's loss was only four men killed and eleven woimded. 
When he rode into the harbor of Philadelphia bringing his prize the whole 
city went wild with e.xcitement, and he received a vote of thanks and a sword 
from the State Legislature. 

The war now was fast drawing to a close and commissioners were arrang- 
ing the terms of settlement. 

The signing of the treaty of peace at Paris in 1783. recognized the Repub- 
lic and secured its independence. The cessation of hostilities with the Mother 
Coimtry did not end the troubles of the colonies. The articles of confedera- 
tion, as a tie to bind, were as "a ro])e of sand" and had no power to keep intact 
the Union that was so essential to the integrity of the Nation. During the war 
the States had been held together by a common danger. They were united in 
a contest against a common foe, but now that they were loosened from obliga- 
tions to each other, and the imminent peril had passed away there were signs 
in every direction of disintegration. Each State, jealous of its sovereignty, 
was loath to relinquish it or vest any portion of it in a central government. 
Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, had no power to levy taxes, 
to collect reveiuic, to enforce its decrees nor to exercise any legislative func- 
tion in opposition to the wishes of the States. In every direction the political 
atmosphere was filled with a discordant note, and it did look as if the Union 
that hati accomplished so much for the liberty and independence of the people 
was about to be dissolved. The government was without money, and what 
was worse, without credit. The smaller States feared the influence of the 
larger, and the latter feared the ])ower of each other. Many of the leading 
men, however, with a clear vision as they looked out into the future, recognized 
the fact that if the colonies did not form a perpetual union the very liberty and 
independence they had secured by the loss of so much blood and treasure would 
be in jeopardy. The question on all sides was whether there was to be one or 
thirteen Nations, one Republic, or thirteen separate and distinct States. 

Congress was unable to provide back pay for the soldiers, and the latter, 
in some c|uarters, evinced a spirit of mutiny. A body of troops came from 
Lancaster to make a demand. They were comparatively a mere handful of 
men. but thev were determined and for the time being terrorized the city as 
well as Congress. The men were finally persuaded, under promises, to return 
to their barracks, ImU they issued forth again in increased numbers and in- 
sisted upon an immediate compliance with their demands, \^'ashington, in this 
juncture, being called upon for assistance, sent fifteen hundred Continental 
troops to subdue the nuitineers. and fortunately they were soon brought under 
subjection. Some of the ring leaders were publicly whipped, and two were 
sentenced to he shot, but on the eve of execution they were pardoned. 

Congress having shown its utter incapacity to meet conditions, a convention, 
consisting of fifty-five members assembled in Philadelphia in .May. 1787, to 
frame a new Constitution. Washington was chosen to jjreside over their delib- 
erations. The Convention held secret sessions for four months. The debates 
were stormy and at times it seemed an imixissibility to agree upon a i)lan or to 



WARWICK S KKYSTOXIC COMMONWEALTH. [45 

effect a comproniise that would meet with the approval ot the delegates, so di- 
verse were they in their views and so jealous of their sovereignty. 

The question of the representation of States in Congress gave the utmost 
concern to the smaller States, for if it was based on population, the larger States 
would necessarily have a controlling influence in legislation. To balance this 
matter it was decided that there should be an upper chamber called the Senate, 
which should be composed of two representatives from each State, thus giving, 
in the upper chamlier, the salme representation to the smaller States as was 
given to the larger. The question, too, whether or not slaves should be com- 
puted, as a part of the population, arose, and after much discussion, it was 
finally agreed that three fifths of the slaves should be counted, although, of 
course, thev were neither represented nor taxed. I'ortunately, there was a 
spirit of compromise among the delegates, and if it had ni;>t been for the domi- 
nating desire to etYcct a Union, the Convention would not have been aljle to 
reach any result. 

The i>ri)i)osed form of government was adopted on .Sei)teml)er i/th, signed 
by all the members of the convention and an adjournment took place at once, 
and the delegates returned to their homes to render an account of their stew- 
ardship. The men who ha<l exerted the greatest influence in framing the Con- 
stitution were Washington, Hamilton, Wilson and James Madison. 

The Convention had been in continuous executive session and the people 
had not been made in any wise familiar with the features of the new form of 
government, and when it was suljmitted publicl\- it necessarily calleil forth a 
storm of censure and even abuse. The Anti Federalists who opposed a cen- 
tralization of government, claimefl to find in it a return to monarchical condi- 
tions, that the national government e.xerted a dominating influence and that if 
the States adopted the instrument it W(.iuld mean a loss of the libert\ of the 
people. It was contended that the instrument showed the handiwork of such 
political craftsmen as Hamilton, Morris and Madison, three of the leaders of 
Federalism. Blatant demagogues appealed to the peoiile and argued that the 
Constitution, if passed in its then present form would be the death knell of 
Democracy. The Constitution, however, was submitted to the votes of the sev- 
eral States, and after it had been ad(.ipted b\' a majority of the same, it became 
the fundamental law of the land. 

The Constitution radically changed the form of the existing government. 
Under the .Krticles of Confederation there bad been but one body in whom both 
legislative and executive functions were lodged. There had been no executive 
head, and the powers of government were not well distributed. Ll^nder the new 
Constitution there would be a President, whose duty it was to see that the laws 
were executed, two bodies of Congress, an upper and a lower chamber, acting 
as a balance upon each' other, in whom were lodged all legislative power ex- 
press or implied under the Constitution, and .i .'-Supreme C.'ourt, to decide ,-dl 
questions that arose under the Constitution in relations to the powers (jf the 
National Government. The franiers of the Couslilulion were wise beyond 
their dav and generation, and perha|)s they ibeniseK'e^ diil not appreciate to its 
full meaning the words of the Preamlile, which read, "We, the people of the 
United States, in order to form a more [jerfect union, do ordain and establish 



146 WAKW ick's kkvstoni-: com monwkalth. 

this C'onstitutid'.i." 'I'Iu'sl- words. "Wc. tin- ])co])k'," ilisiin^-nislu'd the sjovern- 
nient as a t;()vcriimciil of the people, not a t^oveniinent formed by a chister 
of States in their sovereifjn capacities, but a nation of people separate and dis- 
tinct from the States considered as sovereitjn ]io\vers. It fortunately formed a 
.Gfovernment of this Federalistic character without encroaching upon the rights 
of the States or interfering with their local affairs. 

In this citv. when the vote was taken for the election of dele.gates to the 
Convention called to ratify the Constitution, tlie Federalists were overwhelmingly 
triumi)hant. Their five delegates were Janies Wilson, Thomas McKean, Ben- 
jamin Rush, Cieor.ge Latimer and Hilary I'.aker. Though licnjamin I'ranklin 
had signed the ConstittUioii. he was the leading candidate on the Republican or 
anti-Federalist ticket. He led in the vote of his !)arty, but was not successful 
at the election. The Convention of State delegates, consisting of sixty-nine 
members, luet on December twelfth to pass ui)on the question of adoption and 
the Federalists polled forty-six votes as a.gainst twenty-three by their oppo- 
nents and the result was received with great acclaim by the people. Guns 
were fired, "the chiniers chimed the chimes," and the bells in all the steeples 
rang out nierrih. New jersey's ratification came on the next day, December 
thirteenth. Delaware had been the first to ratify on December seventh. Georgia 
followed on the second of January. 17S8, Connecticut on January ninth, Mas- 
sachusetts on Februarv sixth, Maryland on A])ril twenty-sixth. South Carolina 
on Mav twentv-third, Xew Hampshire on June twenty-fir-t, and as this last 
State had the honor of being the ninth in the matter of adoi>tion, the Constitu- 
tion became eft'ective. \'irginia. Xew \i<vk. North Carolina and Rhode Is- 
land followed in the order named, and "At last," exclaimed John .\dams, in a 
hapi)V phrase, "the thirteen clocks all struck together." 

In I'hiladelphia, when Xew Hampshire's vote was made known, the people 
set about preparing a pa.geant in honor of the event. There were floats and 
vessels borne upon wheels, among which was the Federal .ship "Union," built 
of wood taken from a barge which had been on John I'aul Jones's ship in his 
engagement with the "Serapis." All the military and civic societies turned 
out to take part in the procession. The members of the bar. the clergy, Pro- 
testant, Catholic and Jewish, walked arm in arm, students of the College of 
Physicians, of the University, of the Fpiscopal Academy and other schools were 
led bv their profes.sors and ttUors. All the trades were represented. Even the 
farmers came into town to take ])art in the aft'air, and tliey were led 1)y Richard 
Willing, who. in a farmer's dress, drove a plow^ wdiich was drawn by four oxen. 
The length of the line was one mile and a half, and at least five thousand per- 
sons marched in the procession. It was a celebration that ilid honor to the 
glorious event of the adoption of the Constitution, the greatest instrument of 
its kind and the best model of government ever set up and devised by the wit 
and wisdom of man. 

Washin.gton, as was to be expected, was the unanimous choice for Presi- 
dent. At this time Xew York was the seat of the Xational Govenmient, and 
it was there that he was to be inaugurated. The day .set for the occasion was 
March fourth, ijSc), at which lime the new Constitution went into operation, 
but the ceremony was delayed mitil .\i)ril thirtieth. I'.y an act of Congress, Phil- 



WAKW U K S KMSSTdMC COM MON WEAI.TH . 1 47 

adclphia was made the capital (if llu- natimi fiDiii 171)0 tci iSoo, and in tliis last 
year the scat of novcniniciit was pcnnancntly located at the cit\ of Wasliin.L;- 
ton, on land given for that jnirpose hy the States of Virginia and .Maryland. 
Washington, on his way to New York to he inaugurated, passed through I'hila- 
delphia. and was given the heartiest welcome as the newly-elected I'residcnt. 
Me remained in New ^^lrk luitil .\ugnst thirtx -tirst, 171)0, when he retired to 
Mount A'ernon, fiir a short vacation prior to the meeting of Congress in I'liila- 
delphia, which was to take place in Decemher. He reached thi-^ cit\ in Moveni- 
l)er, and occupied a dwelling on the .south side of Market street helow Sixth, 
which had recently l)ecn the home of Rohert Morris. It was siu'i'onuded hy 
lofty old trees and set in the niiilst of a large garden, which was enclosed hv a 
high wall. There were stables and carriage houses in the rear of the lot. 
where the President kept a number of well bred X'irginia horses, a cream-col- 
ored coach, in which he was driven about, a chariot and other vehicles for 
ordinary use. It was the cream colored coach that gave such oiifence to many 
of Iiis democratic fellow-citizens, because it seemed to lie too aristocratic in its 
features. In fact, it is a grave cpiestion whether such pomp and state as was 
assumed by Washington would ha\e been permitted in any other person, but 
he was so deeply set in the res])ect and affections of the ]ieople, and the confi- 
dence thev had in his integrit\ and ])urposes was so hrnily estal)lished that he 
could do that which no other person would dare to attenii)t. When he went 
to Congress to deliver his message, which he read in person, it was in a co.-ich 
drawn by six white horses, although hi^ house was only distant about a s(|uare 
from the chamber where Congress met. ( )n these occasions be was preceded 
Ijy wan<l-bearers, and u|)on bis entrance into the Hall, all the members arose 
and remained standing until he took his seat. In liding through the cit\, he 
was always accompanied with footmen and postillions. 

An eye witness, citetl b\ Watson in his ".\nnals," who saw Washington 
ride in state, says, in referring to his coach, "It was cream colored, glolndar 
in its shape and capacious within, ornamented in the French style with Cupids 
surmounting festoons and wreaths of flowers, emblematicalK- arranged along 
the panels. It was drawn sometimes 1)\' four, but in ccjmmon by two. elegant 
Virginia bays, with long switch tails and s])lcndid harness and driven hy a 
(ierman, tall and muscular, wearing a cocked hat, square to the front, seem- 
ingly in imitation of his jjrincipal, but turned a little back upon his long cue, 
and presenting to the niemorx a figin-e not milike the one of h'rederick of 
Prussia upon the sign in Race street. He exbiljited an important air and evi- 
dently vv'as proud of bis charge." 

The same witness further says that "on .Sunda\' mornings, at the gale of 
Christ Church the ap])earance of this coach awaiting the breaking u]) of the 
services never failed in drawing ;i crowd of persons, eager, when Washington 
came forth, for another view, and stam]iing with their feet in freezing weather 
upon the pavements to keep waiiu the while. Tin- indistinct sound ot the \ ol- 
imtary upon the organ within was no sooner heard by theiu than Ibe press 
became formidable considering the place and the da\'. During the slow move- 
ment of the dense crowd of worshijjpers issuing fro]ii the open door, and the 
increased volume of sound from the organ, it was not necessary for the stranger 



I4<*^ WAKUU k's Kl■:^■s^()^■E common WKAr.rii. 

visitiuj,' tlic cily and straining- liis vision to behold tlic ( icncral for tlie first 
time, to inquire of his jostled neighbor, "Which is he?'" His noble height 
and commanding air, his person enveloped in what was not very common in 
those days, a rich blue Spanish cloak, faced with red silk velvet, thrown over 
the left shoulder, his easy, unconstrained movement, his inimitable expres- 
sion of countenance * * '■'" his gentle hendings of the neck to the right 
and to the left" charmed the silent crowd of spectators who gentlv fell back 
on each side as he approached. 

The same witness also states that "( )ne day in sinnnier. passing up .Mar- 
ket street, he was struck with the novel spectacle of this splendid coach with 
six elegant bays attached, postillions and outrider in livery, in waiting at the 
President's door * * * * ])resently the door opened, when Washington 
in a suit of dark velvet of the old cut, silver or steel hiked small sword at 
left side, hair full jiowdered, black silk hose and bag, accompanied by "Lady 
Washington,' also in full dress, appeared standing upon the marble steps — 
presenting her his li;uid he led her down to the C(.)ach with the ease and grace 
peculiar to him in everything. Having also handed in a young ladv, the door 
claj)ped to, I'Vitz, the coachman, gave a rustling flourish with his lash, which 
produced a plunging motion in the leading horses reined in bv the postillions 
and striking flashes of fire lietween their heels and the pebbles beneath, while 

"Crack went the whi|). round went the wheels. 
As though High street were mad." 

His journey tn Ahiuut A'ernon was a procession in itself. He rode in a 
coach driven four-iu-haml and a valet led a saddle horse for his own use if he 
grew tired of occupying the carriage. lUit few men had an easier or more 
graceful seat in the saddle. .Born and reared in the comitry. he had from his 
early years been devoted to field sports and was considered the best horseman 
(if his day. There was not in all \ irginia a finer cross country rider. Before 
entering the carriage or taking the saddle, his secretaries, who rode on horse- 
back, stood at the heads of their steeds, holding them by the bridle until he 
was seated, then they would nmunt. gallci]) ahead and lead the cortege. 

He held weekU receptions in the dining hall, a large and spacious room on the 
first floor of his home, and here were to be foimd in attendance upon the levees, 
members of the leading Philadelphia fannlies. ofiicers of the Cabinet, foreign 
diplomats, senators, rejjresentatives, lawyers, doctors, and distinguished men 
of all classes. These gatherings made up a brilliant assemblage and they were 
recognized as the social feature of the city. I'pnn these occasions he was gen- 
erally attired in a black velvet coat, short breeches of the same material, silk 
stockings and low shoes. He wore yellow gloves, silver knee and shoe buckles, 
and carried at his side a long sword, with a polished steel hilt. His hair was 
powdered and gathered behind in a large silk bag. Ills cocked hat, adorned 
with a black feather, he carrieil gracefully under his arm. He never .shook 
hands with his visitors, but recognized each one with a polite bow, bending 
forward gracefully, and vet his manner was kindly and not at all repellent. 
"He was serious and reflecting." and in the language of Charles Biddle. "he 



WARWICK S KKVSTON'i; (( IM .XfON WEALT 1 1 . 



140 



was a must elegant figure, with so nnicli .lignity of manner that no person 
whatever could take any liberties with him." His countenance "never wore a 
frown or a smile," and there is no instance recorded of his having indulged in 
a hearty laugh nor in the telling of a story. If there was une feature of his 
character that stood out in b<ild relief it was his serenit\. his dignified C(.)ni- 




m:i.i. \\ \sii I \i, i( 



riii'j Fnisi' ri!i,siiii. \T (i|. I II I I \ 1 1|. i, 
St \\ IS. 



posure. .\llhougli naturally irritable in leniper he had so calmed and con- 
trolled it by resiilution that he seldom gave wa\ to his wralh. Twice, huw- 
evcr, his anger broke over all hounds, ,.uce .-it the T'.attle <if .Monmouth, when 
enraged at Lee's retreat, and again at a ( abinel meeting, when lir was chafiu"' 
under the scurrilous and, libt-lnus attacks of the infamous "( iazette." Ft was 
fortunate for the colonies that ;i man with the prudence, the I'esolmion, the 
jud,gnient, the patriotism and the integrity of Wa^hinglon coidd br found to 
lead their armies. It was even more I'orlunale for the Republic that such a 



j-Q WARWICK'S KEYSTONE COM MON WEALTH. 

man was found In inausuralc her -overnnK-nl. His aml.ilion was measiircl 
bv his c.u.nlrv-s -ood. Xo crown templed hini. and tyranny was to hmi a 
stran-cr He 'seems to have been raised up for the safety of his people and h,s 
countn- He was the one man of his time especially fitted for the task assi-ned 
bim 'AnK.no- all his cnteniporaries-and it was a day of great men-there 
was not one' who could have filled his place. He was not showy but sound 
Tie <li<l not <lazzle with a fla.sh, hut illumined with, a steady hglu. He dul not 
nronns. hut realized. He di<l nnt hoastfull> pre.lict. but modestly and patiently 
achieved success. He trusted in Divine i'rovidence. hut madly folUwed no 
star of destinv. In the darkest hour his soui was imt dismayed. When deteat 
overwhelmed.' he still hoped. When the timid quailed he stood undaunted 
He was -real because his aspirations were noble: because of his integrity aiul 
devotion 't.. truth : because he apiireciated the responsibility of <luty : because ot 
his sense of exact justice, and because of his sincere and intense love of coun- 
trv ■ H- motives were pure and his ideals lofty. He sank all consideration 
of self in his desire to discharge his duty to Cod. to his country, and to his tel- 
low-man There have been more acute minds, keener intellects, but few men 
have possessed sounder judgment. He reached conclusions slowly, but by 
safe metho.ls. He was a 'good listener, and he could weigh with accuracy the 
;u-estions of others. aiKl his judgment enabled him to select the best. So 
.rert'were the qualities of his mind that the strongest leaned on him with 
Confidence, and the bravest were inspired to enthusiasm. " Plan the battle, 
cried Mad Anthonv. -and Til capture hell! 

His infiuence, his wisdom guided the Republic sately through the eaily 
,,ars ,d her life, and left her so firmly established. with_ her course lor the 



future nut onlv m doniiestic but foreign policies so clearly defined, that our 

' .fetv is assured onlv when we travel the paths marked out by him Time 

will 'see orcat changes. The selfish ambition of man for power will bring 

h oc nd war, governments will dissolve, and new States wdl anse. despots 

..ill rule and dviiasties pass away, revolutions will shake thrones, and . narchv 

,,11 raise her hideous form, erect barricade and create con usion. but in a 

future acves the great figure of Wasliington in its grandeur of proportions . il 

s bo^e'the ^;u■ld•s tumult and destruction, pointing the way to liberty and 

.law His inrtuence will grow as the years increase and his example will 

liv. .hrecling and controlling the actions of man and the course ot nations 

u born. Once his sword as a victorious soldier and afteru^rds Ins power 

as -successful magi.strate he surrendered wiUinglv into the hands o his coun- 

„ the face of his life oppressors an<l usurpers have no defense no. 

xcus. to make for their wicked assumption and exercise of arbitrary power. 

^ifiS Ind personal ambition will ever be taught a lesson and rebuked by his 

""'T' pocket date book, owned by Washington, and in the possession of the 
Htmter familv of \-ir^inia. shows a hnman .ide of a great mans life. It ,s a 
m'd volume, bound in flexible leather, conUuning about one X-;- 1-^- 
rough paper, between the pages of which .here is a we "-■' /'^^ "^ ' ' 
1 aii^ a number of cash memorandums and was begun on the 25th of Mau 
^"4 A."ong the items may be found the following: "l,- cash won at .ards 



trvineii 
e 



wARWii K s Kl■;^■STO^•l■: C(jmmon'\vealtii. T51 

£2:^." (Jn -Mar. J^th. i^ writu-n "Credit Ci)!(iiicl Alasdii 1)y cash [la.iil Zach 
Bond, puttiiiL;- IV-w^ in my I'cw at I'nliicis, m shillings." 

In halancinj; acciiunts im Mar. J<)th it ajipi-'ars that he had "Cash on hand 
£2t)i:^:o": in t^^uhl, £35:3:1) in (le])reciateil dnhars, in "pist( /reens." in "ent- 
bitts," and in paper money. < 'n the same da\" W'asliinj^tnn made an entry of the 
purchase of four horses, am. mi; tlieni a sorrel m;ire with white mane and tail, 
the aggregate aniomit was aljuut £80 good \alne. There were many items 
showing amounts he had given to charity and his nmther was nnt forgotten in 
the distributions made. Then followed an entr\ about the middle nf tlii' mouth, 
"To cash won at cards £1." A few da\ s afterwar<ls the "Llnb at .Mrs. (.'amp- 
bell's got 5 shillings" and a mmvber of gentlemen with whom he pla\ed won 
15 shillings. Another entr\' shows that he spent "4 shillings at the club at 
SouthaH's." Another entr\ shows that he lost at cards £[:i8. He mure than 
evened up his hisses, however, b\ subseipiently winning £j:i<), and at aunlher 
sitting £1:10. Then on jinie 4th he lost 3 shillings, Richard C'harltun's clnb. 
These losses were followed b\- winning on other dates £i2:(i and £1:10. It 
will be seen b\- these items that although he was not a "phmger" at the gaming 
taljle he had no |)reiudice against jdaying for a wager. 

( )n June 15th he paid £1 and (> shillings for a pair of black silk hose, r 
shilling and d pence for a pair of garters which he states he bought for .Mr. 
Custis, and running through the accounts we hud that he paid "Cash for cakes 
at the electimi 13:3," and the ne.xt day he paid William Shaw on accoinit of ex- 
penses incident to the election £3:17:10. 

\'ice-I'resident .\dams, upon his arrival in this citv to assume the duties of 
his ofifice, occupied as his residence the old Ha*milton house on Bush Hill and 
it was not long before, folldwing the example nf hi> chief, he began to hdld 
stated receptions. They became famou-. for their Xew England hospitality 
but were not as statelv in form and as precise in eti(|uette as those given at 
the Washington .Mansion. 

L'pon the establishment of the national capital in Philadelphia, the city 
became the social and political centre of the coimtry. Members of the Cabinet 
and officials of the deiiartnients took up then- abode here. Thomas Jefferson, 
the .Secretary oi the State, was a born democrat. He was the very antithesis 
of Washington. He did not make the ostentatious display of the President. 
He did not drive in a great coach with cupids painted on the ])anels, with liv- 
eried outriders and with wand bearers preceding his equipage. He lived com- 
fortably and frugallv on ^Market street, near Seventh, .\lexander Hamilton, 
the Secretary of the Treasury, took up his abode at the southeast corner n\ 
Third and \\'almit streets; Henry Knox, Secretary of War, on his arrival, 
leased a house at Second near Dock street, later he tiioved to Chestnut street, 
and .\ttoruev-Ceneral Randolph resided in 'Vine street. 

Benjamin Franklin, whc) had retired from active p;irticipatiou in public 
affairs, was now advanced in life, and !i\ed in ,1 house located in a cuurl \.ard 
some distance from Afarket street on the south side between Tiiird and iMnu'th 
streets. He had grown to be :i "short, fat tnmched" uld ni;in, dressed in a 
plain Quaker garli. He was bald and the few locks he had remin'ning were 
white and were brnsbed back ;ind fell o\er his shoulders. Ingenious to the 



152 WARWICK S KEVSTONIC COM MO.N Wr..\I,Tll . 

last he had invented a "great armchair witli rockers and a large fan placed 
over it" which while he was reading or dozing not only kept him cool but also 
drove away the flies, which in those days, from all accounts, were found in 
every house in incredible numbers and might truthfully be termed a summer 
pest. lie had made a contrivance with an arm attached by which he could 
bring down a book from a top shelf of his library thus avoiding the use of a 
step ladder. His residence was the Mecca for visiting strangers from abroad, 
for he had a reputation in two worlds. On .\pril 17th. 1790, the old man after 
an active and useful life, died at the ripe age of 85 and was buried in the 
(.'hrisi Church burying groimd at i-'iftli and .\rch streets, by the side of his wife 
Deborah, who had died in 1774. The funeral procession was most impressive, the 
pallbearers were (iovernor Mififlin. Chief Justice McKean, Thomas Willing, 
Mayor Powell, William Bingham and David Rittenhouse. The clergy of all 
denominations. Christian and Jewish, marched in line together with judges, 
members of the bar, faculty and students of the College of Philadelphia and 
members of the Philosophical Society and the College of Physicians. The bells 
were muffled and tolled during the period he was carried to the grave, and 
minute guns were fired at intervals. A marble slab rests upon his grave, bear- 
ing the simple inscription : 

Benjamin and Deborah Franklin. 
1790. 

The following characteristic epitaph had been prepared l)v himself but 
was not inscribed upon the stone that marks his grave : 

THE I'.ODV 

of 

BENJA.\n.\' FR.WKLIX, PRI\Th:R. 

(Like the cover of an old book. 

Its contents torn out. 

And stripped of its lettering and gilding) 

Lies here food for worms. 

Yet the work itself shall not be lost. 

For it will (as he believes) a])pear once more 

In a new 

And more beautiful editinn 

Corrected and amended 

by 

THE .\UTli(Jk. 

There is nothing that so unites communities distant from each other as 
ease and speed of communication, and from the earliest days in the history of 
the Colonies there had been every effort made to establish a postal service. As 
early as 1683, William Penn established a Post Office, and granted to Henry 
Waldy, of Tacony, authority to hold one and "to supi)ly passengers with horses 
from Philadelphia to Newcastle, or to the I'alls." Post offices at an early date. 



WAKWIlK S KEVSTOM-: COM MON WEAI.TH . I S,S 

too, were estal)li.slK'il in New Jersey. \'iri;iiiia, AFarNlantl and iMassachnsetts, 
but the time schedule was very uncertain. Muddy roads in the summer, and 
snow storms in the winter, delayed progress. In 1722, the "(lazette" savs, "We 
have been these three da}'s expectinsj the Xew York post as usual, but he is Udt 
yet arrived although three days over his time." In lyiq there was a fortnight 
post between New York and Philadelphia. In 1753, the delivery of letters by 
the penny post was first begun. In 1753, hnwever, the Postmaster-General, 
P)enjamin I'ranklin, annoimced that hereafter the winter northern mail fnim 
Philadelphia to New England would start once a week all the year around. In 
1744, John Perkins engageil to ride post haste tn carr\ the mail once a week 
to Baltimore and to take along or bring back led horses, or any parcels. This 
was the first time in the history of the countrv that the Parcels Post was intro- 
duced. These lines were gradually extended in every direction, and when the 
Second Congress met in May, 1775, a committee was appointed to report a 
scheme for a post "for conveying letters and intelligence throughout the Con- 
tinent," and the Postmaster-Cieneral, located in Philadelphia, was instructed 
"to form a line of Posts from Falnidutli, X'ew England, to Savannah, in Ceor- 
gia, with cross Posts where needful." There were relays at a distance nf twen- 
ty-fi\e miles apart. "The postmen were tn travel l>y night and l)v day, and to 
be faithful men and true." In 1770, the Post "was regulated to arrive and set 
out twice a week at the iilace where Congress shall be sitting, and gn as far 
north as Boston in one directidU, and as far south as Charlestdii in audther." 
In 1785. during the peri()<l which we are consiilering, Pittsburgh was begin- 
ning to assume some ].)rulH>rtidn^. It had a ]idpulation of about f(.>ur hundred 
inhabitants, and thev lived principa11\- in Idg huts, but a post rider was sent 
between Philadelphia and that town ;it regular intervals. In this same \ear of 
1785, Philadelphia received the mails fron.i Xew York three times a week .■ind 
from Baltimore once a week, the stages set out daily fniui New York, starting 
at four o"clr)ck in the morning, stopping to take up [lassengers at the Indian 
King and Indian Queen Taverns. Passengers, barring accidents and neces- 
sary delays were supposed to reach New ^'<irk the following morning in tune 
for breakfast. Although progress was being made and distances shortened, 
these were tar<ly methods at the best and if they had continued it is a grave 
question whether the Republic would ever have reached its present dimensions. 
In fact, it was contended that it would be impossible to admit to the I'nidu 
of States the far western Territories, for the representatives to Congress woulil 
have to spend most of their time du the rdad .going to and returning fruui the 
sessions. 

But at this time there were men of inventive minds who were solving the 
problems of locomotion bv steam. John Fitch was bdrn in Cdunecticut. in 
[743. lie was a man without education, but of inventive genius, and seems to 
have been followed by misfortune from his very cradle. He was an itinerant 
clock rei)airer and traveled afoot through the country regulating the did (d- 
lonial lime-pieces, lie was a gun-smith and afterwards an ai'uiv sutler during 
the Revolutionary War. Then he followed land surveying in Kentucky, where 
he was captured by the Indians and for seven months was a prisoner of war, 
when he was exchanged and returneil to I'.ucks C ciunt\' in ibis State. At this 



154 



WARWICK S KKVSTO.Mv COM MON WEAI. I 1 1 . 



I)(>itit ill his life be lurncil his attention to the eimstniction of a steam engine. 
He was totally without means, and sought assistance not only from Congress, 
but from the State Legislatures. He sought the advice of Franklin, but he 
does not seem to have received much encouragement from that quarter. .\t 
last he raised sufficient monev to enable hitu to construct a vessel which he ex- 
hibited on the Delaware in 1786. It was proi)elled by twelve oars, six on each 
side — the idea of wheels had not occurred to his mind — it was a rude, primitive 
sort of aiifair, as such beginnings are, but it proved that he had the proper prin- 
ciple. Driven bv the steam engine, his craft proceeded up the Delaware against 
wind and tide. Several members of the Constitutional Convention were in- 
vited to take a trial trip in the little vessel, and although they marvelled greatly 
at his ingenuity, they were not wise enough to appreciate its utility. Earnestly 
and determinedly, however, he pushed his work, but so pinched was he for 
money that he made but little progress. The machinery was not well constructed, 
delays and accidents would happen, and many wise-acres ridiculed it as a toy, 
without any feature of practical utility. He went so far, however, as to estab- 
lish communication between Philadelphia and Trenton Falls, but the enterprise 

made no adequate financial returns, 
and at last, overcome by disaster, mis- 
fortune and (lisa])[)ointment, he took 
his life by an excessive dose of ano- 
d\nes in the year I7C)8, in Kentucky. 
In one of his journals, in a spirit of 
despair, he entered this pathetic and 
touching jirediction and sentiment: 
"The dav will come when some more 
powerful man will get fame and riches 
from my invention, but nobodv will 
believe that ]X)or John Fitch can do 
anything worthy of attention." 

James Rumsey and Oliver Fvans were also turning their attention to the 
problems of steam locomotion, not only on water but on land. It remained, 
however, for Robert Fulton who at that time was a resident in Philadelphia, 
whose house according to the Directory was located at the corner of Second 
and Walnut streets, and his vocation given as that of a miniature painter, to 
impress the world with his later invention which had the advantage of being an 
improvement over the prior primitive ones, and to him is given the honor of 
being the first builder of a successful steamboat. 

l<"rom these humble beginnings has developed a system that has revolution- 
ized the early methods of travel and transportation. The Constitution made 
us a united people, while steam and electricity have been the means to bind us 
more closely and to bring within easy communication the most distant parts 
of our vast empire. Indeed, without their aid. the building of the empire itself 
might not have been possil)le. The sailing vessel, the jiackhorse, the stage 
coach, the Conestoga wagon have lieen supplanted as means of transportation 
by the steamship and the locomotive. A letter that took days to reach its des- 
tination can now be mailed in the morning and delivered before nightfall. 




'I'liK I'lKST STKA.\n;(i.\i tU'ii.T i:v .liiiiN I'lren. 



WAKWRKS KICVSTUXIC C(l M M( IX Wl-l Al/r II . I55 

The new Xatimial ailministration started well on its career, and nnder the 
guidance of Alexander Jlamilton. one nf the al)lest financiers tliis or an\ other 
country ever produced, provision was made at once for the raising of revenue. 
He established the credit of the government by providing for the pavment of 
the mone}- due to France that we had burrowed during the Revdlution and to 
pay the debts we owed to the soldiers and to those citizens who had made 
loans to the Government during the war. The United States liank was cre- 
ated in 171)1, and a Mint was established at I'liilaiiel[>hia in the following \ear. 
Money was soon put into circulation which became the coin of the realm 
and had a like purchasing value in all the States of the Union. In ijcjo the 
first census was taken, and showed a pnpulation in the whole C(iuntr\- of nearU 
four millions, while that of Philadelphia was 42,500 and if including the out- 
lying districts of Northern Liberties, Southwark, Moyamensing and Passyunk 
45,000. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

states-c;eneral meets at Versailles. openiiVG of the french revolution. 

CITIZEN genet, minister OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC REACHES THIS CITY. 
FEIEI) AND BANQUETED. OFFENSIVE CONDUCT OF THE FRENCH MINISTER 
INDUCES HIS RECALL. PUBLICATION OF "THE .\URORA." YELLOW FEVER VISI- 
TATION. STEPHEN GIRARD SER\TJS AS NURSE IN THE HOSPITALS. A REIGN 
OF TERROR IN FRANCE. INDIAN INSURRECTION. WAYNE's VICTORY AT THE 
FALLS OF MIAMI. EXPIR.\TION OF WASHINGTON'S SECOND TERM. JOHN 
.\DAMS ENTERS UPON HIS ADMINI.STR.\TION. WASHINGTON TAKES HIS DE- 
PARTURE FOR MOUNT VERNON. AMERICAN MINISTERS INSULTED BY FRENCH 
AGENTS. \V.\R DECLARED BETWEEN FRANCE AND UNITED STATES. WASH- 
INGTON APPOINTED COil.MANDER-IN-CIIIBF. RECURRENCE OF THE YELLOW 
FEVER. DEATH OF WASHINGTON. 

AlUJL' T llic time the new <;nvc'ri>niL-iu was beiiii^ inauijuratcd in America, 
the .^tates-Geiieral met at \ ersailles in France. It was composed of 
nieml)ers chosen from the nnl)iHt\', the clcrgA' and the common peo- 
ple, tile delegates of the latter order representing what was called 
the third estate. I'nder the Hourbon regime, France had been reduced to a 
condition verging upon actual bankruptcy, and an appeal had to be made to the 
King to call the Three Orders together to provide some method to meet the 
payment of the current expenses of the government. The Bourbon princes had 
waged useless and e.\])ensive wars, and had impoverished the people bv their 
profligacy and extravagance. The brilliant and corrupt court, to maintain its 
luxurw had imi)osed so oppressive a taxation that the people had been reduced 
to pnvertv and starvation. For centuries these conditions had prevailed, every 
year going from bail tn worse. The injustice and tyranny of the ruling classes 
produced a revolutiou that was one of the most violent upheavals recorded in 
the history of governnieiUs ;imong men. "The r""rench Revolution," said De 
Tocqueville, "was least of all a fortuitous event. It is true that it took the 
world by surprise and yet it was only the completion of travail most prolonged, 
the sudden and violent termination of a work on which generations had been 
laboring." Tin- States-Cieneral, unable to bring the orders together, was trans- 
formed into a National .\ssembly, composed of representatives of the third 
estate, and a small number of the nol)ility and the clergy. The convention was 
immediately organized and an oath taken by the members not to separate until 
thev bail established a Constitution for France. They ]>roceeded at once to 
make rapid and sweeping changes, h'irst was issued a Declaration of Rights, 
then followed among other things the abolition of all titles of nobility, the con- 
fiscation of Church property, the issuance of assiquats and the funding of the 
public debt. 

The remembrance of the aid that France had given to us during the Revo- 
lution created a synipathv in the hearts of our people for the effort she was 

156 



WARWKK S KK-iSTO.NE t(iM M ().\ WMALT H . 157 

making in the cause of refurni ami libert_\ . Wlien the Maslile, that hated dun- 
geon of agony and despair fell on July fourteenth, 1780, in Paris, the event was 
celebrated in Philadelphia by the marching of large bodies of men and boys 
through the streets, singing national airs. .Banquets were held and toasts were 
drunk to French success. In ( )ctol>er. a mob of French women, poured out of the 
faubourgs of Paris, marched to A'ersailles, and brought the King and (Jueen cap- 
tives to the city. The Revolution was fairly on, and proceeded rapidl\', step after 
step until it reached the period known as the Reign of Terror. The guillotine 
was set up, and scenes were enacted that beggar descrijjtion. Louis XVI. was 
brought to trial, condemned and executed. 

In the Spring of 1793. Citizen Genet, the Minister of the French Republic, 
reached this city. He was received by the people with every demonstration of 
joy, but Washington, who had been shocked by the news from the French capi- 
tal, looked askance at the new ambassador, and quickly divined his motives. 
Genet was a wild and an enthusiastic Republican, whose mind had been inflamed 
bv the exciting scenes of the French Revolution, and he was about the last man 
to entrust with the important office of Amljassador. He acted without judg- 
ment, at times without reason, he even went so far as to defy the President, 
and would willingly have thrown the Lhiited States into a war with luigland, 
for at that time lireat Britain had joined the alliance against France. A mag- 
nificent banquet was spread in his honor at Oeller's Hotel, at which Charles 
Riddle presided. The flags of America and France were closely entwined, 
and the red cap of the Jacobins was used as a decoration. Citizen Genet sang 
with great effect the stirring hymn of the Marseillaise, while the diners joined 
enthusiastically in the chorus, b^very toast was (|uafifed with beakers of wine, 
and anathemas were hurled upon the despots who endeavored to make the peo- 
ple slaves. Reception after reception was given to the Ambassador, and at 
one banquet, the head of a pig, t\pif>ing the decapitation (}f the French King, 
was passed around on a great salver, and as each guest [nit on the "bonnet 
rouge'" he thrust a knife into the throat cif the pig. at the same time exclaim- 
ing the Word "'Pyrant" thus expressing his contempt for Liiuis X\'l. A vast 
majority of the people, carried away by their enthusiasm, denounced the gov- 
ernment for not taking an active part and expressing sympathy with France in 
the efifort she was making to secure her freedom. Washington, Adams, Ham- 
ilton and a number of other leading conservative men, feared that if this ex- 
citement was not halted, some overt act might be done which would involve us 
in international difficulties, and the President wisely declared for a policy of 
strict neutrality. French i)rivateers carried their prizes into American waters. 
"L'Ambuscade," a French vessel, brought the llritish ship "Grange" into port 
and confiscated her cargo. Cjenet was ordered immediately to surrender the 
captured shi]). but feeling strong in the supjjorl of the peo|ilc, nlused to com 
|>ly with the demand and even went .so far as to undertake to fit out in our 
harbor, a privateer under the name of "La Petite Pemorrati-." There w;is noth- 
ing now left but to demand the instant recall of the I'^i-ench .Minister, and 
Washington did this without ilelay. This action upon the part of llie Presi- 
dent, strange to say, met with the disapproval of the \'ast majority of the peo- 
Ijle. The spirit of the times even entered into the private conferences of the 



158 WAKWICk's KICVSTOXI: COMMOXWICAr.TII. 

Cabinet. Jetterson was a slroii^^ synipathizfr with the re\nlutiijni>ls. and he 
and I laniilton had many stormy disputes at the Cabinet meetings. About tliis 
time the term of the President was expiring, and although Washington's luke- 
warmness in the cause of France had created against him many enemies, it did 
not ])revcnt his unauiuious re-election. ( ienet was recalled liy his government, 
and sank immediate!) out of sight. 

In 1790, h'ranklin's grandson, lienjamiu l-"rauklin Baclie. began the publi- 
cation of a paper called "The Ceneral .\dvertiser," but which afterwards 
changed its name to that of "'riie Aur(jra." This paper was most savage in 
its abuse of the President and his policies, and openly denoiuiced him as a 
Monarchist. Put these attacks were tame as coiupared with those in the "Na- 
tional Gazette,'" a paper edited by a Frenchman named Freneau who had been 
requested to come to this city a.nd take charge of that journal at Jefferson's 
express invitation. Jefferson soon saw thai, he could not with any decency 
remain a niemlier nf the Cabinet and he sent in his resignation. 

Notwithstanding the reports that came across the water from the French 
Capital as to the cruel acts of the mob, the J'rench fever did not subside, and 
crowds marched through the streets of the city as savage in disposition as the 
mobs in Paris, wearing the tri-color cockade and the "bonnet rouge," singing 
in chorus the "Marseillaise" and the wild strains of the "la ria," and at intervals 
dancing the Carmagnole. The only feature lacking was the bearing aloft on a 
pike the bloody head of an aristocrat. "Ten thousand people in the streets of 
Philadelphia," wrote John .Vdams, "threatened to drag Washington out of his 
house and effect a revolution, or compel the government to declare war in 
favor of the French Revolution and against England." 

Young women dressed in h'rench costumes and affected I'rench manners, 
while young men sat at tables on the pavements in front of the Inns and Coft'ee 
Houses, as at the cafes in Paris, siiiping their wines and liqueurs and address- 
ing each other as Citizen So and S<i in accordance with the custom that pre- 
vailed among the revolutionists in France. Some enthusiasts went so far as 
to cro]) their hair at the temples and wear it after the fashion of the Jacobins 
and the sansculottes. 

While these scenes were at their full height, a yellow iilague stalked 
suddenly into the city, scattering broadcast the seeds of death and desolation. 
It was so dcadlv and devastating in its touch that it caused to subside at once 
all political excitement. There had lieen m.iny visitati(.>ns of yellow fever in 
the past, but nothing as compared with tlie present epidemic. It was supposed 
to have been brought into the ]>iirl In sliijis coming from the West Indies. 
The citv was ilh- jirepared to recei\e it, for the sanitary regulations were very 
imperfect, there ].)cing nothing but surface drainage and no system of effec- 
tive quarantine. Infected vessels came up the river without hindrance, while 
sailors were allowed to go ashore without inspection, ami in consequence the 
seeds of the disease were sjiread in every direction. The authorities at once 
tock means to stav the progress of the ])lague. The streets and out houses 
were cleaned, and everv stagnant pool was drained. The tiring of guns and 
heavy ordnance was ordered, the authorities believing that the concussion would 
agitate the atmosphere and carry away the germs. Bon-fires were kindled in 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MOX WEALTH. I59 

the streets and they lilazed hy night and li\- da\- until thc\- threatened the citv 
with a general conflagration. The custom of hand shaking was dispensed with, 
and no one thought of stopping on the highway to converse with a friend. 
In every direction upon the streets were seen men whose noses and mouths 
were covered with cloths or sponges saturated with camphor or some [jungent 
drug, while others had their ears and nostrils stufTed with woo! or cotton. 
Even smoking was indulged in by women, it being thought that the fumes of 
tobacco would counteract tlie influence of the germs. Men walked in the mid- 
dle of the streets to avoid contact with passers-by, and also to keep as far 
away as possible from the doors of the houses in which patients were lying 
and dying. All sorts of charms and amulets were worn, even to bits of tarred 
rope, but nothing could prevent the rapid sprea<l of the disease. When the 
plague was at its height, men fell dead in the jiublic streets and in some cases 
their bodies remained there for a long while before the authorities could make 
preparation for their removal. The undertakers were over-ta.xed and death 
carts rumbled through the streeets b\- night and In da\-, as the victims were 
carried to a common grave, for the funerals were without ceremony. All so- 
cial entertainments, receptions and parties were aband(_ined and the atmosphere 
was filled with a stench that was sickening in itself. The city seemed to be 
covered with a pall. Shops, churches, schools and offices were closed, and 
grass grew in many of the streets. Farmers were afraid to bring their pro- 
duce to the markets, and provisions necessarily rose to a very high figure. So 
terrifying was the attack of the plague that all people who were able to leave 
the city, packed up their etifects and departed. The roads were crowded with 
coaches, carriages and wagons of every description hurrying away to places 
of safety. There were two thousand seven hundred and twenty-eight houses 
vacant in the cit\-, the inmates having fled, and considerably less than twenty- 
five thousand people remained to face the dreadful pestilence. (_)f course, the 
reports carried out of the city were greatly exaggerated and in consequence, the 
gates of other cities were closed against the refugees. Xew York and Balti- 
more placed soldiers on guard by night and by day on the roads leading from 
Philadelphia. \\'ilmington was one of the few towns that extended a heliiing 
hand. One Jersey farmer who ventured to come to market, said the city 
looked as \-ellow as the pumpkins in his patch, and as he passed an o|)en door 
of a dwelling the stench issuing therefrom was so great as to knock him down 
sprawling on the pavement. The science of medicine was in a primitive state, 
and the disease baffled the skill of the best practitioners. Nurses could not be 
found, and in many instances men, women and children died without receiv- 
ing the slightest care or attention, although be it said to the honor of the medi- 
cal profession, the doctors as a rule stood by their jiost, and this in the face 
of the fact that parents abandoned their children ,ind children llieir parents. 
When the fever was high, the disease was accomjianied by a black vomit, which 
was a sure sign of approaching death. There were some noble instances of 
self sacrifice, and a number of people were brave enough to offer their services 
as nurses in the hosi)itals. Inmates of the jail agreed to discharge this duty 
provided they were gi\-en their freedom, and .some of them performed efficient 
service. The Afavor, Matthew Clarkson, stood valiantU bv his dutv. 



i6o Warwick's kicvstoxic com mii.\wi;ai.i ii. 

A young Frenchnian. Stephen Girard, who at this time was comparatively 
mikiiiiwii. and had a pnivision store in l'"rcint sircct. l)ecame a nnrse. and at 
the risk of his own hfe watched over the suffering and the dying in the house 
of pestilence, it had hecn an opjjrcssively hot. rainless summer, and the weather 
had added to the virulence of the disease. .\s the autumn approached, how- 
ever, the scourge hegan to ahatc and in Xovemher, (lovernor Mifflin issued a 
proclamation ap])ointing a day of thanksgiving and ])rayer. A feeling of con- 
fidence w'as gradually restored, people returned to their homes, shops opened, 
husincss was resuiiicil and tin- city once nxire as^umeil its old tiniu appearance 
and activity. .\])proximatelv tive thousand had hecn swept away hy the ter- 
rihle plague, or aliout twenty-two per cent, of all the people who had remained 
in the city during its continuance. 

Upon a return to normal conditions, the French fever w'as revived. Marie 
.A-ntoinctte, the dethroned Queen of France, had gone to the scaffold in Octo- 
ber, and her executiiin had been fullowed by that of the Girondins, but the 
Reign of Terror had not yet reached its height, for a struggle was now on be- 
tween the factions, which resulted in the execution one after the other of 
Hebert, Dantnn and Jvobespierre. 

During the Reign of Terror the gutters of Paris ran red with blood. The 
guillotine was surrounded daily by crowds who watched the executions of the 
condemned without emotion. The tumbrils, filled with victims, were followed 
on their way to the scaffold by hags and harridans who hurled their impreca- 
tions against the aristocrats. So numerous were the executions that a special 
sewer was constructed at the guillotine to carry awa\ the blood of the victims. 
These scenes were not confined alone to Paris, for the massacres in some of 
the cities such as Lyons, Toulon and Nantes were even worse in their details 
than the exectuions in the Capital. Men, w'omen and children were ranged in 
platoons and raked with musketr\' and artillery. Vessels crow'ded with victims 
were towed out into deep water and scuttled. Men boasted <if their cruelty. 
One creature strutted ariunid with his pocket filled with ears, wdiile another 
wore as a badge in the band of his hat the finger of a little child. At the fall 
of Toulon, Fondle, writing to a friend. Collet d"Herbois. exultantly said: 
"This night we send two hundred and thirteen rebels into hell fire. Tears run 
down my cheeks and fill my soul with joy. " 

Intoxicated with the strong wine of the Revolution, men seemed to be lost 
to every sentiment of humanity. Perhaps these events in details did not reach 
America, but information enough was received to show the savagery of the 
I^evolutioui^ts. The peo])le. however, were so imbued with a spirit of devo- 
tion to I'rance that these ri-ports did not sober tliem. "\\'lu-u will the savages 
be satiated with blood?" exclaimed John .\dams in despair. The news of every 
French victor\' was made the occasion of a celebration and one of the favorite 
toasts was. ".May t\ratUs never be withheld from the guillotine's closest em- 
braces." On the eleventh of June, "a grand festival" was held "to celebrate 
the annivcrsar\- of the abolition of despotism in France." The celebration was 
one of the most remarkable e\cr witnessed in Philadelphia, and lasted from 
earh morning tnuil sunset, and even after that during the night crowds marched 
through the cilv in their wild frenz\- singing the ^larscillaise. Minister F:ui- 



W \ia\ U K S KEYSTONE ( ( IM M I IX W I ; \l. 1 1 1 . 



lOl 



chet had succeeded (lenet. and he tonk a pruniineiu part in llie dciiionslratiuns, 
arousing the people to frenzy Ijv liis pa^^illllate appeals. 

About this time occurred the \Vliiske\- Rebellion in western l\nn>\i\ania, 
to which we have already referred in a ])revii>us cha]>ter. 

The Indians were Rivin.t;- considerable trouble in the ( >liio vallew and 
General \\'ayne, one nf the most popular officers of the Revolution auil who 
was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army Ijy WashiniL;ti)n, led an army 
into that section and wim a decisive victury in Au.iiust, 1704. at the I'alls of 
the Miami. Wayne's return was wel- 
comed with ever\- denn mslration of 
]o\ and h\- the firini^' of .^'iins and the 
rinj^inc; of hells. 

Friction had been created between 
Eufjland and America by the part we 
had taken in the espousal of the 
French cause, and Washington deem 
ed it of importance to send an .\m- 
bassador tn the .I'.ritish Court to have 
an understandintj and if possil)lc to 
effect a treaty. John Jay, a jironiinent 
Federalist, wh.:) had been Chief Jus- 
tice of the Supreiue Court since its es- 
tablishment, was chosen f(.ir the mis- 
sion, .^o unpi:]pular was his a])point- 
ment that the people gathered m the 
public streets and burnt him in eftigx'. 
The English had neglected to abandon 
their forts in the valky of the ( )hio 
as they had agreed to do under the .\r- 
ticles of Peace, and they had given 
comfort, aid and shelter to the Indi- 
ans, but since the signal defeat of the 
savages at the hands of (General \\"a\ ne 
the road was made comparatively 
easy traveling to effect a settlement with the British Court. When the terms 
of the treaty, however, were made known in Philadelphia, ni lul\. 1705, there 
was at once a violent outburst ami Jay was again burnt in effigy, together wilh 
a fac-simile copy of the treat\ he had made. The anti-F.nglish '^entinieiU was si . 
strong that no matter what the terms of the agreement had bt'en lhe\ would not 
have met with public ap]iroval. 

The time was approaching when the Presidential term of Washington 
was about to expire, and hv called hi> Cabinet officers around him .and in- 
formed them that it was his pm-posc to publisli ;i farewell address to the peo- 
ple. This notable address was prepared and published in "The Advertiser" on 
September nineteenth, i7o'i- It made a (lee|i impression np<in the ]inlilic niiml. 
Notwithstaniling the .abuse that had been heaped upon him b\ his enenu'os. 
Washington was still dear in the hearts of the peopU- because of the signal 




I ii:.M-:i{ Ai. Ax'i'iioNV Wayne. 



l()2 WARWKKS KliVSTOXF, COM .M( l.N WKAI.TII. 

services he had rciidercil the Kt-puhUc in the early and tentative years of its 
career. On his birtliday, the twenty-second of February, lie held a pubHc 
reception, at which he took occasion to say farewell to his friends. It was the 
last function of his ])ublic life. The reception rooms were crowded and there 
was a feeling of sadness in every heart and at times the President's emotions 
were so great that he himself could not control them. He remained to witness 
the inauguration ceremonies of his successor, and at the Ixuiquet given upon 
that occasion he filled his glass and said, with tears in his voice and eyes: 
"Ladies and gentlemen, this is the last time ] shall drink your health as a pub- 
lic man. I do it with sincerity and wishing y(.)U all possible happiness." ( )n 
the tla_\- of the inauguration of Mr. Adams, Washington, at the termination of 
the ceremonies, was followed to his house by a great crowd of people who 
cheered him to the echo. When he was about to enter the doors of his home, 
he turned ari.nnd to adtlress the multitude. Dr. Duer. describing the incident 
says, ''His countenance assumed a serious and almost melancholy expression, 
his voice failed him, his eyes were suffused with tears, and only by his ges- 
tures could he indicate his thanks anil convey a farewell blessing to the people." 
In the afternoon he called upon the President to pay his final respects. That 
same day he was given a dinner by the merchants of the city, and on Thursday, 
the ninth of March, he and his family took up their departure for .Mnunt \'er- 
non, where he hoped to pass the remaining years of his life in rpiiet and repose, 
Nellie Custis in writing to a friend about this time said, "Grandpa is very 
well and well pleased with being once more farmer \\'ashington." Great as he 
was in his life and deeds he was never greater in any period of his career than 
when he laid down his robes of office and retired to private life, and set an 
example to his successors, fixing two terms as the limit of occupancy of the 
great office as President. 

John Adams entered upon his administration handicapped by the prestige 
of his predecessor. Even the most violent enemies of Washington were in a 
measure restrained in their alnise and criticism by reason of his great ]jer- 
sonality and record. Adams, on the other hand, did not have this protection, 
and "The Aurora" brought its batteries into line to open a campaign of vituper- 
ation. Modern newspaiier criticism is weak and vapid as compared with the 
persecution to which he was subjected. Because of his anti-French sentiment 
he was called an aristocrat and a monarchist. He was addressed as "His Ro- 
tundity, the Duke of Braintree" — alluding to his home in Massachusetts — and 
"His Serene Highness." There was no act he did that was not misconstrued, 
there was no speech he made that was not misinterpreted, and for four years, 
or during the whole of his administration, these attacks continued witliout 
abatement, and at the end of his term the ".\urora" declared "he was cast of 
God as polluted water out of the back door." 

There was, however, about thi> time ;! slight change in public sentiment. 
The b'rench were enraged because we did not espouse their cause and render 
them aid in their war against Great Ilritain. They captured our merchant 
vessels upon the seas and carried them into b'rench ports, and they acted in 
such a way as to make war inevitable. .\t this juncture, John Marshall, 
Charles C'otesw'orth I'inckney and F.lbridge Gerry were sent to I-'rance upon a 



W'AKWUK S KICVSTOiNE CUM M(J.\ WKAL'n I . \i>J, 

diplomatic mission tu patch up an agreement and if p(.)ssible to elTect an un- 
derstanding with the Revohitionists. Upon their arrival the French authori- 
ties gave them a cold welcome and as time ran on treated them with insult 
and insolence. They were approached by private agents representing the gov- 
ernment who made demands for mone)', and threatened war unless they were 
bribed to keep the peace, i'inckney, most indignant at this proposition, made 
the famous replv. "Arillions f<Tr defence, but not one cent for tribute!" A full 
report of this matter was transmitted to Congress and aroused a spirit of re- 
sentment in the hearts of all the people. Instead of buying peace we were 
ready to fight for it at any cost, no matter what the result. Alarshall, after 
these unsuccessful negotiations with the French authorities, returned to the 
United States. He was met at Frankf(jrt on June nineteenth, 171)!^, ij>' the 
First Citv Troop, and amid the ]iealings of Christ I'hurch bells and the c1u\ts 
of a great crowd of people he was conducted tii the City Tavern. The mob 
now, instead of singing the Marseillaise, shouted out as its .Shibboleth, "Mil- 
lions for defence, but not one cent for tribute !" and sang in chorus the new 
patriotic song. "Hail Columbia," which had recently been CdUipnsed l>y Jiisei)li 
Hopkinson, of this city. Before the arrival of Marshall, Citizen Adet, the 
French ^linister, broke off diplomatic relations with the United States and 
issued an address to the people urging them to arise and overthrow their gov- 
ernment, but he soon, like his predecessors, passed out of sight and was for- 
gotten. The withdrawal of the Minister was in itself a declaration of war. 

President Adams had set aside as a day of fasting and prayer for divine 
guidance, the eighth of May, 1798. This was about a month Ijcfore Mr. Mar- 
shall reached the city. Instead of carrying out the purpose of the President, the 
day was devoted to violence and mob rule. Crowds appeared upon the streets 
wearing the black and the tri-color cockades, the former an anti- and the latter 
a pro-French badge. It did look as if the factions would clash in deadly con- 
flict. At no time in the history of the city had the mobs been so violent, and 
so near a bloody revolution. The French sympathizers gathered about the door 
of the President's mansion on Market street and threatened him with assas- 
sination. The situation was so desperate that the domestics in the house armed 
themselves "determined to sacrifice their lives" in his defence or "to make a 
desperate sally among the multitude." To preserve the peace, Governor Mif- 
flin ordered a patrol of horse and foot to disperse the mob. 

After the war between France and the United States broke out, Wash- 
ington was named Commander-in-Chief of our forces and coming to this city 
took up his lodgings in North Eighth street. While here, he received every 
attention, but he remained oidy for a short time, for when Xapnleon lionaparte 
came into power peace was speedily made. The war spirit and the anti- 
French sentiment, however, did not in anv wise bring popularity to President 
Adarns. The Alien and Sedition Laws called down upon his head a storm of 
condemnation. The battle of the I'ederalists, however, was taken up b\ llie 
"Gazette of the United States," a paper published by a man named John 
Fenno, but he was carried away by the yellow fever in 171)^. lie had a facile 
pen, a commanding style and really was a journalist of .great ability. Ilis 
paper, by its reasonable, logical and conservative arguments had great inllu- 



104 WAKWU K s K|■.^•sT(>^■I•: com monwe.m.th. 

encc aiiioiit;- tlic tliiiikiii,i:i ih'(i])1c of tlic city. William Cobljet. a ireiicliaiU 
writer, also took up the rrauntlct in behalf of the Federalists, but he was so 
impulsive and vituperative that he kept himself and his friends constantly in 
hot water. He too was handicapped by the fact that he was a born English- 
man. The editors of the opposing- papers, however, when it came to a combat 
of words, were not in the same class with him, for his abuse and satire 
could not be surpassed. At times he was too bitter and caused a reaction. He 
was like a cavalryman who .y;oes into battle with a sword as sharp as a razor 
and wdio is apt to do more damage to himself and his horse than he is to the 
enemy. He became involved in a libel suit, lost the case and was pauperized 
b\' the verdict. 

livery year since the dreadful epidemic of yellow fever of 1793, the city 
had suffered a return of the pestilence, but in 1797 the scourge raged with un- 
usual violence. The people had learned, however, by experience, to take sen- 
sible precautions against its spread. Everybody set about burning brim-stone, 
scrubbing floors and whitewashing cellars and walls. Streets, alleys, lanes and 
courts were cleansed of their filth and the plague in a measure was stayed, but 
in 1798, the following year, the fever again visited the eity and the conditions 
more nearly approached those of 1793 than at any other time. Its appearance 
created a panic, and the people took flight in every direction. Fifty to sixty 
thousand inhabitants departed for other cities or else to find lodgment in the 
country districts. .All the dreadful scenes of 1793 were re-enacted. The 
streets were deserted, business ceased, men suddenl\ taken ill, crept into the 
vacant houses and died there, and it was da_\s before their bodies were discov- 
ered. The whole city became lifeless and men looked at each other aghast. 
Friendships were ignored and family relations forgotten. It was each man 
for himself. Hilary Baker, who had succeeded Matthew Clarkson as Mayor, 
was carried away bv the epidemic. .\ man who left his family in the morning 
would not know whether they would see him in the evening or whether they 
would be there upon his return. .\s in prior years. Stephen Girard remained 
in the city and gave comfort and aid at the risk of his life to the poor and suf- 
fering. ( )n the return of the cold weather, the fever subsided, but was fol- 
lowed in 17<;9 by another epidemic, but not so violent in its character. 

( )n the night of the sevciiteeiuh nf December. \/')<). a courier brought in- 
formation to the city of Philadelphia of the death of General Washington 
which had occurred three da\s befurc. The news stag.gered the jieople. for 
they now recalled the services he had rendered and the deeds he had accom- 
plished in their behalf. Congress Hall was drajied in black, and emblems of 
mcinrniug were displa\e(l thmughoiit the city. ,\ solenni funeral procession 
started from the State House and preiceeded to Christ Church. The military 
headed the column, the drums were muffled and the bells tolled throughout the 
day. Clergymen of .all denominations w.alked in line, two by two. The bier 
was carried by soldiers, followed by a riderless white horse, w-ith a pair of 
boots reversed thrown across the saddle. Bishop White pronounced the fun- 
eral service, and General Henry I.ee. "Light Horse Harry." delivered a touch- 
intr oration. 



CHAPTER XV. 



REMO\'AL OF NATIONAL CAPITAL. ROBERT MORRIS. MRS. 1!I NGII AM. THE ASSEM- 
BLY. .MtlDE OF LlVIN'c;. FIRST WATER WORKS. STEPHEN GIRARl). 

TN 1800, the seat of government was removed from riiiladelphia to Wash- 
ington. At this time the new capital was still a harren waste. A few 
buildings were scattered here and there, hut the place had ikj appear- 
ance of a town and gave no indications of ever becoming a thriving 
settlement. The President's house was still in course of constructinn and in 
no suilal)le condition fur ()ccu|)anc\. 



The Capitol itself was described as "a 
palace in the woods." 

Philadelphia, nn lunger the seat nf 
government, began to utilize the build- 
ings that had been used for national 
purposes. The President's hduse im 
Market street, became a iMtel. and 
the rooms in the State House that had 
been occupied by the Senate, the 
House of Representatives and the Su- 
preme Court were now devoted to 
countv and city uses. 

The population in the State hav- 
ing extended westward, a niuvenient 
was set on foot to remove also the 
Capital of Pennsylvania to a mure 
central situatiDU. A number of towns 
were considered in connection with 
this matter, but finally Lancaster was 
chosen because of its location, its pros- 
perit_\- and the size of its population, 
which was said to Ije in the neigh- 
borhood of five thousand. .Vnother 

advantage was that the town was on tiie main road leading lo the west, and 
this was one of the few highways tliat had been turnpiked. 

Although Philadel]jhia had lost her ])reeniinence as ihe caiiital of the nation 
she did not cease the .gayetv of her social life, lier women of sociel\- were re- 
nowncfl throughout the coimtry as well as .abroad for their great Ijeauty. 
Mrs. William Bingham, the daughter of 'i'homas Willing, was the recognized 
leader and she was a woman of rare accoinplishments. .She had been pre- 
sented at the I'rencli Court, and lur grace and ease of m.muer dislinguished 
her even in tiiat polite circle. "Her figure," says Cjriswold in his "Republican 
Court," "which was somewhat above middle size, was well made, her carriage 







ilR.S. WUI.IAM lllMillAM. 



i6s 



1 6(1 



WAKWICK S KKVSTO.NE fOM M 0\ WKALT 1 1 . 



was lis'ln and ek-gant while ever marked by dignity and air. Her manners 
were a gift-" Her receptions and dinners were sumptnons and correct in all 
tlieir ajipointments, and she had the advantage of being snrroimded by a 
group of vvonien almost as beautifid and as well skilled in the art of entertain- 
ment as she was herself. The Misses Allen, the Misses Chew and the Misses 
Willing, from all accounts would have shone resplen<lently in any company or 
assemblage. William Hinghani. a member of the I'nited States Senate, had 
accinnulated a vast fortune in cipmniercial enterprises in the West Indies, and 
had the reputation of being the wealthiest man in the whole comitry. His 
town house was located on Third street near Spruce, set in the midst of three 
acres oi lawn> and gardens, where, during the s])ring and summer flowers 
beautifullx arranged grew in ])rotu->ion, Imt when winter ajiproached they 

were carefully removed to adjoining 
hot-houses. 

Mrs. Robert Morris had been the 
social leader, but her husband, the 
great financier, had met with reverses 
and was compelled to quit his sumptu- 
ous mansion and to abandon the con- 
struction of his new residence on 
Chestnut street, which was so ele- 
gant and extravagant as to call forth 
the criticism of his neighbors and to 
be designated "Morris's Folly." He 
removed to a humble house on Prune 
street, a great fall from his former 
opulence, but even there he was not 
allowed to rest for the constables 
overwhelmed him with their writs and 
he was at last committed to tlie debt- 
ors" apartments in the Walnut .Street 
Jail. Here he was confined for over 
three years, and this jieriod covered i~')^ when the scourge of \ellow fever raged 
so violently throughout the city. The sick and the dying lay arotmd him on all 
sides, and there was no friend to give him a heliiing hand or to release him from 
this dreadftd confinement. He who had been the companion of Washington and 
I lamilton. he who had done so much in the days of the Revolution to advance the 
.American cause, he who had been the great financier of that period and had re- 
lieved the troops wdiile in camp at \'alle\' l-'orge liecame almost a pauper. He 
liad been luidone by speculation. The western lands which he had ])nrchased and 
which promised so much in the way of increased value as time ran on. were 
seized by his creditors, his mortgages foreclosed, and great tracts sold in <lefanlt 
of the payment of ta.ves. His reduction to ])overtv and his fall from so high an 
estate is one of the sad picture> of that day. 

The meetings of the .\ssenilil\ were still the social events of the season 
and the heart of many a fair delnUante fluttered with anxietv in anticipation of 
receiving an invitation, for an entrance to this exclusive circle was considered 




r,iii;i.i:r .Mukkis. 
'I lie ViiiMnciiT "f tlic Aini'rican Itrvnlutimi. 



W'AKWICK S KEY.STU.XE COMMONWEALTH. 1 67 

a social distinction in itself. Tn the Manaj^crs was vested the power of selec- 
tion, bnt, of conrse, their list had to be revised by the leatlini:; danies i:)f societ_\', 
and no class of women from that day to this can be so cruel as these haughty 
ones in the use of the blue pencil as they strike objectionable candidates from 
the list. In their little empire they are as inexorable as the Fates themselves, 
and the laws that govern them are as fixed as those of the Medes and Persians. 
When Squire Hillegas' daughter, a ytnmg woman high in social circles, mar- 
ried a jeweler doing business on High street, she was immediately dropped 
from the list of eligibles because her husband was not in the set and she was 
not the only one by any means who was treated in this suimmary and peremptory 
manner. 

\'isiting foreigners of distinction who were familiar with the pomp and 
circumstance of the European Courts were surprised at the eticpiette and social 
display of the entertainments given in the houses of the rich. Guests, as they 
entered the rooms, were announced by a liveried servant wdio called their names 
in a loud tone of voice. When the ladies of this select circle drove abroad ti.i 
visit their friends they were accompanied b\ liveried coachmen and footmen 
and in some instances by postillions. This ostentatious show was not in keep- 
ing with republican simplicity and it. of course, created envy and jealousy in 
the hearts of the people. .lireakfast in the fashionable houses, instead of Ijeing 
a light meal was quite a substantial one, consisting not only of coffee, toast and 
eggs, but of numerous side dishes, such as salt fish, beef steak, l.)roiled chickens 
and buckwheat cakes and sausa,ges. The last two made a combination that 
was a dish peculiar to Philadelphia. The dinner, however, was the principal 
and ceremonious meal of the day, and was spread at three or four o'clock in 
the afternoon. Full courses were served with a generous libation of wine. 
Drinking was a general custom and seems to have been indulged in by cverv- 
body, and there was no stint in the use of liquors. If twelve men were to sit 
down at a banquet, sixty bottles of Madeira were put aside for their use, that 
is five bottles for each guest, nor was this the limit if the dinner was jjrolonged, 
and at the end of the feast it is reasonable to suppose that some of the com- 
pany had to receive assistance on their wa\' home. John .\dams, in describing 
a visit he made at the hoiiie of L'liief Justice Chew at Cliveden, sa\s that 
"wines most excellent and admirable were served and I drank Madeira at a 
great rate and found no inconvenience in it." It was a day of feasting and 
drinking and every occasion was seized upon for the giving of a bau(|uet. 
There were considerably over a hundred taverns in the city where all classes of 
people could be accommodated, from the highest to the lowest. S(.ime of these 
Inns, in the course of time, became (|uitc disorderly, and had to be su|ipressed 
by the authorities. 

The places of public interest in the city were (iray's, Ilannltou's and I'.ar- 
tram's Gardens, all located on the west bank of the Schu\lkil1. Many w.mder- 
ing shows stopped to give exhibitions, and Pickett's Circus, where there was a 
fine disj)lay of horsemanship, made a permanent settlement here and its per- 
formances were visited bv the leading people of the city. The building was 
destroyed by fire in iji/). and was n<it rebuilt. Lailson, a French ec|nestrian, 
also set up a circus at Fifth and Prune streets, which was quite a favorite re- 



1 68 



WARWICK S KK'l STUM-; I DM MON WI'.ALT 1 1 . 



sort, lint 1r- niifni-tunatrly met with iriisl'nrtiiiic. and tlic linildin^;- closed aftcr 
a few seasons. Tlie C'liestnut Street 'rhcatre, on the north side of Chestnut 
street above Sixth, was f|nile a pretentious buihhnsJ where the old standard 
l';nia:hsh plays were produced in an effective manner. \Vashin,<:;t()n hniiself 
made more than (icca>ional visits to this pla\"house. and when lu appeareil at 
the door he was escorted in g-reat state to his bo.x by a footman in livery bear- 
ing candelabra with lighted candles. l-'ireworks disi)lays and balloon ascen- 
sions also ga\'e amn>ement to the ])eople. 

The market place was still one of the inti-reslint;- features of the town 







The Chew Hmise (Cliveden), (iKK.M.wTowx. 



life, and here on Saturday morning about daybreak the fanners gathered from 
all the surroiniding country, even from a distance of sixty miles. Standing 
outside of the sheds, at times almost choking the highways, were vehicles of 
every description from the Conestoga wagon to the ox cart. The horses, un- 
harnessed, were fastened to the rear of the wagons where they were su[3plied 
with their fodder. IV'ddlers cried their wares, while the sni.'ak thief watched 
his chance, luider the very eyes of the drowsy watchman. The mountebank 
pla\ed his tricks before a grou]) of gaping coiuiti'\ men. while scores of pretty 
young women dressed in gay summer gowns, followed b)- their black servants 
carr\'ing the family market baski-ts. addeil color to the sci'ue. I'poii the stalls 
were dis])la\ed poultrw game, fruit, vegetaldes an<l all kinds of meats. It is a 
wonder how. in the summer, the\ ke]Jt their biUler. milk and meats jinre and 
sweet, in view of the fact that there was no ice to be had. Robert Morris was 
about the only perxm who had an ice vault. 'I'his was but a hole deep in the 
ground at his count r\ place, where the ice taken from the adjoining river in 



Warwick's kks'.stonk ccim.moxwkalth. 169 

the winter, was packed and covered with straw and saw (Uist. The Uellers 
Tavern had a refrigerator which held a hody of ice forty feet thick and twenty 
feet square and it was the only hotel in the tijwn where cold drinks were 
served. That which has become in modern times one of the staples as well as 
one of the necessaries of life cotild not be secured then by the everyda\ ])eople 
at any price. During the many scotirges of yellow fever patients could not ob- 
tain a piece of ice as big as a walnut to cool their swollen lips and parched 
tongues. The farmers from the western part of the State brought great (|tian- 
tities of game, such as ipiail. ])heasauts, wild turkeys, and venison to the mar- 
ket. Philadelphia was noted for her l)iUter and poultr\- then as she is today. 
Virgmia ham, which is now considered such a delicacy and brings so high a 
price had its counterpart in the meat of the half wild pigs that roamed through 
the woods even in the suburbs of the city. These hogs gathered in great droves 
and fed on nuts and acorns which gave to the flesh a rich and most delicate 
flavor, that wild and ganiey taste so highly prized by epicures, ddie yoinig 
swine were turned out in the early spring and allowed to rini free luitil late in 
autumn when thev were n.iunded u|) as the ranchmen in the west do their cat- 
tle, each farmer identifying his pigs b\ a brand which had been markcil upon 
them when young. Even after the markets were closed on Saturdaxs. the town 
presented a liveh' ap]-iearance. A'ehicles id all kinds traveled to and fro on the 
roadwavs, the sidewalks were crowded with pedestrians for riiany of the country 
people remained to do their shopping: the store windows dis])layed their goods 
in the mc;)st attractive manner, while a jiortion of the pavement was used to 
expose samples of the wares that were on sale inside. The Inns and tap nioms 
were filled with roystering farmers and teamsters who made their, visit to the 
citv a holidav. and like Tam ( )'Shanter, uian\- a laggard sat "bou~-ing at the 
nappv, gettin' f mi and unco happ\ " long after he should haw taken his de- 
parture. 

With the growth of the po])ulatiou there had been introdticed many mu- 
nicipal improvements. A numljcr of the principal streets were paved with 
cobble stones, sidewalks had been laid, although the row of posts marking the 
line of demarcation between the pavements and the carriage ways were still 
left standing. .\ letter dated, Philadelphia, May 25, 1799, at 128 Xorth Sec- 
ond street, written by Mr. Enos Bronson to Air. Claudius Herrick, residing at 
Deerfield, .Massachusetts, says, "This city (Philadelphia) is delightfully situated 
and very elegantly built. I have, however, one fault to find with it. Tt made 
my heels intolerably sore walking on the pavements." 

The City Government was working braveh under an .uneudmeiit to the 
Charter that had been made in ijij'i. The Councils consisted of two cham- 
bers called the Select and the ( omuiou branches, the former com[)osed of 
twelve citizens elected for three years and the latter of twenty members elected 
anmialh'. The Governor ap[)ointed a Recorder and fifteen Aldermen to hold 
office during good behavior. The .\ldermen were virtually justices of the 
Peace, their duties were exclusively judicial and it was from their body that 
the Select and Common Councils chose the Mayor for one year. 

The revenue from all sources was less than $150,000 annually, a sum en- 



I/O 



WAUWICK S KKVSTONIC COM Md.X WKAl.T 1 1 . 



tirely too small to meet the ilemamls for municipal improvements for the citv 
was s])reaclin(;; out in every direction. 

-An increased and a more healthful supply of water had become a neces- 
sity. The repeated llres and the almost annual visitation of the vellow fever 
had to he j;uar(led a,L;ainst. A numlier of tire companies had been ortjanized 
hilt the town pumps, which were the only means of servint:; water, were not 
e(|iial to the task. I'.csides this, no matter how clear in appearance the water 




M.MtKKT StKI-.KT KUdM XlNTU STRtET IN 17!l!l, FHDM AX Ol.l) E.NGH.WINd 



mit;lit he. it was found to be contaminatrd b\ the tilth that in raiiu' weather 
soaked throuj;"h the earth. I'lven in the most elegant homes water had to be 
carried from the ])iimi)s in buckets and pitchers for household uses. MaiU' of 
the yards in the rear of the houst's were deiiositories for dirt and rubbish. The 
few sewers that were constructed were of no general advantage anil the pools 
of water that gathered in the highways during the storms either were taken up 
bv the sun or allowed ti> drain through the surface of the earth. The |)iimi)s 
were located about si.xty or --ex'enty feet apart on the line that separated the 
foot|)ath from the carriage way. Everywhere there were sinks and privies, 
but no water closets, even in the best appointed homes, such as are in use to- 
da_\'. To provide against this unwholesome water, plans were set on foot to 
improve the sup])lv h\' the construction of water works. .\n I'jigiishnian h_v 



W \l<\\IeKS KEYSTONK fn M M( )N WEALTH . I7I 

the name of Latrolic sul)iiiittcd plans Ui the city which, after some argnment 
and consideration, were accepted. The water from the Sclui\'1l<ill River at 
L'hestnut street was forced into a tunnel that ran down that street to Broad, 
and up Br(iad to Centre Square, where it was jjumped into a reservoir thirty- 
six feet abijve tlie ground. From this reservoir it was (listributed through the 
city in hollowed pine logs which were laid in all the principal liighways. Tlie 
plan was not lonked upon favorably in si mie (|uarters, and in fact, the work, 
during the course of constrtiction, was at times interfered with l>y vandals who 
were bent on destruction. Latrobe, Jiowever, kept steadily at his task, liuilt a 
handsome engine house at Centre Square and laid six miles of trunk pipe in the 
beds of the streets for the purposes of distribution. Having hurriedly C(Tm- 
pleted his work and fearing that bv ilela\- it might lie further interfered with, 
he gave notice h> all those who hail connected with the pipes to leave their 
hydrants open, for water might begin to flow at any moiuent without further 
notice. On the night of January twent\ -first. iSoi. with his own bands, Fa- 
trobc kindled the tire under the boiler and the engine began tn work. ( )n the 
next morning the peoj)le were surprised and delighted to find that the hydrants 
conveved a stream of clear river water. The project was successful, criticism 
ceased and the city for the first time in its existence had an abundant sujiply of 
water that was at hand withniit the necessity (_)f individual pum[iin.g. 

Jn the summer of iju" the I'nited States Bank moved into its new build- 
in.g on Third street lielow Chestnut. Cp to this time the architecture in the city 
had been of the style of the (_;ec:irgian period, but this building was classical 
in form and was the first introtluction of a new order, for it is said to have 
been copied after a ( Ireek Temple in .\inies. This building is still standing and 
so beautiful is it in its outlines, so pure in its design, that it remains one of the 
architectural features nf the city. 

Jn 1802 the Law Library Company was formed with the purpose of mak- 
ing a collection of books upon legal subjects. .\t this time, the Philadelphia 
Bar was preeminent and contained the ablest lawyers to be found in the pro- 
fession the country over. In medicine, too, the city was in the foremost rank. 
Benjamin Rush, Casper Wistar, Philip Syng Physick stood in the very front 
rank (.>f the profession. The College of Physicians, establishetl in 1787, and 
the Philadelphia Medical S(jciety, organized in 1789, were in a flourishing 
condition. The American Philosophical .Society which had the honor of hav- 
ing f(_ir its first president, Benjamin I'"ranklin. and after hi:; death David 
Kittenhouse, and at the demise of the latter, Thomas Jefferson, seemed to de- 
vote itself more to the consideration of the current party tpiestions than to the 
theories and princi|)les nf philosnphy. ( )ne of the great political controversial- 
ists of that da)' was William Duane. ISache and Freneau had been violent and 
vituperative in their ci mdemnation of jiolitical opponents, bnl tlu'ir shafts were 
nothing as compared with those hurled b\ I )uane. Tie was born in this conn- 
try, of Irish parents, and was taken to Ireland in a very early jieriod of iiis 
life. Subsequently he found his wa\ t" India, but in bis wanderings returned 
to I'.ngland, and at last arriwd in this cduntrN alxiut 171)5. ''c was employed 
as an assistant editor on the "Aurora," and when Bache, the proi)rietor, died 
in i/ijH, Duane married his widow and thus fell into possession of the paper. 



\JZ WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MOXWEAI.T li . 

He was a master of vituperation and his lan^-uage at times was most scurrilous, 
lie could not find language sufficient to express his contempt for Adams, and 
it is said that Jefferson attributed to him his election when he was a candidate 
for the Presidency. He seemed to rejoice in litigation, and was never so well 
pleased as when one of his articles was answered by a suit for libel. 

The election of Jefferson in 1800 w^as celebrated bv the Democrats, or, as 
thev were called in those days, the Republicans. — throughout the country. Bar- 
becues and ox roasts in the open air and banquets in the different taverns cele- 
brated the event. John Adams, at the expiration of his term of office, on his 
way fn)m Washington to Braintree, Massachusetts, stopped in this city for the 
jnirpose of greeting some of his old friends. He was feted and dined by a few 
distinguished citizens but the iieople gave him no hearty reception, and after a 
sojourn of a few davs he ])assed on his way to Xew England. 

Philadelphia, at this time, was the leading commercial citv nf the L'nion. 
Her merchants were men of enterprise and venture, ;uid her port was filled 
with vessels hailing from every land. Among all her merchants, however, the 
greatest was .Stephen (iirard. He was a l'"renchman by birth, born near Bor- 
deaux, but early in life came to this C'unitry and became a njituralized citizen 
nf the L'nited States. He reached this city in 1777, at the time the British 
were in possession and when Lord Howe's vessels were riding at anchor in the 
Delaware. .Shortlv afterwards lie married a young woman by the name of 
Marv Lum, and settled permanently in Philadelphia to devote himself to com- 
mercial pursuits. He occupied a building on Water street which he used both 
as store and dwelling. Here he lived economically and coiiifortalily without 
show or function. He owned a farm in Passyuiik, to which he made alnuisl 
daily visits, aiiil he traveled tliere in a gig drawn by one horse, and as a hincli- 
eoii on the way he carried a loaf of bread and a bottle of claret, but he brought 
back to his home in the city as a rule, butter, eggs aiifl poultry. His farm was 
considered a model in its way, and his cattle were well bred. He met with un- 
paralleled success in almost every enterprise he undertook. Ever\thing that 
came to his hand seemed to turn to gold, f-Ie was a familiar figure upon the 
public streets, and his plain one liorse chaise gave no suggestion of the im- 
mense wealth of the occiip;mt. .\t the time of the revolt of the slaves against 
their masters in San Domingo, one of his vessels Iviiig in port was used as a 
receptacle for the treasures and wealth of the white inhabitants. After deposit- 
ing their valuables, many retunied to the shore to wage battle against the 
blacks and thev never returned to claim their property, the amount of which 
was never accurately ascertained, but it is said to have been a large sum. This, 
of txjurse. became the |iropert\ of Mr. ( iirard and a<lde(I materially in the ac- 
cumulation of his great fortune. His name and ])aper were known and hon- 
ored in ever\ bank of exchange tliroughout the civilized world, his vessels 
traded with every port and whitened every se;i. His business transactions were 
on the largest scale, and they reached fi'oni 1 'hilatielphia to Ixmdon and from 
London to Cathay, lii- seems to liave been greatly misunderstood in his life- 
time, but a careful study of his career shows that lie was a man of courage and 
deeply philanthropic at heart. lie was exact and close in making a bargain. 
In other words, he was what i> called --IrictK business in all his dealings and 



WAKWU'KS KEYSTONE COM -MOX WEALTH . 17,^ 

lif g'aineil the reputation nf lieiiiL;' close, sharp and pennrinus. 1)mI we ai'e fai- 
enough away nciw to have a clear perspective and his character pre--enl> lea- 
lures that mark him as a man not onK of charity Init nf CDura^e. In I7';,v 
durino- the velluw fe\er scourge, and also in the fatal year ijoS, he di>pla\ed 
in the face of death, the greatest heroism. When men were lleeing from the 
cit\" he stood at his post and \'olunteered his services as a nnr>e to care foi- the 
sick and dying in the honse^ of pestilence. At this lime lie was in the ver) 
prime of his life and on the flood tide of his successful career as a merchant, 
hut braveh- and resolutelv he f.aced the crisis, risking everything, life, health 
and business in his devotion to dnt\. lie was ratlier liberal in his religious 
views, being a disciple of the l'"rench philosophers. Me was not in ,an\ sense 
of the word a sectarian and lii^ failli did not repose within the limits of an\' 
dogma. This brought down upon his head the condemnation ni m.auy citizens 
who were narrow and intolerant in their views, but when he died and his will 
was opened it was found tiiat he had created a charity second to none in this 
country, a charity that stands ioda\ an imm. irtal monument to his memory. 

Philadelphia still retained her supremacy as the great coiumercial centre 
in the new world. In the years 1X05. iHod and 1807. nineteen hundred and 
twentv-six foreign vessels arrived in this port, while tlu- number ot co.isting 
vessels amounted ti> thirtv-six hundred and st-ventv, the numbir increasing 
gradually every year. During this same ]ieriod. tlie foreign clear.nu'es .amount- 
ed to nineteen hundred and fifty-nine, while the number of coasting \essels 
that cleared the port were thirt\ -se\'en hundreil and fort}'. This will give some 
idea of the wealth and importance of the cit>'s foreign and domestic trade. 
The banking facilities not being sufficient to meet the demands, the Philadel- 
phia Hank was organized in 1S07, with a ca])ital < d' a million dollars. The 
principal banks at this time were, the Philadel])hia Pank, the llaid\ of Xorth 
America, the Bank of the I'nited States, and the Bank of Peiui.sylvania. The 
Farmers' and Mechanics' Hank was organized subsequent to the creati<in of 
the Philadel]ihia Bank. 

The Philadelphia Xational Bank, formerly the Philadelphia Bank, was |)ro- 
jected at a time when the growth of commerce had greatly enlarged the busi- 
ness interests of the city and made niore banking capital necessary. Philadel- 
phia was the principal seaport of tiie country at that time: its export trade was 
growing steadih'. and there were onl\- three banks in the city and lorty in the 
entire country. The merchants bad expressed dissatisfaction with the exist- 
ing banking meth<j{ls and on .\ugust .^. 1803, this dissension crystalized in the 
organization of the Philadelphia Bank, in the coimting house of John Welsh, 
No. 31 South \\'harves. Its organizers included men wdio were prominent in 
Colonial affairs and its first President was ( ieorge Clymer, a signer of the 
Declaration of Independence. John Welsh, the prime mover in the bank's for- 
mation, came to be known as "the father of the liank" and continued active in 
its affairs for fiftv vears. During its existerice of one hundred and ten years. 
the bank has had an eventful and most interesting history. It has survived 
many panics and its stead\- growth is entirely due to llu- wonderful busines.s 
acumen and executive ability- of the men who ha\e directed its aflairs. many of 
whom were conceded to be the ablest financiers of their time. When the bank 



1/4 



WAKwicK s Kl•;^•.sT(l^•|■; i(immii.\\\ iialtii. 




First Jirii.niMi Hiii.t and OctiriKu 
Piiii.Ai)Ki,i>HiA National Bank, S 

(Dr. 4TII AXI) ClIKSTNt'T. 



i:v I in: 
\V. 



coinim-iiced l)iisiiic>s on Sc-pU-mher kj. iSo^. it occupied a rented l)iiildini;- on 
the south side of C'liestnut street above 'idiird, on the site where the Merchants 
and Mariners lUiildint;- now stands, and later, removed to Fourtli street below 

t'hestnut in a building which the bank 
erected on the site of "Morris' Tav- 
ern." A more pretentious building 
\va> afterwards erected at this loca- 
lion and occupied by the hank until 
1858. when the present building was 
purchased from the receivers of the 
ISauk of rennsylvania. one of the early 
financial institutions of the citv wliich 
failed while the building intended for 
its use was in cmrse of construction. 
Idle Philadelphia I'.ank was char- 
tered by the State in 1804. Its capital 
was $1,800,000. and this was subse- 
quently reduced to $1,500,000. Un March 9. 1804. si.x months after commenc- 
ing business, it paid its first dividend "at the rate of three |)er cent, for the half 
year, on the installments constituting the present capital of the hank. $1,000,000." 
Since that time the dividends have ranged from three per cent, per annum to 
si.xteen per cent., the present rate. In 1865 the annual dividend was fifteen per 
cent., and owing to the sale of g<d<l which the hank had in its vaults and for which 
a large i)reniium was received, a spe- 
cial dividend of twenty-five per cent., 
amounting to $375,000. was declared. 
In all. the bank has paid dividends of 
ten hundred and thirty-six per cent., 
amounting to $16,016,872. or nearh 
eleven times its capital. A nmst won- 
derful record. Tn addition to this, it 
has rendere<l efficient aiil to the Xa- 
tional, State and Local ( iovernnients. 
has suliscribed liberally to two war 
funds and has never failed to respond 
to the call for aid from distressed 
communities or scenes of great disas- 
ter. The Philadelphia Bank establish- 
ed in 1854 a Clerks" Pension Fund, 
probably the first of its kind in a finan- 
cial institution, the fund providiuL; 
pensions for clerks stricken during the 
.service or incapacitated by age. 

'idle bank has alway> been fore- 
most in every movement for ])ublic 
.good, for its directorate for one hun- 
dred and ten years has included the 




■| hi: I'hh Aiihi.i'iiiA Rank. 



W'AKWU'K S KI-nSTONE COM Ml IX WEALTH . I75 

leading- men of the varidus periixis — men of philanthropic inchnations ami sterling- 
integrity — which has ,i;i\en the bank a deserved re|)ntation for li])erality, conserva- 
tism and solidity. It has always had the support of the best Ijiisiness interests 
of the city and its deposits now amount to $50,000,000, while the total assets 
exceed $55,000,000. The hank conducts a lUiist extensi\-e business in all its 
branches both in this country and abroad. liaviuL;- direct connections with all 
the leading cities of the worhl. 

It was the first bank to enter the Philadelphia Clearing House Association 
in 1858 and was among the earliest to enter the Xalional System under the 
Act of i8<'wi8fi4, which necessitated its reorganization and the addition of 
the word " National" to its name. 

Since its organization, the bank has liad but eight jiresideuts. These were 
George Clvmer, David Lennox, John Read, Samuel F. Smith. Thomas Robins, 
Benjamin L!. Ci.imeg_\s, X. Parker Shortridge, who became Chairhuau of the 
I'loard of Directors in iijO/, and was succeedeil li\' I.e\i I,. Rue, the present 
incumbent of the office. Air. Rue's rise to the presidency of the bank is due to 
his strict proljity and thorough knowledge of banking in all its detail. He en- 
tered the institution as a boy during the presidency of I'.enjaniin P. Comegys, 
who was with the Ijank for fifty-two years and was considered one of the 
greatest financiers of the age. Mr. Rue filled man\- positions of constantly 
increasing responsibilitv until he rose to the vice-presidency and finally became 
directing head of the bank when Mr. Shortridge was made Chairman of the 
Board. Lender his careful direction, the Ijank has maintained the high reputa- 
tion and conservatism that it has enji.iyed since the early days of the last cen- 
tury. The other officers are Lincoln (lodfrey, Nice-President: Harry J- Keser, 
Cashier; Horace Fortescue, William S. Maildox and David \\". Stewart, Assis- 
tant Cashiers. The .Board of Directors includes .\'. Parker Shortridge, Chair- 
man: Richard Ashhurst, Lincoln Godfrey, George ^\dorl, .\lfred C. Harrison, 
Levi L. Rue. George H. Frazier, Percival Roberts, jr., ( ieorge IT. McFadden, 
Edward T. Stotesbnry, Effingham B. Morris, Randal Morgan, R. Dale P>en- 
son, Samuel Rea, Alba B. Johnson, Pierre .S. du Pont. Th<:)mas .S. ( iates and 
Asa S. Wing. This is the character of men who have directed the institution's 
destinies for one hundred and ten years so that it is not strange that the Ijaiik 
has weathered every financial storm and survived to become a power in the 
monetary world. 

Philadel])hia was the art centre of the countr\'. and in iSofj was oiiened 
on Chestnut street between Tenth and Eleventh streets, the Philadelphia Acad- 
emv of Fine Arts. A number of artists had settled in this city, cither per- 
manently or temporarily and helped to create in our imidst an artistic taste, 
among whom can be named the Peales, father and sons: Robert Edge Pine, an 
English artist of some note: Gilbert Stuart, whose portrait of Washington is 
famous: Houdon, the hroich sculplor wlio modelled the life mask of Washington ; 
Cheracehi, an Italian scnl|)tor who subsetpiently was executed for an attem])ted 
assassination of Xa])oleon : William Rush, a native sculpt(.)r, and I'.enjamin 
West. Of course, the cotitribntious tit the Acadcnu' at llu- start were not 
man\- nor very valuable but about the first importation made was a number of 
plaster casts reijresenting the nude in art. The exhibition of these figures. 



176 



WAKWU K S KEV.STOM': CO.M MON WICAI.TH. 



however, met willi i-uiisiderabk- achersc criticism ami tlie iirmlcry cif tliat day 
was so great lliat Mdiiday of each week was set apart exchisively for ladies, 
when unaccompanied hv their male escorts they were permitted to view without 
brint^intr a blush to their cheeks, the Ajiollo Helvidere. the Fiijhtinij (iladiator, 
the I.aocoon. the X'enus de Medici and numerous other classic groups and fig- 
ures. 

I'hiladelpliia. U»>. was the literary centre of the country, and jose|)h Den- 
nie. an essa\isl and a well known journalist, was the leader of the circle. The 
book store of Asbnrv Dickens on Xorth .Second street was the rendezvous for 
all the literary characters of that day. both residents and visitors. It was here 

that Thomas .Moore, the celebrated Irish poet, 
foinul, according to his own testimony, for the 
first time during his visit to this country, a 
congenial and an interesting circle of men. 
C'harles Brockton lirown. the first author of fic- 
tion in America of any repute, was aiuong the 
nnnilier. Lawyers, pauiphleteers. essayists, ar- 
tist^ and actors made up this interesting group 
of men. and the_\' met in such numbers at the 
shop of Ml'. 1 )ickens that they at times actu- 
ally interfered \\ ith the conduct of his business. 
Casn.al reference has been made to the 
hanks in existence at this period, but the bank 
of .Xorth America is deserving of more than 
mere mention, for it was instituted to aid the 
Colonies in their struggle for independence. 
This institution, the oldest of its kind on 
the American continent, was authorized to 




THE BANK OF NORTH AMERICA 178' 

307 CHESTNUT STREET 

PHILADELPHIA 



I 781, and began 



do business by ordinance of Congress passed December 
active operations Jaiuiary 7. ]ji^J. in a store, which stood on the site C)f its 
present building and which it occu])ied contiiuiously for sixty-five vears. It 
was organized at a time when Robert Morris was Superintendent of Finance, 
and Tboni.is Willing. ;i hn>iness partner of Morri>'s. was its first president, 
wdiile its organizers and first lioard of directors were all men of high position in 
Colonial days. Although started during the period of nuich depression it over- 
came all obstacles and in addition to earning gi.iod dividends for its stockholders 
was of invaluable service to the National, State and City governments. Morris 
acknowledged that "without the establishment of the National bank, the busi- 
ness of the DepartmeiU of l-'iuance could not have been performed."' The 
money advanced the (iovermnent was used to keep up the army and similar 
aid was extended to the .State of Pennsxlvania to pay the officers of its army. 
The bank also advanced the .State luoney to pa\' its (|uota to the L'nited .States 
Government in I7<S2. and advanced money to fit out a vessel which was of in- 
estimable service in keeping Delaware P>ay and River free of liritish vessels. 
It loaned money to the State Treasury for the defense of the Western frontiers 
and to the cit\' for the care of its ])oor and there was no service, public or char- 
itable, which it did not assist. .\t this time there was doubt as to the validity of 



WARWKKS Ki:^'.ST(IXE COM M ( i X WEALTH. 



177 



the charter grantetl by L'()n,L;rc>s and a])phcation \va> made to tlic Assenililv 
for a State charter, and on .\i)ril i. 17X2. it was duly inc(ir])nrated under the 
law.s of Pennsylvania fur a ]ieri(id of seven years. In 17S4 the success of the 
bank was assured and this brciui.;ht nuich jealousN' and uppusitinn which cul- 
minated September 13, 17X5, liy a repeal of the charter. The bank hist sume 
prestige by this drastic action but ccjntinued operations under its t_'ongressional 
charter and in 1787 it again secured a State charter. All opposition was now 
overcome and the liank entered ujion an era i>f prosperity. When Alexander 
Hamilton became head of the Treasury Department, he openlv acknowledged 




"^^Sfi-iftSiiwssBSsaSSs^sws-^ 



■| in: UwK (II- .XoiiTii .\.\ii:i!irA. 
;;(i.'i. :!II7, .•liiii ('iiKSTM"r Stukkt. I'iiu.aiiicmmiia. 



the aid afforded the L'niled States by the Hank of .Xorth .\merica and in his 
plan to establish a great national bank, he invited overtures from the bank, but 
the directors preferred to remain under State auspices and t(iok no steps in this 
direction. 

During the War id" iXu the bank advanced money to support the army 
and navy and aided largely in promoting the circulation of Treasury notes. It 
also afforded material aid in the defence of the city. \\'hen war was declared 
between the X<jrth and .South, the I'.ank of Xorth .\merica was among the first 
financial institutions in the country to declare confidence in the National ( lov- 
ernment and it hastened to take measures to aid in the preservation of the 



17<^ WAKWICK's KICVSTOXE COM MON WKALI II . 

Union. It appropriated money fur the defence ni the city anil in addition to 
siihscribinsif its pro rata share of I'nited States Treasury notes it loaned the 
(ioveriHiient large stnns of nione\'. Uiirint;' all the periods of depression and 
panic that have occtn-red <liiriii^- its i,^i years of its existence, the bank has never 
failed to ])ay at least oiu' dividend in each year. I'nder its charter from the 
.'"'tate it was iiblinatory to declare a dividend at lea>t once a year anil in 1S42 its 
affairs were in such a condition th.at it could not ])ay its usual dividend, b'our 
fifths of its capital was locked up in iniavailable securities and to keep within 
the law it paid the stockholders one cent per >hare. In 1S44 conditions again 
becante normal and in 1847, a new Ijank building was erected, wdiich in 1893 
was reijlaced by the present magnificent structure, making a record of 131 years 
ou the same site. In 18(14 the bank was reorganized under the National Cur- 
rency Act, and after much correspondence and discussion with the Secretary of 
the Treasury it was allowed to retain its old name without the prefi.x "Xational." 
It had advanced to the (lovernnient four and one-half million dollars, or fom" 
and one half times its capital stock on I'nited States securities and this was 
accejited as evidence of its lo\alty to the ( iovernment and no change in its cor- 
porate name was demanded. During its long and successful existence the bank 
has had but ten presidents who served in the order named: Thomas Willing, 
John Nixon. John .Nforton. Henrv Nixon, John Richardson, James X. Dickson, 
Thomas Smith, Charles .S. I^ewis. John li. Miehener. and the present incmnbent 
of the office. Marry ti. Miehener, who succeeded his father September 21, ii>o(>. 

The Census of 1810 showed the city's population to be fifty-three thou- 
sand seven hundreil and twenty-two. The outlying districts, the Northern 
Liberties, Peini Townsliii). Southwark. Mityamensing and Passyunk showed a 
population of forty-two thousand nine Inmdred and forty-two, making a total 
population of nearly one hundred thousand. The Mayors during this period 
were Robert Wharton. John Inskeep, Matthew Lawler, General John Barker, 
and Michael Kepix-le. In 1810 the police force consisted of thirty-two watch- 
men whose dut\- it was to light the lamps and to see that they were kept burn- 
ing during the night and extinguished in the morning. The yelK)w fever con- 
tinued to make annual visits, but it was not so virulent as it had been in the past. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

WAR OF l8l2. FEAROX'S IMPRESSIONS OF THE CITY. 

A1'"TER tlic Rev(ihitii)iiai\- War. tlic scntinieiit was stmiisly anti-Eng- 
lish, as was natui'al under llic circumstances. l)iit jnslcail of allay- 
ing this feeling, JMi^land only intensified it b)' her arliitrar\' conduct. 
Philadel]ihia's iirosperitN' depended much up<in her commercial in- 
terests, and during the wars between England and Erance each coniUry for- 
bade the fnited States to traile with the other. Resides this, England treated 
us in a most insolent manner, stopped our vessels upon the high seas and mi- 
pressed our sailors into her service. We protested against this right of 
search, but without a\-ail. Tuigland claimed that if a man could not prove he 
was by birth an American, he nuist be a Rritisher and a deserter from her 
navy. It is a wonder we submitted so long to her ins<ilence. As mistre>s of 
the seas, it wa^ upon her part an arrogant assumption of power. The deck of 
a ship is a part of the territory of the nation under whose flag the vessel sails, 
and to trespass upon that deck and t(> impress c)ur sailors was as heinous an 
act as would have been the invasion of our land or the kidnapping- of its 
citizens. 

In 1807, the Rritish man-of-war, "Leopard," stopped one oi our war 
vessels called the "Chesaiieake" under circumstances when the latter could not 
make an effectual resistance, h'our (d' the .\merican crew were seized and <ine 
of them was hanged as a deserter. This outrage aroused the indignation of the 
whole country, and Ccmgress passed an Embargo Act, by which it forbade any 
American vessel tc") sail from our ports. There being no exceptions under 
this sweeping law, coasting vessels found it difficult to carry on their trade, 
and even fishing smacks on the New England coast had to obtain special per- 
mission before leaving for the banks. It was supposed by the passage of the 
Embargo and Xon-Intercourse .\cts that the belligerent states. England and 
France, so dependent fi:)r their supplies upon the products of this country, 
would be brought to terms, but insteatl of starving these nations we only im- 
poverished onrselves, for the e.\|)orts fell off in the neighborhood of f(jrty mil- 
lions of dollars in one year. There was a general demand throughout the na- 
tion for the repeal of these .'Xcts, but especiallv was New England afifected by 
this legislation, and she even went so far as to threaten rebellion. Her mills 
closed down and her workmen were reduced almost to starvation. 

In 1809 Congress repealed the Embargo Act, and gave the right to trade 
with all foreign conntries other than flreat Rritain and h' ranee. This, in a 
measure, increased our exixirts but iliil not restore them to their former vol- 
ume and importance. .About this time the President, anxious to renew com- 
mercial relatifjus with eitlu'r l''rance or iMigland in order ti) relieve the dis- 
tressed condition of the people, listened to a proposition made by .Mr. i*'.rskine, 
the then I'.ritish Minister to this coiuUry. He gave Mr. Madison, the I'resi- 

179 



[8o 



w AKwiiK s KI■:^■ST(l^■|•: com monwi^ai.th. 



dent, to understand that lui^lanil would allow our vessels to sail the se;is un- 
molested, provided we Wduld a,i:;ree to send our i^rain. rice, cotton and other 
exports to England alone. This agreement was entered mto and the news 
received with great rejoicing by farmers, merchants and slii]) owners through- 
out the country: hut. unfortunalt'ly. the British r„)vcrnment declared it was 
all a mistake, that the Minister was not empowered to enter into such an 
agreement, and that he had transcended his authority. Trade at once ceased, 




An I \i .siAi. I'liiiiiiAii oi NArui.KdN. 



and the ill feeling between F.ngland and America became more bitter than 
ever. 

Napoleon, too, thought he would take a hand in the game, and agreed to 
let our commerce alone, provided we would not trade with bis arch-enemy, 
England. We were alxjut to bind ourselves when it was discovered that Na- 
poleon's ofTer was simply a trick to decei\'e us, and to involve us in a war 
with England. 

.-\s time ran on, luigland continued to impress our sailors into her ser- 
vice, and in the summer of 1812 we made a declaration of war. England, 
then, was the great maritiine power, the great commercial centre of the world. 
Site occu]jied a proud and commanding position in luiro]iean politics. She 
was about the oidy nation that had never formed an alliance with Napoleon, 



Warwick's KiasrilM-: him mux wkai.th. i8i 

and she had ever remained his determined and relentless foe. Tlie battles 
of the Nile and Trafali^ar made her supreme upon the ocean, and her suc- 
cesses in Spain were the first repulseN the French had sustained. England had 
fifty vessels where we had one. and her absolute supremacy upon the sea was 
acknowledged the world over. It was in 1812 that Napoleon's power began to 
wane, for it was in this 3ear that lie undertook his disastrous invasion of Rus- 
sia. Half a million men followed the standard of the Empire in this memor- 
able campaign, but beaten, not in battle but by the elements, this once grand 
host that triumphantly followed the eagles of this ni(.idern Cresar, retreating in 
disorder and dismay, dwindled to an army of thirty thousand men. It is 
from this point that we may trace .Vapoleon's decline, anil as his fortunes 
waned the power and influence of luigland increased. 

It was not thought that the young Republic could make much lieadway 
against England, because the latter had a million men under arms, and her 
soldiers had passed through .Napoleonic campaigns and were seasoned ami 
trained in service We did not make much of a record on land to be sure, but 
on the ocean we met with glori<ins successes. (_)ut of fifteen naval engage- 
ment^ we were victorious in twelve of them, and in the majoritv of the bat- 
tles fought, the English had greater tonnage and more sailors engaged than 
we had. 

Philadelphia, because of lier commercial interests, was seriously afifected 
by the war. Her harbor was filled with vessels that ci.iuld not raise a sail, lie- 
cause of tlie restrictions of the I'jnbargo. There could be found no forei.^n 
market for her products and manufactures. The Repulilicans were of the 
opinion that the Emliargo of iSuo would bring England to terms, but the b'ed- 
eralists stroni;l>' op|iosed the .\ct. Meetings were held in tlie State I louse 
\ard by the parties either endorsing or denouncing Jefferson for having signed 
the bill. Timothy Pickering, who had \oted against the I'jnb.ir^o anil who 
had criticized Jeft'erson for having signed the -\ct. was stroiii^h ik'nounced 
by the Republicans and on the sixth of February, i8og, he was Iiuiil; in effigy 
from a gibbet that was erected at the Town Hall in Northern Liberties. He 
had the British orders in Council hanging to his neck, and the I'rench Decrees 
to his heels. The dummy was set on fire at seven o'clock in the evening, ,and 
it was hanged at a height of fifty feet above the ground. 

Philadelphia wa> not the centre n{ the conflict in 1812, as she had been 
in the Revolution. Init the war was brought close to her doors when on April 
sixth, 1813, the English opened fire on the town of Lewes, The militia were 
pressed forward to the scene but they saw no active military service. The 
Piritish troops retired, the \'olunteers returned to the city ;md were given a 
grand reception and (|niel was once more restored. 

Meanwhile the r.ritish had blockaded all our ports alouu; the All.-inlic 
coast, and the\ had looted and Imined a number of towns. In the suiiimei- of 
1814. on .\ugu>t twenty-founii. ilie\ entered Washington, and m) MidiK-n 
was their apjiearance that the I 'resident was interrupted .il his diuiu-r ,-iniI 
had to tlee. he in one direction, ,inil .Mr^. M idison in .lUotlier. In the e\eiimL; 
the torch was ajiplied to the Capitol, the President's house and other public 
buildings, and the\' were entirely destroyt'd. The close proximity of the enemy 



:Sj Warwick's kk\sto.\i-: co.mmo.wveai.tii. 

threw J'hiladclpliia into <jrcat confusion. A town meeting was called in the 
State House yanl. It bnuig-lit all classes of people together and there was 
great enthusiasm. 'I'hdin.-is .McKr.m, eighty years of age, presided. "It is 
not a time fur speaking," he said, "but a time for action." and a committee 
was api)i)inte(l to make arrangements for a defence against the advance of the 
enemy. Alan\ nt the ])eiiple were enthusiastic and determined to make 
a stand in defence of their city, hut, (Ui tlu' (itlier hand, many were 
thrown into ;i panic, packed up their goixK, secreted llicir money and left for 
places of rt-fuge and safet\". .Stephen ( iirard removed great (|uantities of his 
goods, trans])orting them to Reading. Inu lie himself never for a moment aban- 
doned the city. Sentinels were thrown out on every road leading irom the 
.south, and a system of signals was inaugurated, giving notice in case the 
enemy should approach. On the line of march of the British, farmers were 
directed to remove their vehicles, horses and o.xen as far away as ])ossible, thus 
depriving the invading host of all means of transportation. I^arge trees were 
felled and thrown across the road, and the water wheels were removed from 
the mills to prevent the grinding of grain. .\ mmiber of forts and redoubts 
were hastily thrown up, and the citizens volunteered to do the work necessary 
for the erection of these fortifications. While the men were so engaged they 
were generouslv stijiplied with portions of grog auil encouraged by patriotic 
appeals. When the excitement was at its height and the enemy was expected 
to make it> a|ii)earauce at any hour, the streets were crowded with men. wo- 
men ;uid children to hear tlie late■^t news. ( )n September twelfth, the I'.ritish 
(leneral l\o>>. at the head of lii> command had been killed, but the llritish 
veterans soon sent t]ie militiamen on full retreat, and the liritisb arm\- then 
pressed on t'jwards llaltiniore. The ships in the harbor bombarded b'ort .Mc- 
llenr\, but after twent\-ti\'e hotu's of incessant and desperate firing accom- 
])lished nothing, and on tlu' morning of the fourteenth the Jlritish land forces 
took to their lioat^. < hi the fifteenth, the grateful news was brought to the 
citv b\' ;i courier from the seat ot war. .\u eve-witness of his arrival sa\s. 
"Ife came down Chestnut street at a full gallop, the crowd opening right and 
left, lie pulled up at the corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets, and after a 
]iause of ;i few moments to recover hi^ breath, he cried out in a loud tone of 
voice. 'The d d I'.ritish have been defeated at Xorth i'oint and their Gen- 
eral. Lord Koss, is killed.' This ;nin(nmcement was followed by such a fierce 
cr\' of triumph and such cheers as 1 have never heard since that memorable 
da\'." Crowds p.araded the streets during the night shouting and singing na- 
tional airs and cheering for the brave I'laltimorcins, .Men mounted steps or 
lioxes anil harangued the crowd. ( )ne jolly old fc'llow. the landlord ot ;i well 
known hotel, carried awa\ b\ the excitement. |)ulled ott his coat and hat at 
Third and Chestnut streets and \\a\ing them in the air hurrahed lnslil\ until 
he reached South street, followi'd e\ery step of the way by great crowds of 
excited men and boys. 

Although the I'.ritish had been repulsed at I'.altimore. it was feared that 
this cit\ was uot (piite safe from attack, for the I'.ritish lleet might yet apjiear 
in the Delaware. ( ieneral ( iaines, a distinguished ofificer. established bis head- 



Warwick's keystom-: co.mmoxweai.tii. 183 

(|uartiT-> liLTf to take cIkul;!.' of the militia am! in iirnvide defence in case of 
an attack from tlie enemy. 

In the face ni a cnnininn (kinger, factional spirit >nl)si(le<l. The whole 
comninnitv was wroui;ht iii-i li\ patriotic fervor. A camp was estahlished at 
Kennett Sipiare. and here a body of reijiilars joined the volnnteers. 

['".very victory on the sea or on the lanrl was hailed with delight, and the 
distinguisheil iifficers who visited the cit\' were entertained at suni]ituous ban- 
quets and presented with g'old hilled .swords. lUit, when at last news was re- 
ceived of t leneral Jackson's signal victory at X'ew ( )rleans the wh(jle tow'n 
went wild with excitement. It \\as almost a month after the hattle of Xew 
Orleans that news of the victory reached the city. In ahont a week later word 
came of the signing of the treat\ of peace at ( dieiit, and in celebration of this 
event the city was illnminated, arches were thrown over the highways and the 
private honses were decorated witli tlag■^ and Inmting. 

Dnring the continnance of the war, the city, notwithstanding the constant 
dread of attack, had made some progress and would, no doubt, have made con- 
siderable more hail the times been pros])erous and had not the peojile's minds 
been diverted by passing events. 

b'ollovving the War of 1812, the city was, in the main, inhabited b\- a 
thrifty class and to the subject of cultivating this inherent i|ualit\-. l'ond\- Ra- 
guet, then president of the I'ennsylvania Life Insurance Company, gave much 
thought and study. He had read many Itn.sflish journals describing the es- 
tablishment of savings banks in that countr_\' and on the 20th of Xovcndjer, 
1816. he introduced the .matter to Richard I'eters, jr., with whom he was 
talking on the wav ti) his office. ( In the same dav they discussed the subject 
with I'lement C. liiddle and Thomas Hale, in the former gentleman's ottice 
and agreed upon the advisability of establishing a savings bank. It was de- 
cided to call a meeting of a few prominent citizens to act upon the suggestion, 
and, responding to the invitation, twelve gentlemen agreed to miite for the 
purpose. ( )n Monday, .Xovember 25, 1816, five id' this number luet at .Mr. 
Raguet's office on South Second street and formulated plans for the society's 
formation. These were: Condy Raguet, rholm.as Hale. John Strawdjridge, 
John C. Stocker and John McCrea. At the meeting. Mr. Raguet submitted 
the plan for the association which after some discussion was amended .Hnd 
subsequently adopted at an adjourned meeting at wdiich time .\nilrew I'.aird 
was chosen first president, 'ibe plan of the Association having lieen acted 
upon, the necessary officers elected and committees appointed to conduct the 
business of the Association, I)\-laws adopted and the contingent exiienses jiro- 
vided for by \'oIuntary contributions of the .Managers, the business of the .\s- 
sociation wa> coiunienced and continued U|) to .March 31, l.Slo. 

( )n the 25th of b'ebruary, 1810, an Act of the Legislature incorporating 
"The Philadelphia Saving Fund .Societx " wa-- ajiproved b\ the Governor of 
the Commonwealth, and accordingly the trustees under the .articles of the .\s- 
sociation — namelv, William Jones, the President, and jon.-Llh.ni Smith, the C'ashier 
of the Cnited Stales ISank — transferred all the assets to the incorporated so- 
ciety. <.'n Mondav. December 2, i8ifi, the office of the .Society was firsi opened 
for the transaction of business on the west side of .Sixth street, nearly opposite 



1 84 



WARWICK S KK\ST()N1-: COM M (>\ WICAI.TH . 



Miiuir street, next door to Ruhicani's wcll-kimun tavern. In the year iSi8, 
the office was removed to the east side of Sixtli street, southeast corner of 
Minor street. Three years later the Society was quartered on the west side of 
Decatur street, a small thoroughfare hetween Sixth and Seventh streets and 
in 1826. a more conuiindiniis oftice was secured nn the second tionr of the 
building at the southeast corner of Third and Walnut streets. In 1827. the 
building at No. 304 Walnut street was purchased and was occupied by the 




The rjiiLAUKi.i'iiiA S.vvim;s I'IM), l,S4(M,S(i!i. 



Society until 1840. when it erected a new building on the site, Xo. 3C36 Walnut 
street. This was the marble front building now owned and occupied by the 
Roval hire insurance C'iim|)any. Its erection marked an im])ortant epoch in 
the Society's history, and it was opened with appro])riate ceremonies. Thomas 
U. \\'alters was the architect and the conniiittee that supervised its construc- 
tion included lior.-ice liimiey, John J. X'anderkemii and Francis (InrneN ."^mith. 
In i8()9 the oftice of the Society was removed to the building which it now 
occupies, the increased and constantly increasing business making it ijnpera- 



WARWKK S KI•'.^■ST<l\l■: (.OM MIlNWliALTIl. 



185 



five that more cumniodious accdiiiiiK xlatii ins tor the depositors shouhl he se- 
cured. The property' \va> purchaseil and a fireproof huildini;' erected under 
the careful supervision of a committee of the Alanacers, consistiiiL; of loshua 
B. Lippincott. S. Ahirris W'ahi. Joseph Ilarrisim, Jr.. lulward Shippen and 
Alexander liiddle. Such has heen the rapid increase in the number of deposi- 
tors, that in ( Jctoher, 1S82, the attention of the .ManaLjers was called to the 
necessity of providing additional accomm(jdati(jns for its office, in order to 
facilitate the transaction of its business and to prox'ide for its future wants. A 
committee was appointed and after careful consideration the purchase of addi- 
tional property on Walnut street was reconnmended. in order that the l)uilding 




THE PHILADELPHIA SAVINO FUND SOCIETY 
As Enlarged 1898 



could be enlarged and such improvements added as would facilitate the carry- 
ing out <jf the benevolent work of the .Society. The Hoard of Managers con- 
curred in the recommendation of the committee and authorized the purchase 
of the property named. A committee was apiiointed consisting of Joshua B. 
Lippincott, Samuel h'ield, Edward .Shi[>pen, Edward S. Buckley and Pember- 
ton S. Hutchinson, to superintend the new buildings, which have since been 
enlarged by a seventy-five foot addition to the west, giving a total frontage 
on Walnut street of one hundred and fifty feet. 



The Board of Managers electerl Januar\ i. loi.v inchules some 



the 



most pronninent gentlemen in the professional and business life of the city. 
They are: John T. Lewis. Jr., Edward II. t oales, II. W. I'.iddle. John T. Mor- 
ris, ("i. .\ssheton Carson, l''f¥inghruii I'., .\lon-i-. Ai'thur E. .Vewbold. William 
W. Ju.stice, C. S. W. Packard. J. Rodman I'aul. fharle. !•".. Inger-oll, (',. C. 
Purves, T. DeWitt Cu\ler, hVancis I. ( lowen. lobn W. I'eppei'. Charles ISiridle, 
George McCall. Henry II. Collin^, Ch;irle< I'.. IVnrose. .\l. D., John B. Mor- 



i86 wakwuk's ki:ysto.ne com.moxwealtii. 

jjan, James Ix)gaii Fisher, Robert C. Drayton. Allja 1'.. Julinsini. iM-ancis A. 
Lewis, James McCrea. 

The officers of the Society are : President, G. Colesberry Purves ; \'ice- 
President, James M. W'illcox ; Secretary and Treasurer, Samuel Woodward; 
Assistant Treasurer, Thomas J. lieck, and Assistant Secretary, Alvin S. Feni- 
more. 

It is douljtful if that little band of philanthropic gentlemen who organized 
the l^hiladeli)hia Saving Fund Society nearly one hundred years ago, realized 
that it was destined to became one of the greatest institutions of its character 
in the world or that it would survive to wield such a powerful influence for 
the good of mankind for the mere handful of depositors that welcomed its or- 
ganizatiiin in iSio has grown to an enormous army of 283,000 individuals who 
have been benefited and uplifted b_\' its workings. Had its projectors spent 
untold wealth they could have erected no worthier monument to record their 
interest in humanity. 

Tile Hank of the United States had grown to enormous proportions, and 
for some reason or other had fallen under the suspicion and disapprobation of 
the people. It was claimed by its enemies that most of its stock was held 
abroad by dukes and aristocrats who drew their dividends out of the bank to 
expend them in Europe. The leading and conservative business men of the 
country knew, however, the value and worth of this great institution, and every 
eftort was made to renew its charter, but Congress turned a deaf ear to all 
appeals. An effort was then made to induce the State to grant a charter and 
immense bonuses were offered in consideration of the grant. It was agreed 
to subscribe large sums of money for the building of public roads, bridges and 
for the improvement of river navigation, but the question had grown to be a 
partv one and nothing in the wav of promises or bonuses could secure the pas- 
sage of a bill authorizing the renewal of the charter. The bank ceased business 
and the building was purchased by Stephen Girard at a figure considerably 
below its real value and at once he opened a banking business, agreeing to take 
charge of the accounts of the depositors. This was the beginning of the Girard 
Bank, which was not organized until 1832, but its immediate predecessor was 
Stephen ( lirard's bank and through that its lineage is directly traced to the 
first I'ank of the United States, the spectacular history of which, was one of 
the most im|>ortant incidents following the commercial impuise infused into 
the country by the Constitution of the I'nited States and the subsequent for- 
mation of the Governnu'nt. After an existence of twenty years, during which 
period the United States Pank paid dividends of from seven and five-eighths 
to ten jier cent. ])er annum, its doors were closed on March 3, 181 1. by reason 
of its failure to secure a renewal of its charter. At this time Stephen Girard, 
who was the wealthiest man in the country and the bank's largest stockholder, 
purchased the bank building and its equipment and one year later opened 
Stejjhen Girard'- Banking llon>e, with a capital of $1,200,000. The bank was 
a success from the outstart, although it began its existence at the outbreak of 
the War of 1812, which was a trying period in American finances, (lirard's 
bank was of great assistance to the Government during the jieriod of and im- 
mediatelv following the war with Great l'.rit;iin and it continued in active oper- 



\VAi;\\ICK S KIC^STdM: ( n.M.Mil.XWF. ALTH. 



187 



ation until the ilcath nf its fnuiKk-r, I )cccnil)cr 2(\ 1831, at wliich time the trus- 
tees, who had been appninteil li\ Mr. ( lirard in anticipation of liis death, wound 
up its affairs and turned over between f(.>ur and five million dollars to his ex- 
ecutors, yir. Girard was buried on December 30, 1S31, and the same day the 
feillowing' notice, whicji led to iirLjanization of the fjirard J lank, appeared in 
the newspapers: "Tlie merchants, manufacturers and others ot the city of 
Philadelphia, who approve of applying' to the Legislature for the charter of a 
bank, with capital ade(|uate to meet the deficiency occasioned by the withdrawal 
of the Uanking Capital of the late Stephen (iirar<l, Esq., are re(|uested to at- 


















^ j.>dM *tfv» "' 



'V^b-^^^^-.;^^ 



1!a;\k of the U.nitei) Statk.s. 



XOW 'IHh (intAlill Xatid.nai. 1!a.\k 



tend a meeting at the Merchants Coffee House on Saturday afternoon at three 
o'clock, the 31st of December, 1831." .\ large munber of prominent men 
answered the call and ado|)ted a memorial to the Legislature asking for a char- 
ter for a bank with a capital of $2,000,000 to "supply the <leficiency caused by 
the closing of Stephen CHrard's Hanking House, because existing banks, with 
a sincere disposition to meet the wants of the community, do not |)Ossess re- 
.sources sufficient for the ]nir])ose and there is no doubt, that uidess ;i new 
bank, with a large Capital shall be established within a short time, the most 
serious inconvenience will ln' experienced by the Community ;it Large." 1 he 
committee appointed for the purpose i)re])ared tlu' ai't ol incorpor.ation. which 
was passed hv the Legislature and apjiroved by the ( iovernor and the books for 
the subscription of stock were immediately o]jened in the Masonic Temijle, 



i88 Warwick's kk'sstonk commonwealth. 

on Chestnut strc-ut. TlK-re was a ^reat demand for the stock and after the 
organization of the l>ank was completed. James Schott was elected ])resident 
and Girard's banking house was rented and lias been occupied continuously 
since. Among the early depositors were tlie C"amden and .Amboy Railroad 
Company and the I'nited States Covernment. The latter account grew to be 
a very large one. jjarticularly after President Jackson ordered the removal 
of the public funds from the second Cnited States Bank and made the (jirard 
Hank one of the (iovernment's chief depositaries. The first dividend upon the 
capital stock of the ( iirard I'.ank was paid in May. 1833. The financial 
strength of the young institution at this [)eriod is shown by a draft of $1,961,- 
040.42 which was |)aid to the Treasurer of the L'nited States, two years after 
its organization. The bank was in a most flourishing condition when the panic 
of 1837 occurred and it successfully passed through this trying ordeal as well 
as that of 1837, and the troublous times which followed the opening and 
continuance of the Civil War. when it rendered efficient aid to the Government. 
The capital of the liank had been increased to $5,000,000 some time previously 
and its charter from the State renewed at different periods. In 18(14, it was 
made a Naticmal Bank; capitalized at $1,000,000, and in iQoi it merged with 
the Independence National Bank and increased the cajiital to $1,500,000. In 
1903, the Mechanics National Bank was absorbed and the capital stock was in- 
creased to $2,000,000. The Western .Xatinnal Bank was taken over in 1912. 
and these mergings made the (Iirard Xational Bank one of the strongest and 
best patronized in the citv. The building which the bank has occupied for 
over eighty years, is the same in exterior, as it was in the days of the United 
States Bank and Stephen (iirard, but its interior ha.^ ijeen modernized and 
vaults of Ilarveyized steel installed. That the wonderful success of the bank 
is largely due to the ability of its executive heads, is attested by the fact that 
since its organization it has bad but five presidents. The present incumbent of 
that (jffice is bTancis I). Ree\'es. who was elected h> the jiosition July 18, 1899. 
He is one of the leading merchants of the cit}- and under his careful direction 
the business has largely increased. The closing of the Cnited States .Bank, as 
was natural to suppose. ])roduced great financial com])lications. In liquidating 
its atT;iir> a large portion of its capital had to be returned to foreign owners, 
and this sum had to be ])aid in sterling money. I'rices of all goods leaped to a 
great height. Rice, sugar and all the staples arose to exorbitant figures, and this 
brought great hardship to the ])oor. Hard UKiney ahnost entirely disappeared 
from circulation. 

The Cnited Stales I'.ank having closed, its business gave opportunity for 
the establishment of ininunerable .^tate l'.anl<s, which instiiutions. in order to 
relieve the stringency, issued their notes, or what were called "shin plasters."' 
Tradesmen, dealers and merchants also issued their notes for amounts from 
two cents upward>. The conservative thinking jieojile of the coiuitry be.gan 
to have an appreciati(.)n of the value of a moneyed institution such as the 
United States Bank, and an efl"ort was immediately put on foot to incorporate 
another institution of like character, and in iSi() the Second I'.ank of the Cnited 
States received its charter, to exist for a jjcriod of twenty years. Its doors 
were opened on January seventh, 1817. It occupied. tem])orarily, Carpenter's 



WARWUK S KEYSTONE CUM MOX WEALTI I . 



189 



Hall, but plans were drawn at once for the erection of a suitable building and 
in 1818 the old \orris Alansiijn. which was located on the south side of Chest- 
nut street between Fourth and P'ifth streets, was selected as a site for the new 
structure. The corner stone was laid in the Spring of i8ig, and the building 
was completed and ready for use in 1824. It was modeled after the Parthenon 
at Athens and in its day was considered the finest piece of architecture in the 
coimtrv, it being described as "a perfect specimen of the pure Doric temples of 
the Greeks." 




"^^^^ TTt? ^^^^^^^^ 



CiHAiii) Xationai. Hank as it Ai'i'hAKs To-iiav. 



Business was still in a depressed conditinn. and in tlie winter nl iSid- 
1817 there was great suffering among the poor and subscriptions had to be 
raised to give relief. It took S(ime time to restore our foreign trade and be- 
sides this our manufactures, which during the war found a home market, were 
deprived of that now because of the scarcity of muncy, tlu' high jirices of pro- 
visions, and the non-employment of the working classes. 

Philadelphia, at this time, was a city of a little less ih.m mie Imiidird and 
twent\- thousand inhabitants. It \\a^ fairly well covered wilb buildings frmn 
-South street to \ine, but was not thickly popn'lated in the other direction to 
the west, furllier than I'deventh or Twelfth streets. 

.After the fortunes of .\a])oleon declined, many P>onai)artists, to escape the 
vengeance nf the licnn-lnins, fomicl refuge in Philadelphia, and formed quite 



lyO WAKU K K S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 

a coiiiimiiiily in tlienisch'c.s. J<ise])h lloiiapartc, cx-l\.iii,i;' of Spain, and brotlier 
of tlic threat Napoleon, arrived here in Septcmlx'r. I1S13, nnder tlic name of 
Connt Survillicrs. He rented a lionse from Stephen (iirard, located at the 
southeast corner of Twelfth and Market streets, and subsetpiently established 
a siibnrlian resilience at Bordentown. lie was a frecpient visitor to this city 
after Ik- had removed to Xew jersey and became (luite a favorite amoni( the 
people because of his plain, simple and democratic manners. Grouchy, who 
had failed Xapulenn at Waterloo also found refuse here and occupied a house 
on I.Minbanl street in tlie neighborhood of I'ifth. 

Al). lut thi-> lime, or ti) be more ])articidar. in the year 1S17, an Mnglish- 
man b\ the name of llenry jJradshaw Fearon, came to thi> countr\ for the 
|)ur|iose of seekino; definite information as to the best i>arts of the t^nited 
States in which to send immigrants, .\fter his tour he published his impres- 
sions, and his criticisms and observatiuns created ipiite a sensaliim. lie landed 
in .\'e\\ ^'ork. and after making a short sojourn there travelled liy stage coacii 
to r.ordentown. and then took a steamboat down the Delaware and at last 
after .1 |)leasant ride, according to his own description, on a stream tint was 
lined on both sides by stretches of beautiful coiuitr}', arriveil at Market street 
wharf. L)n his journe}' down the river he saw six or seven vessels driven by 
steam. This was only a few years after I'ulton's "Clermont" had made her 
successful trip on the Pludson, and proves that steam was being generallv in- 
troduced in the matter of river navigation and transportation. As he stepped 
from the boat he was overrun by porters, most of them negroes, who wore 
upon their hat> or their coats tin plates on which in large letters were their 
names and addresses. They flocked around him in great numbers, and eagerly 
sought to carry his baggage and to conduct him to his hotel. Tie stojiped at a 
well known inn inv several day^, ami then removed to a private boarding 
house. Here lie hail couifortable quarters, but does not seem to have been viry 
well ])leased with the conduct of the estalilishment. bringing letters of intro- 
duction to several of our leading citizens, he was mvited to dine in the houses 
of some of the well-to-do folk, although he does not seem to have secured an 
riitrr into tlie highest social circles. Tjion one occasion he took tea at what 
he calleil a "genteel private hduse." Here he was kindl\- entertained and was 
specialK' im])ressed with the table, loaded with tish, dried beef and sausages, 
and great plates holding pieces of bread piled ui) in a zig-zag form. In com- 
luenting njion the inmates of the house, he sa>s that the faces of the children 
were dirtv, their hair was uncombed and they seemed in his view, to be some- 
what neglected. To take one instance as an index of the whole is not fair, 
lie appears to h.ave taken the exception for the rule, for his ex])erience an<l ub- 
servations evidenth did not co\-er ,1 hidd brnad enough to enable him to re:icli 
■a fair conclusion or a judgment that would be general in its application. 
Sureh' the condition he found in this particular home was exce])lionaI, for no 
foreign strangers or visitors evi-r stated that children in Aniei-ic.m louies were 
cither iud<enii)t or neglected. Mrs. Trollope and Charles Hickens held the 
mirror up so that we could see <nn- deformities in their own rellectinii ;uid 
although the\- were disgusted with many of th.e habits that prevailed among 
our peopk- in the wa\- of boasting, swaggering, swearing, smoking, tobacco 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 191 

chewing and spitting, they did not even intimate that our children were neg- 
lected. In direct contradiction to the statements of Fearon, Aliss Fanny 
Wright, an Flnglish tourist, who visited this countrv in 1810. said: "I never 
walked through the streets of any cit\' with so much satisfaction as those of 
Philadelphia. The neatness and cleanliness of all animate and inanimate 
things, houses, pavements and citizens, is not to be surpassed." 

Fearon greatly admired the forms id' our women, liut declared at twenty- 
seven they were as old in appearance as the Londoners at fort}', and that they 
did not have the rosy cheeks of their English sisters and to make up in this 
matter they were given to the use of rouge. lie thought, too, the\- ought to 
take some lessons in the management of domestic concerns and that they were 
sadly lacking in the cultivation of the mind. He also referred to the aristo- 
cratic and exclusive air that ]irevailed among the up])er circles of societv, and 
no doubt, like many visiting forei.gners, found it difficult to penetrate that 
chosen realm. He witnessed an election and saw much that disgusted him 
with the proceedings. He was more than pleased with our markets and de- 
scribed the butchers in their spotless white aprons. The funerals which he 
saw were attended by "large walking processions," and he notes that when the 
body is brought out of the house there were no signs of deep sorrow on the 
faces of any who were taking part in the ceremony. Philadelphians have 
never been exceptionally effusive in their grief, but nn one ever charged them 
with indifference to sorrow or coldness of heart. The English tourist must 
have been unfortunate enough to attend the funerals of a few mothers-in-law. 
In describing the Constabulary force of the city he states that there were 
twenty-six watchmen who cried the hour, and adds that if any one should at- 
tempt to imitate them the offender would be subjected to immediate arrest. I'our- 
teen Constables, together with two High Constables, Ijearing maces, wa'ked a: 
stated intervals throu.gh the streets and examined all susiiicious looking per- 
sons, who, if they were unable to give a fair account of themselves, were 
taken to the Mayor for further interrogation. He intimates in a mysterious 
way that he could reveal the facts in S(jme recent occurrences "which if true 
in all particulars would prove the Magistracy here to be as corrupt as that of 
London in the days of Fielding." It is useless to say that his comments met 
with a stiff" denial upon the part of our journalists, and aroused a spirit of in- 
dignation in the hearts of the people, for the community in those days was 
verv sensitive and easilv irritated bv adverse criticism. 



CHAPTER XVTT. 



THE HEXCIl AN'I) BAR. 



PRI()1\ til the Revolution, the Jndijcs appointed by the Crown were, in 
nian\ instances, men of inferior abihty, without any professional train- 
ing;', and coniiKiratively without kmnvledafe of the law. They were 
mere mouthpieces of the King, owed an allegiance only to him, and 
their rulings were always in his favor, .\fter the Revolutionary War, there 
was a decided change for the better in the character ijf the judicial appoint- 
ments, and a few brief sketches of some of the most ]M-ominent Judges, show- 
ing their eccentricities, learning and qualities of mind will give a fair index 
of the ni.-nniei- in which justice was (hs])ensed in the early days of the Re- 
public. 

Thiinias .McKcan was the tirsl Chief lii.-^tice nf the Supreme Court of 
PeiuisNJvania after the Declaratiun of lude|)cndence. He had the honor of 
being one nf the illustrious signers of that immortal document. He sat upon 
the I'lench from 1777 to 1799. and subsec|uent to his judicial career, he was 
Governor of the Cnmninn wealth of I'ciuisylvania. and tonk .'Ui active part in 
public affairs both in State and Nation until the opening years of the War 
of 1S12. He was well founded in the principles of the law and familiar with 
everv point of practice. He was a man of strong character and had the rug- 
ged (lualities of the Scotch-Irish, fmni whicli race he sprang. He was an ar- 
dent partisan, bitter in his prejudices and at times his rulings on the Bench 
were almost despntic. He was a man nf pi;)werful physi(|ue. and nothing 
could daunt his cnurage. \\'heu jiresiding in tlie Court at Harrisburg a mol) 
gathered niitside nf the building and wa- sn nnisy that the Judge summoned 
the .''Sheriff tn disperse the rabble. The Sheriff, almnst frightened (nit of his 
wits, reimrtcd in the C nurt that the crowd was be\nnd his cnntrol. "'i'hen why 
do A'ou not sunnnnn voin- posse?" roared the Judge. "T have done so, but 
wilhnut avail," re|ilieil tile Sheriff. "Then, sir." shouted the Judge, "why do 
you mil sniiininn me"" The Sheriff, taking the Judge at his wnnl, said. "T do, 
sir, suninion you, in the name of the law." Instantly the Judge, without re- 
moving his scarlet gnwn. dashed from the r.ciich out into the courtyard, seized 
a cou])le of the rioters by the tlirnat and nrderei! the rest to di-;perse. Quiet 
was restnreil at once. 

When ( lovernor of the Ciimninnw eallli, he appninted as Chief Justice, 
William Tilghman. The appointment. Imwever, did not meet with favor by 
the leaders nf the Democratic iiarty and a cnmmittee waited upon ^IcKean 
and made kimwii tn him the object of their visit. The Governor, profoundly 
bowing and assuming an air of great curiosity, asked what the Democracy de- 
sired. "We want." said tlic speaker of the committee, "a man more loyal to 
the principles nf the Dcmocraiic iiartx." "Indeed," said the ( lovenior, "you 
nia\ return tn \nur ci iiislilnenl> and tell tlieni lli.-U I Imw willi >nl)missinn lo the 

1()2 



WAKWKK S KI-:\STON-E C(IM XrOX WEALTH. I93 

will of the L;reat Dcnmcracy (if I'liiladclphia, Init In (iml! William TilLjlinian 
shall he Chief Justice (if rennsylvania." 

judge Samuel Chase was appointed an associate fustice of the I'nited 
States Circuit C(_iurt for the District of I'oinsx Ivania in the year of i/i)(>. He 
was a man of uncommon ahilitx' and l)road learning, lint at times most arbi- 
trary in his Conduct and in rulings. He was never what might lie callcfl a fa- 
vorite with the bar. Cpon one (icca>ion, Samuel Leake, h'scpiire, who prac- 
ticed law in Trenton, \'ew Jersey. ap]3eared before the Court t(.i take part in 
an argument. He was well known as a case lawyer and alwavs cited an end- 
less array of aiUhorities. (hi the dav in question before the opening of the 
Court, he was foimd liusily engaged m arranging a long line and piles (if law 
books on the talile at the bar of the court, and was taking the greatest care in 
placing them in orderly succession so as to lia\e them C(jnvenientl\- at hand 
during the course of his argument. The Judge, dmrth' bef(3re Court con- 
vened, appeared upon tlie L'.ench and looking down upon the lawwer arranging 
his books asked him in an abrupt manner, "What have von there, sir?" Mr. 
Leake replied, "M>' books." "What are they for?" said the Judge. "1 intend 
to cite from them my authorities," said the law\er. "To whom," said the 
Judge, "do you intend to cite them?" "To \iiur honor," wa^ the answer, and 

the Jud.ge ended the collociuy by aljruptb" sa\ing, "I'll be d d if \in\ do," 

Such C(.induct was at least uncixil, and it i> not known what course was pur- 
sued b_v the lawyer in the face of so sharji a denial of justice. 

hi proceedings for treason against a man b\ the name of John h'reas. 
Justice Chase, before hearing any testimony in the case, submitted in writing 
to the lawyers on both sides his views upon the law as he intended to la\ them 
down before the jury in hi^ charge. This was so clearly a iirejndging of the 
case, that ?\Ir. Lewis and -Mr. Dallas, representing the defendants at once with- 
drew, and the District Attorney was compelled to prosecute the prisoner unre])- 
resented by C(_iunsel. The trial resulted in the convicti(;in of the defendant 
and the Judge forthwith imposed upon him the sentence (A death. The pris- 
oner, was, how'ever, subsequently pardoned and the Judge, because of his ar- 
bitrary ruling in the matter, was impeached in i S04 liefore the Senate of the 
L'nited States, but after a long trial was acquitted. 

Justice Chase was succeeded by lUishrod \\'ashingt(.in, one of the greatest 
Judges that ever sat u|.)on the Ilench in this couiury or in any other. He had 
devoted his whole life to the stud_\' of law^ and gave but little time or thought 
to anv branches of learning (.lutside (if it. His (jpinions were written in a 
clear, simple style but without any adornment. He never indulged in the cus- 
tom so common in tho-e days of fpioting from the classics, or even from 
standard English autlKjr.-,. In fact, it was said by some one who knew him well 
that it was a (|uestion whether he knew li\ whom li.amlet was written. Hut 
his purity of mind, his fairness, his amiability, his patience made him an ideal 
Judge and his reputation as a jiu'ist is linked with that of the great Mansticld. 
L'pon a tablet whiidi ap])ears on the walls of the Dislricl ( duin of the I'niti-d 
States in this district, recordmg (he respect and affection ol the members of 
the Philadel|)hia I'.ar, the following language smns up elocpientl) his attri- 
butes: "Distin.gnished for simplicity of manners and purity ol heart. h'earlcss 



I<H WARWICK S KEVSTONK COM M( )X WEAI.TII. 

and cnliohtencd as a Jndt^e. no intUicnce or interest could touch his integrity 
or bias his judgment." 

With the name and reputation of Rushrod W'asliington may be coupled 
that of William Tilghman. He was appointed in March, 1801, by President 
Adaius. Chief Justice of the I'nitcd Slates Circuit Court for this circuit, lie 
was called one of the "midnight judges" from the fact that President Adams, 
just before his retirement, made a batch of Judicial appointments, among 
wliicli was named Judge 'J'ilghinan. A lietter selection could not have been 
made, for he was not only learned in the law. Init had every attribute that 
made him preeminently a jurist of the first order. With integrity, without 
bias, with deep learning and with a cultured mind, he nnist be reckoned among 
the great ornaments of the Bench. The Act creating the Circuit Court was 
subsequently repealed by Congress. ]\Ir. Tilghman was born on August 
twelfth. 1756, in Talbot County, on the eastern shore of Maryland. His fam- 
ily owned an extensive plantation on the Chester River in Uueen Anne's 
County, and it was here, from 1776 to 178,^, he pursued his legal duties. Part 
of this time he resided in Chestertow n, the County Seat of Kent, in those days 
an important settlement in Maryland, and a port of entry. He subsequently 
removed to Philadel]3hia where he jiracticed law successfully until his appoint- 
luent in 1806 to the P)ench as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of this 
State. His two Associate Justices in this Court were Jasper Yeates and Hugh 
Henry Rreckenridge. both interesting men because of their peculiarities. 

The former was a tall, dignified man in appearance, most careful in the 
matter of his attire, and possessed of a good knowledge of the law. lireck- 
enridge was almost as tall as his colleague, but was raw boned and with a 
slight stoop in his shoulders. He was dark, with sallow complexion and 
wrinkled face, he was generally unshaven and his hair uncombed. He was 
most careless in his manner and st\le of dress. As a usual thing he wore a 
rusty coat that appeared as if it had not been touched with a whisk or brush 
for months. He wore small clothes, without suspenders and at times it looked 
as if his breeches were losing their bearing. He was always shod with great 
heavy boots, and a cravat was twisted around his neck which a wag remarked, 
resembled a han,gnian's noose. (Jften when presiding at a trial, if the weather 
was hot or oppressive, he would remove his coat and vest, pull ofif his boots 
and prop his stockinged feet against the desk. He seemed to delight in ignor- 
ing every form of eti(|uette and decorum and this too in the presence of as re- 
fined, as cullured and as accumplislied a group of lawyers as ever practiced at 
anv bar. If it had not l)een fur hi^ known integrity and his really great power 
as a judge his un-^eeml\ conduct would, no doubt, have induced his inijieach- 
ment. 

In those days the Judges rode the circuit on h(}rse-back and upon one occa- 
sion, when journe\ing to his Court, the Judge was overtaken l)y a terrific storm 
of wind and rain. Not having anv clothes with him other than those which he 
wore, he .got ofif his horse, undressed, wrapped his garments in a wad and 
placed them under the saddle and with nothing on Init his hat and boots, 
jumijcd upon his steed and pursued his way. Meeting a friend on the road, 
he explained his condition by saying, "Though 1 am a Judge, 1 have but one 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. I95 

suit and if I had not resorted to this scheme it would liave been ruined, wiiercas 
the shower bath can only give nie a dressing." Breckenridge and Yeates were 
not on the best of terms. There was always a want of harmony between them, 
and at times there existed a personal enmity. L'l"'" "'i'? dcca^ion, the two 
Judges reached the Court before the arrival oi the Chief Jnstice, and took 
their accustomed seats. While waiting for tlie coming of ^Nlr. Tilghnian, Judge 
Yeates occupied the time in eating an apple, and the noise he made seemed to 
give great anno\ance to Mr. Breckenridge, who, growing impatient, said, "I 
thought, sir, you once informed nie that you had been in London, visited West- 
minster Hall, the courts of law, and saw Lord Mansfield?" "Yes, sir," said 
Judge Yeates, puffing out with imiiortance, "I had that honor." "Pray, sir," 
was Breckenridge's rei)ly, "did \(iu ever see his Lordship miuich a pi|ipin ori 
the bench?" It is not kmiwn whether Judge Yeates continual devouring the 
apple or threw the core at his colleague's head. 

One of the early Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia 
County was Jacob Rush, brother of the distinguished Dr. Benjamin Rush, 
one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Jacob Rush was a 
man of great ability and of deep religious devotion, as will be seen by the lan- 
guage used in the following imique sentence which he imposed upon Richard 
Siuith in iSi'i, who liad been convicted of the murder of a man by the name 
of Carson. Addressing the prisoner, the Judge solemnly said: ".\s \iiur con- 
tinuance in this world will lie for a short time, it becomes you seriously to re- 
flect upon the world of spirits into which }ou will soon be laiuiched. Dream 
not, I beseech vou, of annihilation or that death is an eternal sleep. The more 
\du indulge in such unfounded speculations the greater your disap]iointnient 
and horror will be wdien you awake in the eternal world. Life ami immor- 
tality are brought to light by the ( lospel. In this precious volume one has dis- 
covered a true man and the f;dl and dei)ravit\' of man and all his elevation and 
happiness through the atoning blood of the Son of God. Here and here alone 
a soul lost and bewildered in the maze and difflculty can find a clue t(.) guide 
him to the dav spring on high — the Saviour of sinners. 

".\ particular feature of this disjilay of infinite wisdom and goodness is 
that it opens a door for the most aliandoned sinners to return to a means of re- 
pentance. 

"Murderers have been iiardoned. Therefore, you may be p:irdoned in 
the face of your repentance and wash over your sins in the blood of jesus that 
cleanses from all sins. To this 1>lo(.)d you nuist apply if you wish to escape the 
regions of perpetual sorrow and de.^])an-. 1. therefore, advise you to strive to 
another end to accomplish what is good. Double diligence, na\'. tenlold dili- 
gence is necessary in your alarming situation. You have but a >liort time to 
live and a great work to accomplish in the space of a few weeks. It becomes 
you, therefore, to work out your salvation in fear and trembling, for it is 
(iod that works in you the will to do His own good pleasure. 

"You are a young man, cut off by vice in the morning of your d.ays. 
^'our sun is scarcely risen before it is set, not, I ho])e in the shades of ever- 
lasting night, but that on the morning of the resurrection you ma\- shine in 
robes of innocence, purchased in the blood of the Lamb. 



196 WAKWU k"s KK\ST(>.\E COMMON' wealth. 

".Now. to the Court's mercy a)i(l tn tlu- ycHnIiiess of (iod. 1 coiiiiiieiKi \ou. 
and (.■oiichulc with tliis r(.'(|Ufst, that inimciliatcly upon your return to prison 
you scud for sonic jjious (Hvinc to pray with you and as.-^ist vou in preparing 
for the awful change that soon awaits you. 

"'idle sentence is that you he taken from hence to the jail of the Cit\- and 
County of I'liiladeljjhia from wdieiicc you came and from thence to the jjlace of 
execution and l)e hanged hy the neck until you are dead, and may ( lod have 
nierc\ ujion your .soul." 

TIk- same judge, in cliarging the (irand jury respecting iiorse racing 
said: "It is attended with many evils whicli seem interwuven in its verv na- 
ture and ,T Iiorse ground is a theatre and hot-hed of every vice. Idie spirit of 
gamhling is infectious, and often seizes persons of ardent and impetuous tem- 
per wdio heiug once caught in the toils are seldom able to extract themselves 
from its enfolding chains. 

"Hie report of a horse race spreads far and wide without the aid of a 
newsjiaper and is a well known signal ttir collecting to.gether from all parts of 
the comnmnity ^harpers and gamblers of every character and description. 
Thither they re])air as to their native elements to practice all of the deceitful 
arts of their ])rofession with .great latitude and success. In short, it would be 
hardly possible to name the spot upon the face of the earth which combines so 
man\ means of destroying the virtue and morality of a country as a horse 
race." This charge has the ring of one of the niessa.ges of justice Hughes of 
the .^upre)ue Court of the Cnited States, transmitted to the .\'ew York Le.gis- 
lature when he was Governor. 

Another jud.ge, of that period, of ])reeminent abilitx' was John Bannister 
(jibson. born on the eighth of \o\ember, in the \"ear 1780. His father was a 
Colonel in the .Xmcrican arm\ , and was killed ;it .St. Clair's defeat liy the Indi- 
ans in i/u')- His early educational advantages were ver\' meagre, but by dint 
of industrv and application he was enabled to enter the junior year at Dickin- 
son C'olle.ge, which institution. ho\\e\'er, he left in bis senior \ear. without 
.graduation. He then entered the oftice of jud.ge Duncan, a well known law- 
yer of that day and after a course of studv was admitted to the bar in .March, 
1803. He began the practice of hi> profession in Heaver '„"ounty in this Stale, 
but meetin.g here with little success he afterw'ards went to Hagerstown, .Marxland, 
then to Carlisle, wdiere he built u]) a fair jiractice. He was Scotch-Irish, and had 
all the (pialities that characterize that stnrdx race of men. In 1810, u])on the death 
of judge Hreckeiiridge, be was appointed his successor. Tilgliman w;is still •'liief 
justice, and with ( iib.son as an associate, the Court became one of the most dis- 
tinguished in this comitr\. In fact, its o|)inions were quoted as authorits in 
the h'nglish Courts. These two great men, without in any wise detracting 
from the merits of each other, formed a combination that gave lustre to the 
American Hencli and I'.ar. ( iil)son was ;i tall man, about si.\ feet four inches 
in height, lie was warm in his manner and. as simple, as Irank and open as 
a child. He was most companionable in dis])osition and loved at limes to in- 
dulge in tlu- pleasures of the table. He was not, as a rule, an indefatigable 
worker and would not exert himself unless the occasion retpiired it. ilis mind 
was clear, analytical and logical, and his power of expression, nuist lucitl, for 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MON WEAr.TII. 



•97 



while men were woiiderint;- how to decide, he convinced llieni of the simple 
truth expressed in the clearest and most concise phrases. Chief Justice 1 il.s^li- 
man died on the twentieth day of .\pril. iS-'j. and Jud.i;-e (iihson was app<iinted 
his successor. 

These few short sketches of some of the early jndoes in this State oui^iit 
to reflect the (piality of the I'.ar. for if the I'.ench he strong the liar should he 
of equal merit, for it is from the I'.ar that the Judges are chosen. 

It was at this time that the I'hihidelphia lawyers made a reputation for 
themselves which still clings to their successors. In the first quarter of the 

last century the names of William 
Lewis, Jared Ingersoll. William 
Rawle. Tilghman, Duponceau, Dallas, 
Hopkinson, Reed and .Uradford stand 
forth pre-emincntl\ as talented law- 
\ers. They, indeed, would have heen 
great in anv age and under any con- 
ditions 

William Lewis was what we 
would call a self-made man and cor- 
responds, perha])s more closely with 
the acti\e ]iractitioner of toda}' than 
am of his contemporaries. He was a 
country l3o\-, horn in Chester count>- 
;nid had no early educational advant- 
ages. The >tor\' runs that uprju one 
occasion he drove into town with a 
load (d' ha\', hut hefore returning to 
the farm. In- toiik a sti-oll through the 
cit\. and in his wanderings stopped in 
OIK- of the courts, located at that time 
in the neighliorhood of .Second and 
.Market streets. So interested did he 
become in the arguments of counsel 
and so impressed was he with the whole scene that he made up his mind to do 
everything in his power to reach the Bar. Without influence and without money, 
he apjilied himself to study and read every l)iiok that came within his reach. In 
the cijurse of time he entered the office of Xicholas Wain — not only a distinguished 
lawyer of that day, but also an e-\cellent preceptor. Me served here as a clerk 
rather than as a student at law, for he received from Mr. Wain a sti]>end for his 
services, wdiich enabled him to live in a frugal maimer. I'.very moment of his time, 
however, that could be spared from his routine duties, he devoted to the acquisition 
of a knowledge of the law. When he came to tlu- \'>dv bis success was inimeili.ate, 
for his ability was recognized not onl_\' bv his brothers in the profession but 
al.so by the general public. He rose very ra|)idly anil was soon one of the 
recognized leaders of the liar. I lis powers of reasoning were of the highest 
order and. notwithstanding the disadvantages of his early years he acquired 
in time a use of the English language that was remarkable for its [jurity. Of 




111 



.l(iii\ I!. (;ii;.^ 



198 Warwick's keystonk commonwealth. 

a logical and analytical niiml. there was 110 question of law, no matter how 
abstruse or abstract, that he could not master. He was strong, too, not only 
at the Bar of the Court but before the jury. TTe was most fluent in speech 
and at times rose to real elo(|uence. J lis voice was somewhat harsh, but it 
was powerful and always well under control. His sarcasm was bitter and cut- 
ting, and he was not loath to use it if occasion required. jared Ingersoll was, 
perhajis, taking all in all, the "facile princeps" of the lUir at that ])eriod. Xot 
only was he learned in the law. but he had also a broad culture. 

William Rawle, Edward Tilghman, Duponceau antl Dallas were all men 
of a high class. \\'hen they attended the sessions of the .Supreme Court in 
Washington, they hired a stage coach and enjoyed the journey to the Capital 
as a sort of vacation like bovs let out of school. Reminiscences, anecdotes 
and jokes made the hours that otherwise would have been tedious, pass away 
ra[)iillv and i)leasantl\-. l)ut how delightful anil instructive mu>t the conversa- 
tion have been when they seriously discussed a (piestion of law. of politics, of 
science or of literature. 

It was trulv a group of great men and upon one occasion when they en- 
tered the Supreme Court room in a body, lUishrod Washington was heard to 
say to his colleagues on the ricucli, "'rhis is my Bar." He had every reason to 
be proud of claiming relationshii) with so great a body of law\ers. 



CHAPTER XV 111. 

THE THEATRES. GARDENS AND PLACES OF AMUSEMENTS. GAMES AND SPORTS. 

PAVING. LIGHTING OF STREETS. CASPAR WISTAR. L()•|TEk^■. 

FIRES. STREET SCENES. 

WIIII.E Ouakfi" iiillncnce predDniinatcd. the i)1a\rimi>e aiiiung- certain 
classes n( |>ei)|)le, was l(Mike<l upon as an abomination, as a ver)' 
entrance to perdition; but as time wore on the theatre grew in 
popular ta\'i-ir. Washington, as we have already stated, during 
his residence in this city occasionally attended dramatic iierformances, but the 
scenes at times were so tumultuous that it is not surprising that reputable peo- 
ple hesitated to indulge in the pleasure of visiting the playhouse. The gal- 
leries often were crowded with a mob of h(jodlums and these rowdies inter- 
rupted the lines of the actors, and hooted and jeered those players who did not 
meet with public favor. X^ilgar and lewd remarks were made which would 
bring a blush to the cheek of modesty, while those who uceuiiied the pit had 
showered upon their heads apple parings, cores, orange skins and nut shells : 
in fact men were compelled to wear their hats as a sort of protection from 
this storiu of missiles. The occupants of the Ijoxes, between the acts, indulged 
in smoking as well as in drinking. Women of the street fre(|uently invaded 
the lobbies and made themselves conspicuous by their conduct and style of 
dress. 

When Edwin Forrest, as a boy, made his first appearance on the stage at 
the Southwark Theatre, dressed as a girl, one of the galler\- gods cried out. 
"Look at his legs and feet," which remark so angered the yoinig actor that he 
dropped his lines, and turning in the direction wdience the voice came, threat- 
ened, with clenched fists, "to lick" his interrupter "like h 1," when the play 

was over. It may be said, too, in this C(_>nnectiun that, from all accounts, voung 
Edwin was a husk_\- lad. wdio was a tough fighter in a rough and tumble scrim- 
mage. He was, however, without ceremonv hustled from the stage and driven 
behind the scenes and it was thought that this incident would put an end to his 
dramatic ambitions. 

The actors had their rivalries, and their partisans frecpicntly indulged in 
cheering or hissing and hooting as the case might be. In fact, the disturbances 
were so great at times that the play could not proceed. There were instances 
when the performances were interrupted by a free tight, and the only way to 
end the fracas was by extinguishing the lights. Often the gallery gods and 
the occu])ants of the boxes would assail each other and keep up a running tire 
of defiance and challenges. 

When the Chestnut Street Theatre was erected |)ublic announcement was 
made, in order to induce the public to attend the performances, that "the great- 
est attention will be paid to the decorum of the theatre. Special officers of 
police are expressly engaged for the ])reservation of order and every violation 

"99 



200 



W \in\ U K S KKVSTdXK COM M ( IN w i:\i.r 1 1 . 



of propriety will be referred iiuiiudiately to the Magistrate without the least 
respect to persons." 

.\otwithstaiidiiig these violent scenes, which were of frequent occurrence. 
a Philadelphia audience was considered the most critical in the country, an<! if 
a player made "a hit" in our theatres his reputatic.m spread broadcast. The 
managers of the Chestnut .Street Theatre kept their promise to preserve order 
and as time went on they fairly succeeded in their eftorts. and gradually de- 
veloped a taste for the highest ]>hases of dramatic art. 

\\ ignell was a son of an actor in the companv of David ( larrick. and he 




TlIK CUK.STMT Sriir.KT 'I'llK.MIiE. 



gathered together under his managemciu a companx of well trained actors and 
actresses and did much to improve I he dramatic taste of the people. lie died 
in 1803. and his wiic was afterwards associated with a man 1)\ the name of 
Reinagle. who had been in jiartnership with her husband. ."^Ihe subsequentlv 
married William Warren who was a great favorite in 1 'hiladelphia. .She died 
in 1808. and Mr. Warren then formed a jjartnershi].) with William \\'oo(l. and 
it was under the ni;inagement of Warren and Wood that the theatre became an 
institution. The stock compan\' formed by this management consisted of ]ose])h 
Jefferson, the elder, his sons. John JelVerson and Thomas Jeffer>on. |ohn Dar- 
ley. Mrs. John Darley. Mrs. William II. Wood. J. J. Wlieatley. Mr. and Mrs. 
Henry Wallack, Mrs. Oldmi.xon and some others of less distinction: a list of 
actors and actresses that added renown to the dramatic profession, and of 
wdiom our grandfathers never ceased to speak in enthusiastic praise. 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMON' WEALTH. 201 

A number of Enp;lish actors from time to time visited this countrw 
among whi:)m was Tliomas Aptliorpe Cooper. He inimediatelv rose in the es- 
timation of the playgoers and was given in I'hiladelphia a most heart\' recep- 
tion at his every appearance. 

In 1811, (ieorge Frederick Cooi<e arrived in tliis country. He was an 
English actor, who, if we are to judge froni the accounts given of his talent, 
would have been famous in an_\- age or on any stage. He opened his season 
here in the character of Richard the Third. The house was jammed fr(]m pit 
to dome, and his rendition of the character was receiveil with shouts of aji- 
proval, the audience rising in their seats and cheering hiiu at the conclusion of 
the perfc>rmance. At the time of the ojiening of the hox office, a great crowd 
gathered before the theatre to purchase seats f(.ir the initial performance. The 
first appearance of Cooke was on a Monda\- night, but it was as early as Sun- 
day evening that people began to gather aljout the dours of the theatre. The 
well-to-do people who were anxious to attend the performance secured the 
services of "porters," draymen, and persons of e\ery hue to stand in the line. 
It was not a case, however, of first come first served but of the roughest and 
the strongest, and so great was the excitement of those who tried to get near 
the box office that coats were torn off and hats were lost in the scrimmage. 
"The crowil blocked up Chestnut and Sixth street corners." ^ays an eye-wit- 
ness, "even to the Court House and old Air. Duponceau's dwelling. It was 
prodigious." A certain doctor, in order to get a place close to the window, 
resorted to the nastv trick of throwing snutt into the faces of the crowfl. Mis 
first attempt was successful, for the people gave way on all sides, but when he 
made another attempt to do the same thing, he was seized liv some infuriated 
men and roughly handled. When the theatre opened on Monday night the 
crowd was so great about the doors, waiting to catch a glimpse of the famous 
actor, that the box holders could hardly find their wav int(,i the house. 

George Frederick Cooke met with so successful a tour in this countrv that 
he was followed in i8ri) by William Wallack and subsequently by Junius liru- 
tus .Booth, Edmund Keen, William C. Wacready, Charles Matthews, Tyrone 
Power and the Kembles. There was no actor of note that came to this coun- 
try in those days that was not introduced to a Philadelphia audience by \\'ar- 
ren and W'ood. The prices paid for admission were one dollar in the boxes, 
seventy-five cents in the pit, and fiftv cents in the gallery. (In cold nights 
there was always a very slim audience present because there was no ;irrange- 
ment for the heating of tlie building, and the people could not carry to the 
theatres, as they did to the churches, the well known warming pans or foot 
stoves. 

]n the spring of 1S20. the t_'hestnut Street Theatre was burned down and 
Warren and Wood lost all they i)ossessed. the earnings of twenty years. Tbev 
at once, however, leased the new theatre at Ninth and W .ilnut streets which 
originally had been erected for use as a circus, Ijut after xiuie alterations, it was 
made suitable for dramatic performances. -^'"^ 

.\t this time in Philadelphia there was ])ublisiied a journal called "I'Iil- 
Mirror of Taxtr and Dramatic Censor." It was published b\ the Pr.adfords 
and edited by -Stephen Cullen Carpenter, an l'",nglishni,-ui who had a keen ap- 

13 



202 WAUWICK S KEVSTOXK COM M( IXWKALTl 1 . 

])rcciati(iii nf dranialic art and whose critici>ins were vcr\ incisive and of a 
liij;h standard. 

Tlif plays prodiR-ed. as a rnle. were of fine (|iialit\. The luij^hsh tictors of 
note a])peared in Shakespert-an roles, wliile the Stock Cotnpanies prodnced 
sitch [jlays as Doimlnx. or The \ oblc Slicplirrd. Thr l\ivals. The School for 
Scandal. Wild Oats nr Slic Stoof^s to Coiujiicr. 

( )n the tueiU\'-se\enth (if .Xnveniher. iSicS. an ainionncenient was niado 
that "a ynnnu; i^entknian of this city" wonld pla\ the part of Tix/z/i; Xon'ul. 
'I'lie yoiinj^ gentleman so intrt)diiced wa> no other than l-".d\\in {'"nrrest. who 
was then hiteen \ears of ajje, de>tine<l to ^ain the reputation of lieinij tlie 
sjrcatcst actor that e\er trod the hoards of the American stage, it is a grave 
(piestioii. however, whether or not his rohnst wuA stremiotis acting would suit 
the taste of this age as it did that of our fathers and granilfathers. The inci- 
dent heretofore reterred to. in which he threatened to whip an interrupter, had 
not killed his dramatic asiiirations. 

The people of I 'hiladelphia in those days were fond of fresh air and tine 
clothes, and resorted in great ninnliers to the public garden.-- in and around 
the city. The I iardens at ( Iray'-- I'errv for a Icjng while w ere held in pojjidar 
esteem, then came the Lebanon ( iarden at the southeast corner of 'J'enth and 
.South streets, the Lombardy (iarden at Market and .Schu\lkill Eighth streets, 
the Centre 1 lousi- (Iarden at Tiroad and .Market streets, the Ti\-oli (Iarden on 
the north >ide of Market street, between Thirteenth and Centre Sipiare. and 
the \'an\hall (iarden at llroad and Walnut streets. Pantomiiiies and short 
])la\s wire presented at these places of resort. Concerts were also given, as 
well as exhibitions of hre works. A fa\"orite entertainment was the ascension 
of balloons. In the State House wa- Charles Wilson I'eales Mn>eum, consist- 
ing of stufl'ed liinls and (]uadru])eds. skeletons and wax figures. .\t the old 
South .'"Itreet Theatre, b:irnstorniers held the stage and pleased its audiences 
with terrible and soul harrowing situations. There were shows, too, where 
were exhibited monstrosities, as well as le'arned pi.gs, trained elephants and 
dancing monkeys, while traveling jugglers and momitebanks ]iitched their tents 
in ever\ axailable spot and performed their antics to delighted crowds. 

Cape .May and l-ong liranch became po]nilar sunniier resorts, and stage 
coaches at stated intervals conveyed |)asseiigers to the shore, or, if one desired 
to .go bv water, .-ailing jiackels left the wh;ir\e> of the city almost e\er\ (la\. 
In the simimer (d' iSoi a stage started from (.\)oper"s h'erry e\ery Thursday 
and reached Cape .Ma\ the next da\. It ''eturned to the city cm the following 
Tuesday, thus gi\ing an opporlnnit\ I'or visitors to spend the week end at the 
seashore, and in iSjj. such ])rogress had been made in the matter of transjior- 
tation that bv leaving at sunrise, a four-horse coach reached Cape Mav on the 
evening of the .--anie da\ . Snrt bathing, when indulged in b\' the ladies, was 
at ai)|)oiute(l hours in the morning and in the afternoon, and during these times 
it would be considered (|uile an act of imjirojiriety for any man to stroll along 
the beach. The dresses worn were of tlannel or other woolen material and 
reached from the neck to the ankles. What would our staid old ancestors 
say could they witness the bathing hour at Atlantic City in these degenerate 
flavs? 



WAKWICK S KFASTON'LC COM MUX WEALTH. 2O3 

Saratoga and ijedford Sprin^^s were fast becoming fashionable summer 
resorts for those who bad tiie nione) to spend and tlie time to spare. 

The faviirite ontdnnr annisements in winter were sleighing, sledding, 
coasting and skating, and in the niibler ninnths votaries of the rod and line 
found great (|uantities of fish in the .Schuylkill, striped bass giving the keenest 
kinil of sport to the angler in the antnnni. wliile e\'er\' brook was full of speck- 
led tr<int. In the spring, fishermen sj^read their nets for shad which were 
taken in great (piantities, four hundred and thirty-nine, it is stated, having 
been caught 1)\- ( iodfrex' Schronk in one haul ot bis seine. Ibis was in the 
Schuylkill Kiver, but the catches in the Delaware were much larger. The nets 
in tliose days did not differ in any particular from those that are in use in our 
time. 

The gaiues indulged in by the boys were shinn\- and town ball. In many 
of the Inns were to be found slniffleboanls, skittle, pool and billiard tallies, 
while in every tavern yard teamsters pitched <|uoits or horse shoes for drinks. 
The race track, too. had its devotees, as well as fo.x hunting, antl the cruel 
sports of Cock tighting and bull baiting were not neglected. 

The field sportsman could still find an abundance of small game such as quail 
and woodcock, in the surroimding counties in close proximity to the cit\, and 
in the interior of the .State, rutTed grouse and wild turkeys alsii could lie found 
in numbers, while deer, liears and panthers were frequenth' brought to bag. 
(ireat fligbts of snipe settled on the meadows in the spring and fall, and at 
times wild ]Mgeons passed over the city in such numbers that it seemed as if a 
cloud obscured the sun. Men and boys sliot tbeni from the roofs of tall budd- 
ings. The ])onds, rivers and bays teeme<l with wild fowl of every description. 

The .gnu, or fowling piece as it was called, was a muzzle loader, the flint 
and flash pan still taking the place id' the percussion caj). The gunner carried 
over his shoubler a powder horn or Hask, and a shot pouch. 

The sleighs in early da\s were nothing but square boxes set on runners, 
but graduall_\' the\ assumed luore graceful forms, resembling in a measure the 
outline of a swan, and these were known a^ jnm])ers. The occupants were 
covered with robes made of fo.x and liear skins. The horses wore lielts of sil- 
very bells (if the same style and lone as those of today. Wdien the Helaware 
and the Schuylkill were frozen, their surfaces were crowded with racing teams, 
and on land after a snowfall, joy parties traveled to the Road VIouses wdiere 
hot drinks, luncheons and su|)|)ers were served and sometimes a dance was in- 
ilulged in before returning to the city, a violin and a piano was furnishing the 
nnrsic. 

.Skates originalh' bad wooden runnels and were called "dumps," but the 
woofl was soon supplanted 1)\ sij-el, which was turned up in front and the end 
adtjrned with a small brass ball, reseiubling m nian\ instances ,ui .icorn. fhex' 
were strapped and not clamped, as is the custom lodav, to th.e bool or shoe. 
Some of our most distinguished citizens were expirt skaters, but from all ac- 
counts none of ihem surpassed Captain James I'a.ge of the State l""encibles. 
He was at this time quite a young m.iu, of good !:eight, fine figure and most 
graceful in ever\' niovemenl, and exi-cuted the foi'ward .nid backward roll 
which was called "High l)utcir' in a fashion unsurpasst'd. The well dressed 



204 



w auwuk's kicvstonm com monw halt ii. 



ymin;; men of the day wore, while imkil,i,MiiS in ihc sport a rc<! coat and hnck- 

skin tights. 

Durins;- this period the city wa- making many improvements m tlie way of 
building sl'reels an<l bridges, thus not only adding to its appearance, but also 
aiding "^nateriallv in the matter of travel and transportation. .\ writer in an 
article which appeared in the •'Portfolio- for May. iSi8. said: "It must be 
gratifying to everv liberal minded man to see the gradual improvement of our 
citv Tire buildings which have been erected and the streets which have been 
pave<l during the "last ten vears will far surpass the most sanguine calculations 
nf f,,rmer .'bivs. \"ine street is built and paved as far as Ninth street. Race 




■|'iu-; "Cextek Sqiahe" Wank Wohks. h:i!KCTEii jn isuii. 'I'iik rnv IIaii 

Niiw Oi (iriEN Trns SriE. 



street is paved as far as I'.r.iail street. Arch street is built out entirely to 
Twelfth street with beautiful houses and is paved to Eleventh street. Market 
street is jjaved to Schuylkill Sixth street, and is entirely liuill up as far as the 
Centre S(|uare, and is partially built up on all s(|uares between I'.mad -treet 
and the river Schuylkill. Chestnut street is entirely built up nearly as far as 
Twelfth street and is paved and partially paved as far as Schuylkill Seventh 
street which is two squares west of i'.road street. Walnut street is nearly 
built up t.. I'.leventh street, is paved as far as Twelfth street, and will .shortly 
be paved up t.. Thirteenth -treet. Spruce street is built up to Eleventh street 
and is i)ave(l to Jlnuid .street. I'ine street is built ,aud |iaved up to Xinth street. 
S.Kith street is jiartially imi>roved as far as I'.road street and is paved t.. .Xinth 
street I'.voad is \r,i\ed fnni Centre Square to \'ine street. All the streets 
running north and south a> far west as I'.leveiUh street, and nuxsl of the inter- 
mediate and secondary streets are paved in whole or in part according to the 
extent of the improvcmen.ts. What has very much contributed to the great 



W AKWKK S KEYSTONE COMMO:V\VEALTH. 205 

extent of pavements, within the last few years lias been the enterprise, or, if 
vou choose, the calculating- spirit of some of our citizens, whci. in order to 
procure pavements in front (if their |iriipert\ hcfrire the regular perim! arrived 
at which thev would l)e made by the |iublic, have loaned the ninne) U> tlie 
Councils free of interest for such a term as wnnld be likel\ not tn make them 
a public ])urden before their regular turn. Thus, for the |iavemenl of I'hestnnl 
street, west of ISroad street, the money w-as loaned by the owners of the prop- 
erty interested, for fourteen years without interest, for the pavement of Wal- 
nut street between Eleventh and Thirteenth streets the money was loaned with- 
out interest for seven years and so of other streets." This shows a great imb- 
lic spirit upon the part of the citizens. The material used for the jiaving of the 
hig-hwavs was gravel and cobble stones. In many instances, the paving was 
confined to the midflle of the street and ilid not extend from curii to cm-li. Inn 
an\'thing was a change for the better from the rutty, muddy and (lusty condi- 
tions that had prevailed. 

The water su])|)l_\- w'as also receiving attention. A new system wa^ introduced 
and the wooden trunks laid in the beds of the streets were supi)lanted by iron 
pipes. 

The lighting of the citv claimed ])ulilic attention, and man\ experiments 
were made for the purjiose of introducing ilhmiin.ating gas. About 1800. each 
street pump was surmounted by a lamp, but .after Schu\lkill water had been 
introduced the punijis were gradually removed and posts were set up in their 
place bearing a lantern, ^^''hale oil was used as an illumin.mt. In t.Sit there 
were eleven lumdred and thirty-two street lamps, which were lighted ever\ 
night at dusk, except on those nights when tlie moon was shining. Exixri- 
ments were being made in tiie manufacture of ga>. and at length a Dr. Kng- 
ler gave an exhibition of gas at Peale's .Museum at the State House, and with 
great astonishment people saw "lamps iim'ning without wick or oil." So suc- 
cessful was the experiment that Warren and Wood installed a plant in their 
theatre and on November twenty-tifth. iSio. pu];)licl\- ariuouneed that the 
Theatre thereafter would l)e entirely liglUed witli gas, the plant being luider the 
inspection and direction of Dr. Kugler. The managers als(.> stated that lhe\- 
"are happy t(_i be the first to introduce this system of lighting theatres and Hat- 
ter themselves that its superior safet\'. brilliancy and neatness will l)e satis- 
factorilv expressed by the audience." The ])roposed introduction ol gas. how- 
ever, met in some quarters with considerable opposition. It wa> said that the 
works would be a menace to public health and safety, that they would emit a 
stench that would he not only unpleas.ant but would ])rove imwholesoine, that 
the lights consinne(l the ox\gen of the air and in time wmdd affect the limgs 
and the breathing .apparatus of the people and that an ex]ilosiou of the works 
would carry with it death and destruction. < )ne writer in (k'nouncing the pro- 
ject, went so far as to contend that "common lamps tak'c llie sliim- ofl all gas 
lights that ever exh.ale their intolerable stench, that to introduce .gas would be 
folly — unsafe, unsure, a troulile and a nuisance." 

Under the ins])iration of Josiah White. ;iu energetic and enterprising 
Quaker, plans were set afoot to make the ."-^clui) Ikill River n.avigable from 
Reading to I 'hiladelphi.i li\ means of d.mw and canals. There was much oppo- 



206 WAI<\VUK"s KI■;^■ST()NF. COMMOXWEALTII. 

sition to tin- project at first. Init it i^rachialK won its way and at once was 
opened the means of coiiveviny; (|uantities of hard coal from the centre of tlie 
State. X'irginia had siipphed vast (|uantities of soft coal, which had heen used 
in manufacturing,' purposes. Especially had it heen utilized at the enjjine house 
in Centre Square until the "trees and houses adjacent looked as hiack and 
tjloomy as those of ritlsburj^di." 

While developing; the ccjal beils in the Schuylkill \'alK-\-, efforts were 
beinsj made to hud a market for the coal of the I,ehi.i;h district, llituminous, 
or soft, coal was easier to ignite than anthracite a.nd it made a hotter fire. 
althoug;h it did not h.ave the stayins^- qualities <if the latter. Ijut gradually the 
many advantages of hard coal induced its general use for domestic purposes. 
"The first advertisement for the sale of anthracite coal." -a\s Thompson 
Westcott, "appeared in the I'niled ."States ( lazette in Jaiuiary. i,Si(;. which an- 
uoimced that orders would he received at \J2 Arch street "in (|uautitics of not 
less than one ton. between the first of .Ajiril and the first of December, at thirty 
cents per bushel of eighty poiuids." This advertisement was inserted b\ Jn- 
siah White, and to give an example of the coal in ignition, he stated that "it 
may he seen burning at the above place." About this time T.ehigh coal could 
be purchased in Philadelphia at seven dollars a ton. and Schuylkill coal was 
>elling at a nuich cheajjer figure. 

'I"he .Masonic Temple looked ujion as one of the architectural features of 
the city, located on the north side of Chestnut street, between Seventh and 
lughth streets, was, on March ninth. iSii). destroyed by fire. It was a cold 
night, one of the bitterest of the season and the ground was covered with 
snow. The .AssembU- was about to .give a dance in one of the rooms and al- 
ready a number of the ladies had arrived witli their escorts, when suddenly 
the flames burst forth from the centre of the building and spread rapidly in all 
directions, and it was with some difficulty that the ladies were rescued from 
the burning structure. l!y strenuous effort, the flames were prevented from 
spreading to adjoining properties, hut the Temple itself was burned to the 
ground. The loss was said to be in the neigbliorhood of thirty-five thousand 
dollars. A new building was erected u])on the same spot and o]iened in about 
a year after the conflagration, by a great ceremony, the Masons, to the number 
of a thousanil, marching through the citv in a procession. A number of fires 
occurred aboiu this period, which induced the people to believe a band of in- 
cendiaries was at wiirk. and rewards were offered for the apprehension of the 
guilty. .A numljer of men were arrested, tried, convicted ,and sent to jirison 
for long terms. The Chestiuit Street and the Hid South Street Theatres were 
burned to the ground, and the St;ite House was also threatetied with destruc- 
tion, but forttuiately the fire was stayed. 

( )ne of the most disastrous and terrifying confl;igrations that occurred 
was the burning of the ( )r])hans' .Asylum, located in the outskirts of the city in 
Cherry street. The fire broke out abotu two o'clock in the morning, in Janu- 
ary. 182J. It was bitter winter weather. The neighborhood w,-is SdUie distance 
from the built-up section of the city and it was ditificult to sj>rea<l the alarm. 
When the citv was arousi-d. however, and the firemen came to the rescue, the 
weather was so cold that the water fr( ze in the hose and all the efforts made 



Warwick's kf.vstoxe commoxwealth. 207 

to sta\- the flanu-s were useless. The institution was tilled with inmates 
and a number of rescues were made. l)nt ni itwithstamling- the risks that 
were taken bv the citizens and the tirenien. twenty-three of tlie little unes 
|)erished. 

So manv were the fires occurring about this time in dilTerent sections of 
the citw that it was decided to give the alarm f n >ni the State House li\ the 
ringing of the l)ell, tlie ninnlier nf strokes giving the directiim in which the fire 
la\'. For instance, North, one stroke; South, two strokes; F.ast, three strokes; 
West, four strokes; Northeast, one stroke and after an interval three strokes; 
Northwest, one stroke and after an interval four strokes; Southeast, two 
strokes and after an interval tliree strokes; Southwest, two strokes, and after 
an interval, four strokes. In case of a general alarm, the l)ell, after giving the 
direction, would strike r;ipidl\ one stroke after an(.)ther, and there are many 
citizens living today who can recall the excitement that was aroused in the 
city bv the ringing of the bell. If the fire was of any magnitude men rushed 
from their h(]mes to the scene <:if the conflagration, and a general alarm, struck 
at the dead hour of niglit. would terrify the stannchest heart and make children 
cower in their cribs. 

Dr. Caspar Wistar was one of the most distinguished pliNsicians of his 
day and a man of great acquirements. He was for many years vice-president 
of the American Philosophical Society, and in 1815 folkiwed Thomas jeiTerson 
as its President, holding that otfice until his death in 1818. He resided at the 
southwest corner of l''ourth and Locust streets, and in his home, once a week 
from November until April he gave a stag party consisting of fifteen to thirty 
persons, men of distinction drawn from every calling in life. Well known 
people who visited the cit_\- from abroad were among the guests as well as the 
leading men from everv section of our own country. These gatherings were 
called "the \\'istar Party," and were continued after his death even unto the 
present dav. Those wdio formed the association immediately after the death of 
Dr. Wistar were William Tilghman. Professor Robert M. Patterson, P. S. Du- 
ponceau. John \'auglian, Reuben Haines. Robert Walsh. Zaccheus L'olHns. aiid 
Dr. Thomas C. James. 

The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the Academy of Natural Sciences 
and the Franklin Institute came into existence during this period. 

In the first i|uarter of the nineteentli century, the cit\ h;id undergone 
manv changes. Market street, west of Sixth, which hatl been a tmc residential 
section, was gradually encroached upon by business houses an<l shops. In the 
erection of buildings, the balconies and ]iorches which had been ch.aracteristic 
features of every dwelling. graduall\- disappeared. \\'indow glass h.'ul been set 
in leaden frames, and the windows opened inside the dwellings like doors, but 
now sashes (.)f a more modern t\pe were used. The stores, too, began to in- 
troduce bulk windows in which the gooi], were t.istefnllv and atlr;ictively (Hs- 
pla\ed, and at night illnminalei! by whale oil lainjis. At ihe in-ginning oi the 
centur}-, sun-dials were freipiently seen on bouses lo reiuind tlie pi-ople of the 
hour of the day, for town clocks were scarce aiid there were but lew people 
who carried watches. 

The introduction of coal deprived m.any cbinuu'X' sweeps of their occu- 



2o8 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 

pation and they gradually disappeared from the streets, although a few lin- 
gered upon the scene, with their clieerv call, even into ci*)mparatively recent 
times. Houses were now heated by plate stoves or by the Franklin open stove. 
Upright cylinders were used in the churches and public halls for the purpose 
of heating, thus doing away with the foot warmers, which had been such a 
comfort to worshippers in the past during the long drawn out sermons of the 
preachers. The charcoal tiian, who came across the river from Jersey, with 
his great tall, grimy wagon heaped up with charred W(x>d, was not deprived of 
his occupation by the introduction of anthracite, for the householders, not yet 
being familiar with the use of hard coal, used the charcoal for the purpose of 
igniting it, and in the summer, plate stoves as a rule were abandoned by 
housekeepers and the charcoal furnace set up, out of doors. The introduction 
of stove coal did away, in a great measure, with the services of the wood saw- 
yer, who had for years been so familiar a figure upon the streets. 

At the beginning of the century, only tlie wealthy could furnish their 
homes w'ith carpets and rugs but now these articles were gradually being intro- 
duced at comparatively a cheap figure, and the old custom of sanding the 
floors was dispensed with, antl the sand man, losing his vocation, gradually 
disappeared from the highways. The walls and ceilings of all the dwellings 
heretofore had Ijeen whitewashed, but the introduction of wall papers, did 
awa\- in a great measure, with the services of the white-wash man. 

Although lotteries were still in vogue, they were now beginning to fall 
under public censure, for thoughtful people saw on all sides the immoral fea- 
tures of the institution. They recognized the fact that it was a mere game of 
chance and that it created a taste for gambling. The earliest mention of a lot- 
tery in Philadelphia was in 1720. when a citizen by the name of Charles Reed 
advertised to sell his brick house on Third street by lottery. The money for 
the erection of Christ Church steeple was secured by this means and the draw- 
ing took place in March, 1733. Funds were also raised in the same way for 
the erection of a steeple for the new Presbyterian Church, at the northwest 
corner of Third and .Arch streets, in 1753. In 1754 five thousand tickets at 
four dollars each were sold to raise a fund to comjilcte the City .Academy on 
Fourth street. St. Paul's Church also was finished by money so raised. The 
passion spread out in everv direction. Men disposed of their property, real 
and personal, by the sale of chance tickets. Public bridges were paid for in 
this way, while a Lighthouse at Cape Henlopun was erected by this means, at 
a cost of twenty thousand pounds. There were also lotteries for the Second 
Baptist Church, the Cniversalist Church, the Holy Trinity Roman Catholic 
Church, for the Surgical Institute at I'.altimore and for the Lower Dublin 
.Academy. 

.An .\ct was pa>sed liv the Legislature to restrain the sale of tickets, but 
it seems to have been a virtual (k-ad letter, for the sale still continued and for 
almo.st every purpose under the sun. The most flaming and inducing adver- 
tisements appeared in the newspa])ers, and the names of the successful were 
alwavs heralded abroad, thus inducing others to indulge in the game. The sell- 
ing of tickets became a business in itself. l-"irms were established, advertised 
extensively and opened their offices to the pifl:)lic, and men indulged in the 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 209 

passion as they do today in stock speculation, or in fjambling on a horse race. 
"$15,000 for $6.00," was an announcement made b\' a liroker named G. W. 
Waite, whose office was located at the southwest corner of Third and Chest- 
nut streets, and who stated that he had sold and paid in prize monev a sum 
amounting to six million dullars. Hope and Company was alsn a leading firm 
engaged in the business, with extensive offices on Chestnut street. These firms 
sold tickets not only for drawings in Pennsylvania, but also for those in other 
States. People of all classes took a chance, high and Inw, rich and poor. The 
drawings frequently were made in the State House. The wheel was set up, 
and boys dressed in unifurnis. the sleeves of their jackets made tight to their 
arms to prevent trickery, drew forth the tickets, handed them to the manager 
who held them up in public view. Occasionally fortunes were made by one 
turn nf the wheel, some receiving prizes as high as twenty-five (_ir thirt\ thou- 
sand dollars. 

So wild did the spirit of speculation become that it was nicjst demoraliz- 
ing in its influence among all classe>. Prudent men seemed to lose their cau- 
tion, many were reduced to beggary and in some instances, parents forgcjt 
their duty to their families in spending all their earnings in this desperate 
game of chance. It gave an opportunity, too, to the dishonest to set up what 
were called fake lotteries and false drawings. Lands that lay outside of the 
limits of civilization were advertised as 1)eing rich and alluvial for farming 
purposes and suitable for town sites, and in the mad chase for gold every 
chance was taken. Moral influences were, however, at work to restrain or 
counteract the growth of the gambling spirit, and at last laws were enacted 
that pre\ented public drawings, and gradually the excitement subsided. 

In 181 2, when the Capital of the State was removed from Lancaster to 
Harrisljurg, and this town was permanently made the seat of government, a 
movement was put on foot by the authorities of Pennsylvania to dispose of 
the State House, and it was suggested that it be torn down and the ground, 
together with Independence Square, be divided into building lots. I'^ortu- 
nately, hi_)Wever, better Counsels prevailed and the historic relic was purchased 
by the city from the .State for seventy thou.sand dollars, and ihu-- sa\ed from 
demolition. 

The scenes at this ])eriod in the e\'er\'day life of Pliiladel|jhia were, in 
some aspects, interesting and picturesque. .\ stranger passing through the 
streets would be impressed b\- the tu-auty of many of the residences, for the 
wealtlu homes, in many instances, were still set in wide S])aces of ground, 
surrounded by walls, the gardens adorned with flowers, wdiile stately old trees 
shed their shade, lie would see in the windows of the shops a goodly arrange- 
ment of articles of every (iescri])tion. lie would find tlu- markets teeming with 
life, with ])roduce direct from the farms. .'^ittinL; at corners would be Indians 
oiifering their small wares for sale, for the Ked .M.an siill m.nle bis visits to 
the city. The squaws sat in front of the State' House, plying their needles and 
making bead work, ])orters and wheelbarrow men huri'ied here ;ind there on 
their errands. Drivers of hackneys stood at the corners of streets soliciting 
trade. Stage coaches were constantly arriving, the jaded horses being pushed 
to reach their destination. Conestoga tiamsters, their wai^ous tilled with tlonr. 



210 WAUUICK S KKVSTOXE COM M OX WKAL T 1 1 . 

wliiskey, wheat, cuni. ])iirk ami dllur ciniiitr\ jji-oducf. ]ias>c(l aldiii; tlu- liiyli- 
ways. lie would lu'ar the cheerful crv of the sootx' ehimnev sweep. 'i'lie 
charcoal man blew his horn, announcing to the householders that he was com- 
ing', wdiile the soa]) fat man i)iislied his wheelljarrow, all the while cryinq- out, 
'■Soa[) fat and hickory ashes."' If it was earl_\ in the niornini;' or late in the 
afternoon, the haker woidd be seen hurryins^f alonj^ with his basket or hand cart 
of hot bread. The scissors grinder and the catfish woman, the hominy man 
and the oyster Jack mingled their voices in the throng, while the strawberry 
woman, balancing on her head a tray heaped with the luscious fruit, joined in 
the general chorus. In the crowd of ])e(Iestrians going hither and thither, 
would b(.' seen Ijoaiitiful _\-omig wonu'u dressed in the latest styles, in manv in- 
stances followed by their Ijlack lackeys. 

If the visitor remained over night and stopped, for instance, at the Man- 
sion House, one of the best hotels in the cit\ at the time, he would find upon 
his return to supper the lalile "spread with the greatest i)rofusion and bount\. 
Besides tea. coffee and such like ordinarx acconipaniment>." the\ h.id "hot 
fish, sausages, beef steaks, broiled fowls, fried and stewed oysters, pre-erved 
fruits, etc." In the e\ening, if he \isite(l ihe theatre, he would witness, no 
doubt, a standard English comedw pre<ente<l by a well trained company of 
skilled actors. L'i""i his retiu'ii, however, to his hotel he might be compelled 
to room with another guest, perha])s. even to occupy the same bed with him. 
for the slee])ing accommodations were not very e.\tensi\e. even in the best and 
largest hotels. Dm-ing the hours of night, he wnuld hear the watch at the 
Street corners calling out the time and the state of the weather, such as "Twelve 
o'clock and a cloudy morning," and in the language of a visitor to the cit\ in 
1824. hv could say that "it is \ery agreeable to repose in bed and to hear the 
lanterned watchmen, as the\ perambulate tlie wanls, which on a dark evenmg 
are lighted with a thousand lamps, sing out. 'I'ast eleven o'clock and a cloudy 
night,' "Three o'clock and bright star light." and thus to strike the slow passing 
note of time through all the wear\- watches of their walks." or after hearing 
the voices of the w.'itchmen breaking the stillness of the night, he might l)e 
aroused bv the loud ringing of the State House bell, soimding an alarm of fire, 
followed b\' men and bo\s running to the various hose or engine houses to 
bring out the a|)paratus which they hauled through the streets shouting and 
shrieking like a band of wild -\pache Indians, while the clangmg liells on the 
hose carriages onl\ added to the dreadful din. IV-ing satisfied that there was 
no immediate danger, in fact, being informed by his room mate that it was 
only a false alarm, he coidfl retire to rest and sleep without fear of fm-ther an- 
noyance until the niornnig dawned, luiless the fieas and uiiw(piitoes began an 
attack. The beds were without canopv nets and the windows were not screened 
and if the weather were favorable, these pestiferous in.sects were all but intol- 
erable. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

EI.ECTIOX DAY. liUTC H 1.:RS" I'AliAl >I';s. IIATIIS. MUSIC. JdURN.M.ISM . Till': I'.AK. 
i[EI)IC.\L I'knh'l':.SSl(>N. .\RTISTS. OFFICERS OF INSTITUTIONS. 

x'isi'i' III" r, \l■^\^■ETTE. 

ELKCTK )X <la\ was a tinif nf ,L;Tx-at excitement in llie city. The elec- 
tions liad Ijcen lield on tlie iirst of Octoljcr. Ijut sulise(|uentlv tile sec- 
ond Tuesday in that ninntli was assigned. The elect(U> ol the wards 
of the city voted at the State House, each ward having a sei)arate 
window before which was a wooden platform. I'pon this elevation stood the 
window book men and the voters, when they deposited their ball<its. The polls 
were opened between eiL;ht and ten o'clock in the nuirning. as the election ntficers 
might determine, and closed about ten (/clock at night. .\t this time there 
uere about five thousand electors in the cit\, not including the untieing districts, 
such as Southwark. Arovainensing. rass\iink, Xorthern Liberties, Kensington 
and Germantown. which had separate polling places, but the centre oi attrac- 
tion was the State IToiise. Here great crowds gathered early in the da\- and 
men stood in groups and argued the merits and demerits of the candidates, as 
well as the importance of the issues involved and sometimes the discussions 
grew so warm that the\' resulted in jiersonal ciimbats. John Lewis Krimmel's 
famous painting "Election Da\' at the State House" is an accurate depiction 
of the animated scene. All the while among the crowds circulated men and 
women selling cakes, apple^, nuts, candies, Imt muffins, fresh gingerltread. 
sandwiches and edibles of all kinds, and bawling out in chorus the e.xcidlence 
of their wares. Wagons covered with posters e.xtolliug the merits ot the can- 
didates and containing fifers and drunuiiers, passed in all directions through 
the streets of the cit\-. -\t the polling windnws men crowdeil and jostled each other 
in their anxietv to de])osit their ballots and as the da\' wore on and the work- 
ing men were released from labor, the crowds greatly increased in mniibers, 
but at night the excitement was at its height. Transparencies were lighted, as 
well as torches and lanterns. Canvassers imi)ortuned and buttduholed electors 
in behalf of their candidates. C/arriages and vehicles ol e\'ery description 
were bnnigiit into reipiisition to bring to the polls the tardy voters. At inter- 
vals throughout the da\ and evem'ng the State House bell was rung to call citizens 
to their duty, and so great at times was the struggle to get vnters to the polls 
that free fights occurred and clothing was torn into shreds, the sceni' ha\ing all 
the features of a modern foutball game. Rowdies, too, crowded about the poll- 
ing places to intimidate the umdc'st vnii-rs or to bloek the way nf those who 
were anxious to deposit their b.ill.itN. The l;i\ern> in the nri^hborhoc id ot the 
State House were crowiled with tipplers and part\ workers, and they waited 
long after the pulls closed to luar the returns .and often morning bnike bef'>re 

they separated. In fad. during I 'residential eU-ctinn ibry si 1 ;it tin- bars 

and drank for davs and ni'.4hts tonelher, ami laid wagers whiU' waiting tor the 



212 



w AKw icK s Kl•:^■sT(>^"E com munw iiai.iii. 



news that was to he hroiighl in hy the statji- coaches from the snrroniiiliiit; and 
di>tant States. Sometimes it was weeks before tlie final returns were receiveih 
At the close of election day, just as soon as niq-ht fell, hontires were lijjhted all 
over the city and the sky was reddened with the L,dare from the biirninti; piles of 
ruhbish. l'"or weeks ])ast the hoys had heen ^atherinj^ boxes and barrels for the 
threat event, (iaiigs, or crowds of youn<j rowdies, went through the city locik- 
ing for em])ty boxes, or in fact anything that would help to make a blaze. If 
a bari'el tilled with ashes stood on the curb, the contents were f(_)rthwith dumped 
iiUo the higluv.i). a nijji.- fastened tn the empty barrel, and with a cry of tri- 




A \ II I 1 Al I I l:'> I'KIK I S.SKIN. ISiil. ( in:sTM I SiliKKi, I'l i;mm; i.nio i''uL KTil STiii:ET. 



nm])h the young hoodlums bore it to a place of safety, often under the \ery 
eyes of the indignant housewife. If a watchman suddenly ap])eared, the boys 
abandonefl their bootv and fled in .all directi<iiis like a llock of scared blackbirds. 
Ilutchers' I'.arades were a feature of city life. There had for several years 
past been public dis])lays of show meat. Steers. ad\-ertised as iirize cattle, had 
been driven through the cit_\-, decorated with tlowers and garlands and rib- 
Ixius of many colors. .\ trans]iareucy announced that these fine fat animals 
would be killed on the morrow, .and thus were m.ade known the time and place 
wdien and where citizens could find good lueat. l-'rom these liuml)le beginnings 
grew what were called the Ilutchers' or N'ictuallers' Parades. The Imtchers 
formed a class liy theiuselves, and were proud of their vocation. \Mien not in 
the market, they dressed well and in a style th.at might be designated ;is .some- 
what tlashv. Their principal habitat was in the district of Spring ( iarden. anA 
there the butcher boys fought their battle.-, boastt-(l .and strutted, swore great 
oaths and used a language all their own. 



WAinVICKS KEVSTU-Xli COMMUX WEALTH. 



213 



'J"he introduction of Sclni\lkill water into the houses had en:ihle(l tlic citi- 
zens to construct bath rooms but being without heating apparatus, they couhl 
indulge only in cold ])lunges. it was not until William Swain, proprietor 
of a medicine km nvn a> "I'anacea," established "The I 'hiladelphia I'.aths," that 
the citizens were given an oppi irtuiiity to enjoy the luxury of bathing in wami 
water. 

.V taste fur music, notw ithstanding the (Jnaker influence, had amazingly 
grown and many ^■(lung ladies were proficient and accomplished m the playing 
of the liar]), the piano forte and other instruments. In fact, d'yrone I'ower 
chives testimon\- that in no other .\merican cit\ had he met so man\ young 
ladies whose musical education ap 
peared "so exceedingl\ good. I he 
Musical Fund Society, organized in 
1820, produced the symphonies of the 
old masters, and greatly cultivated the 
taste of the people for the finest class 
of music. 

Journalism was gradual!) grow- 
ing to be a profession. In iSi 1, th.ere 
were eight daily jiapers ])ublished in 
Philadelphia, four of which appeared 
in tlie morning and four in the after- 
noon, l)Ut the number of copies printed 
and published amounted altogether 
only to about eight thousand sheets 
dail}-, half the numljcr in the morning 
and half in the e\ening. They con- 
tained the current news of the da\, 
but had no editorial page, nor was the 
ubiquitous and inquisitive rejiorter em- 
plo}'ed in the gathering of news, th'' 
camera fiend had not yet made his aj)- 
pearance and there were no newsboys 
on the streets crying "Extras." The columns were tilled with articles from indi- 
vidual citizens either seeking information or setting forth their \'ie\\s u])oii public 
questions. There were semi-weekly, lii-weekl\' and weekly pajiers. but their cir- 
culation altogether rlid not exceed ten thousand. Among the news])ai)ers ])nblish- 
ed during this period were the re)uis\lv,ania ( iazette, the S.iturday I'A-ening I'osl, 
Bradford's Pennsylvania Journal, the True .\merican, the I'liited Slates 'lazetle. 
the h'ederal (iazette. the I 'eimsylvania I'acket. ( la\i)oors American l)ail\ ,\(lvr- 
tiser, the Democratic Press and the National (iazette. 

Philadelphia had been recognized lor some tune past as the centre of the 
medical profession in this counlr\'. Its ph\sici;uis had ;i national ri|iutation. 
.Men like Dr. lienjamin Rush. Dr. Caspar W'istar. I'hili]) S\ ni; I'hysick. ( ieorge 
McL'iellan. fonnder of the jetTerson .Medical College. Charles T. .Meigs. .S;un- 
uel F.mlen. Jr.. Jose|ih llarlshorn, Josi'])h I'arrish, Jojin Kedm.ui Coxe. I )r. 
Chapman and men ol this class .added gi'cath to the lame ot the cit\". 




1)k. ]5i;x.j.\.min Ki sii. 



214 



WAKW H K S Kl•:^■ STONE (_()M M OX WF.ALT 11 . 



About fifty \ears liuforc this period, medicine in America was still in its 
infancy. It had made Init httle. it any advance from the days of Hippocrates 
and Cialen. 'Idle family doctor was a man of much importance. His peruke, 
ruttled shirt, tassled hoots and iii'\d headed cane designated his callin,"'. He 
was present at all the births, christenings, marriages and deaths. When a boy 
was to choose his trade or vocation in life, tlie doctor always was called in to 
.give advice. His knowledge of medicine, however, was very meagre and alter 
solemnlv diagnosing a case, he would prescribt- either calomel or blood letting. 
The itch was a disease that baffled his best skill. 

Surgery was also in its infancy, 
and its methods were most crude. The 
patient was held down on the operat- 
ing table b\ strong men while the iloc- 
tt>r sawed oti the limb as though it 
were the branch of a tree, the poor 
sufiferer all the while writhing and 
shrieking in agony. But these condi- 
tions gradually changed and a body 
of men sprang up who devoted their 
lives to scientific investigation anil to 
the study of diseases and the methods 
of treatment. Many of the most dis- 
tinguished ])hysicians in the first quar- 
ter of the Xincteenth Century receiv- 
ed their education abroad, notabh in 
llie I'.dinburgh L'niversity, which at 
that time had a reputation the world 
i>ver. and the old time practitioner was 
-ladualiy rele.gated io the rear. 

The I'.ar. too, was still maintaining 
lis rei)utation, and William M. Mere- 
dith, John Sergeant, Horace I'.inney 
and Charles Chauncey as young men 
were winning that fame that gave lustre to the legal profession and characteristic 
distinction to the I^hiladclphia lawyers. David Paul Brown was a familiar and 
characteristic figure on the streets with his blue coat, buft vest and brass but- 
tons, which attire he wore even to the last days of liis life, and though still at 
the beginning of his career he ,gave ])romise o) becoming one of the most fin- 
ished orators and one of the best criminal lawyer^ in the country. 

In painting, the names of T,eslie. John XeaL;le. .Sully, the I'eales. William 
Rush, William Birch and his son Thomas, and jolir. l.ewi^ krimniel were ani'iiig 
the most distinguished artists in the country. We are indebted to the Birches 
and to Krimmel for pictures of many of the everydax scenes of I'hiladelphia in 
those times. 

.\t the end of the first quarter of the .Xineteenth Century the l'ro\i)sl of 
the Iniversity of Pennsylvania was Rev^'rend Dr. Frederick l'>e;isley, the Presi- 
dent of the Peiinsvlvania Hospital was .Samuel Coates, and among the mana- 




lloUACi; Kl.N.NF.V. 



WAKW 1(K S KEVSTONI-: < MM M ( l.\ W I-: Al/L 1 1 . 



215 



gers of tile Instittitidii fur the Deaf r.nd Dunili were I'.islin]) White, 1 Torace 
Biniie\'. Riiljerts \'aux. rieiiient C'. Iliihlle, I nrrea da Sena, laeiil) (iratz, Xa- 
thaniel Chapman and William Meredith. The President nf the L'haml)er of 
C'fimmerce was Rnlierl Ralstiin, (if the American Philosi iplncal Sucietx was 
William Tili^hman, nf the I'rankdin Institute janies Runaldsnu, ( d' the Aii'rean- 
tile Library Thomas I'. C'upe, nf the .Academy of Xatnr.d Sciences William 
Machire. (ieorge Camphell, \\hi> had succeeded Zachariah i'nulson, Jr., was the 
librarian of the Philadelphia i.ihrary. John Sergeant was the President nf the 
Apprentices' I.,ibrar\ . W ilham I'ilghman of the .\thaenum, ,aud ( 'harles Mar- 
shall ( d' the College ' d' Pharmacy. 

An event uf natimial impnrtance was the visit of Lafaxette tn this Cduntiw 
in iS,U- -Marie jean Paul Rncli Yves ( iilbcrt Alntier, .\lar(|ui> de Lafayette, 
was hiiru at -\n\ergne in 1731). His |iarents died when he was at an earlv age. 
and left him a princely fnrtnne. Wlioi sixteen he niarrieil a daughter of the 
Lhike n'Ayen. graml-daughter of the 1 )nke I )e Xoailles, a member df one nf 
the oldest and must aristocratic families in b'rauce. lie enjdNed ever\ advant- 
a.ge that hirtli, riches, and high social |>iisitiiin couM ciinfi.'r, was received with 
favor at the L'uurt and admitted td the exclusive set of the (ji"^'*-'"- 

When the American Revolution broke out his enthusiasm was so aroused 
by the struggle of the Colonies to obtain their independence that be offered his 
services to the American Alinister, which were accepted. ".\t the first news 
of the quarrel," he wrote, "my heart was enrolled in it." liverything was done 
by his friends to dissuade liini from his pnrpnse, but wilbdut avail. The Ring 
forbade his departure, but this duly strengthened his deterininatidu. lie fitted 
out a ship at his own expense, and made hasty preparaticjns for the journey, idle 
P)ritish Minister protested and orders were given to seize his vessel, wdiich was 
lying at lidrdeaux, but befure the autlmrities could act, it was taken In its dtii- 
cers td a neighboring ]5ort in Spain. Lafayette was arrested inider a Ictli-c i/r 
cachet, but escaped from the guards, reached bis vessel, and with ele\'en cmn- 
pianidus saileil for .\merica. Two P.ritish ciniisers started in ]inrsuit, but for- 
tunately he outsailed them and after a voyage of two niduths arrived in 
(jeorgetown. South Carolina. W'ithdut dela\' he proceeiled id Philadelphia 
where Congress was in session and was assigned to a command as Major-(ien- 
eral in the Continental .\r)iiy, with the stipulation upon his part that he should 
serve as a volunteer but receive no pa\. lie fought at Monmouth, was woundeil 
at Germantown, suffered at \'alle\ I-~orge. and was present at the Siege of 
Yorktown. He secured the confidence (d' Washington and the\ formed an un- 
broken friendship, Lafayette having for tlie .\merican ( ieuer.il the greatest .ad- 
miration. .\t this time he was com])arativelv a boy. h;i\ing just reache(l bis 
majority and it has been stated in some cpiarters that be was actuated b\ the 
ardor of youth and a desire to win fame, but no one can doubt bis sinceritv : 
his conduct ])ro\'es it. 1'hdse ragged, barefoted heroes whose footprints 
marked with blood the ground they trod, api)e;ded to his s\ ui]i,'Lthies and he 
supported their struggle from a sense of dut\. 

.\fter the war was over be returned to I'rance. and when I he Revolutidu 
began in that countrx' he espoused the cause nf the people and was chosen 
Commander of the X'atiiinal (iuard. He had lonijed to see b'rance freed from 



2l6 WAUWICK's KEYSTOM; COMMON-WKAl/ni. 

till- txraiiny and dcsputisni uf the l'>ourl)<)n.s and a C'onstitutiDii established that 
would give relief to the people from opjiressiou, but the violence and anarchy 
of the mob turned his hopes to despair and he was compelled to flee from his 
countrv to avoid arrest and certain dratli. He took refuge in Austria, but was 
thrown into a dungeon at L'hii where lie languished for a peritxl of hve years. 
When the treaty of Canipo Formio was signed, Xapoleon stipulated for his 
release and he once more returned to I-'rance. To show his sinceritv- as .'i inan 
;ind as a politician, he voted against the Life C'on.--idate. and afterwards against 
the lm|)erial Title, although he was imder obligations to Xapoleon in the mat- 
ter of his release frdui imprisonnit-nt. Tlinnigh all those stormy times, he 
never fc)r a moment abandoned his principles, and in speaking of him, a dis- 
tinguished Knglish author and statesman wrote: Men ni all parties join in tes- 
tifying their absolute belief in Lafayette's integrity, and men of m<ire than or- 
dinar\- sagacity and reflection have added that "he alone passed unscathed 
through the rex'olntionary furnace, alone trod without a fall the slippery path 
of those ch;mgeful scenes." 

The announcement of the news that he had decided ti> visit this country, 
aroused the greatest enthusiasm among all the |)eople. Forty years had passed 
since the independence of the colonies had been recognized. Most of the 
heroes of that period had passed away, but the great efforts they had made had 
resulted in the establishment of a Reiniblic that had amazingly grown in 
strength and prosperity, and Lafayette could lay the flattering unction to his 
soul that he himself had taken ;in active part in helping to secure the liberties 
of the Colonies, and when it wa< intimated bv him that it would be his pleasure 
to visit .\merica. i.'ongress sent him an in\itation and made arrangements to 
bring him across the water in a man-i )f-\\ ;ir. Lut the great Frenchman, waiv- 
ing aside this mai'ked disti)K'tinn. embarked i in the American packet "Cad- 
mus." which vessel arrived in Xew ^^lrk on August fifteenth. 1824. He was 
accompanied 1)\ his son. Ceorge Washingtuu Lafayette, as secretary and valet. 

The Councils of T^hiladelphia. nn July twenty-ninth, "Ri-:solved. That 
it grealK becumes the citv where the Declar.atinn was framed which gave free- 
dom to the new wi irld to receive with affection and hunor the brave man whose 
devotion to liberl\ and whose gallantry as a soldier so greatly contributed to 
the accpiisition of that blessing. 

"Rii;soi,\i;i), That the presence of ( ieneral Lafayette is ardently de- 
sired and that the Chief ^^agistrate of this City be requested to communicate 
to him the ferwiU wish of our citizens an<l to invite him to become their 
guest." 

F.vcrv jirejiaration was made to rccei\'e him with th.at honor to which he was 
entitled. When new> of bis arri\al in Xew N'ork was annimnct'd in this city 
on August seventeenth. .MaMir Watson ordered the ringing of the bells of 
Christ (.'hurch. Those distinguished citizens who had known Lafa\"ette during 
the War of the Ri-volntion and who still lingered u])on the scene, were given 
prominent positions upon the committees of reception, 'i'he old Slate House, 
whicli in ;i great measm-e had been neglected, was ])ul into condition to receive 
him. .'-^trange to say, it had remained for some \ears i>ast dirty and nncared for. 

( )n .Monda\ morning. Septi'mlier twenty-seventh. Lafayette reached Penn- 
svhania. havini; come b\ the wav of Trenton from .\ew ^'ork. The moment 



WARWICK s Kii^'sroxi-; com .MIIXW IIAI.I II. 2\- 

lio put foot on the soil of our State, lie was welcomeil 1)\' the eninniittee ap- 
pointed to receive him, and in a splendid bar(Tache, drawn hv si\ dark cream- 
colored horses, he was conveyed to the L'ity of Philadelphia, the h"ir>t City 
Troop having the honor of escorting him on the way. Me stopped over night 
at Bristol, and the next day entered (Hir city. Here there was a great proces- 
sion that accompanied him to his hotel. The streets were crowded with en- 
thusiastic people, whci grew hoarse in theii" cheers of welcome. In the iangnage 
of Poulson's ".\ilvertiser," "Lafayette heat in every grateful heart; Lafayette 
hung on every lip: Lafayette linrst from every tongue: Lafa\ette glowed on 
every cheek: Lafayette glistened in ever\- swimming eye: I^afaxelte swelled on 
every .gale." Every available spot was occupied. Arches had heen erected in all 
parts of the city, and in man\' instances were most elaborately ad(jrned and 
resplendent with the colors of h'rance and the L-nited States. i'orti'aits of 
Washington and Lafayette were to be seen on all sides, and the sloo])-of-\var 
"John Adams," in the river, fired a salute at intervals during the da\. 

When the procession reached the neighborhood of Eleventh street near 
Chestnut, Mrs. Robert .Morris, surrounded by a .group ( d' friends, sat at a 
window waiting to give him welcome. When (ii)posite the house. Lafayette 
rose in his barouche, with all his dignity and grace and amidst the applause of 
the people, took off his hat and bowed profoundly to pav special and marked 
respect to that woman whose husband had done so much for the Republic in the 
days of its trial. The obeisance was so well timed that the [leople ap|)reciated 
the sentiment that induced it and with a sympathy that was heartfelt, cheered 
to the echo. It was the same spirit of chivalry that he displayed when at \"er- 
sailles on the morning of ( )ctober si.xth, I78<), in the presence of an infnrirctcd 
mob, he stooped and kissed the hand of Marie Antoinette. 

in passing the United States I'.ank. the veterans of the Revolution stoml 
upon the steps under the blood s.iiled and Indlet rent standards of '7(1. and 
gave him a glorious welcome, and his tender reco,gnition as he turned to greet 
them, with his eyes sutifused with tears, was one of the heart touching inci- 
dents of the day. 

The State House was ai last reached, and Lafayette left his carriage to 
pass into the room where had sat the h'athers of the Republic when they 
adopted the Declaration of Independence. C)n behalf of the city, Mayor Wat- 
son, delivered an address of welcome, and (jeneral Lafayette replied in the fol- 
lowing touching and eloquent wor<ls: ".My entrance through this fair and 
great city, amidst the most solenui and atiectionale recollections, and under all 
the circumstances of a welcome which no expression could adeipialely acknowl- 
edge, has excited emotions in m\ heart in which are mingled the feelings of 
nearly fifty years. 

"Here within these sacred walls, bv a Cinmcil of wise and devoted pa- 
triots and in a style Wfirtliv of the deed itself, was bolilly iK'clared the indepen- 
dence of these vast I'niteil .States, which while it anticipated the independence — 
and I hope the Rejiublican independence ol the whole Americin hemisphere — 
has begun in the civili/ed world the era of a new and id' the onl\ true social 
order, tounded (jn the inalienable rights of m;m, the ])racticabilil\ ,nid advant- 
ages of which are every flay ailmirably demonstrated b\" the bapiiiness and 
prosperitv of your po]nilous cit\. llert'. su', was plannecl tin- formation id' our 

14 



2lS WAUWICK's KliVSTUM-: COMMOXVVEALTII. 

virtiKius hrnve Kevohitionary Army, and i1k- I 'mvidciitial insi)irati(iii received 
that gave tlie coiiiinand of it to (Hir belnved, matchless Washington. Hut these 
and man\- other remembrances are mingled with a deep regret for the num- 
erous contem]ioraries in the great and good nieii whose loss we have remained 
to mourn. It is to their services, sir, to your regard for their memory, to your 
knowledge of the friendships I have enjoyed that I refer the greater part of 
the honors here and elsewhere received — much surpassing my individual merit. 

"It is also under the auspices of their venerated names as well as under 
the im])ulse of my own sentiments that I beg you, Mr. Alayor. you. gentlemen 
of both Councils, and all the citizens of Philadelphia, to accept the tribute of 
my altectionate respect and profnund gratitude."' 

Passing out of the State House at the south door and walking thrtnigh the 
square to \\'alnut street, he was escorted to his barouche, wdiich having en- 
tered, guarded by the l'"irst Cit}" Troop, he rode to his lodgings at the .Mansion 
House on Third street, which had been speciall}- prepared for his reception. 
Crowds every hour of the day and night gathered about the doors of the inn, 
and whenever he appeared at a window he was greeted with a])])lause. Every 
comfort was provide:! for him, and every attention possible tendered him. 
The houses and all the public buildings were illuminated at night, and Paul 
ISeck's .Shot 'i'ower on the .Schuylkill loomed up out of the darkness like a pillar 
of light. .All the distinguished citizens vied with one another in entertaining 
and liancpieting him. He dined with Judge Peters at Belmont, with the Masons 
in their Temple, as well as with his resident countrymen in Washington Hall 
and with the City Corporation at the Mansitm House. With a man of his ad- 
vanced years, the entertainments must have been a drain ujion his strength, but 
he seems to have stood the ordeal without an\- ill-results, although upon one oc- 
casion he stood uncovered for nearly three hours while the ceremonies were in 
progress. Flvery mstitution, learned, scientific and religious, strove to do him 
honor, and at last a ball was given at the Chestnut .Street Theatre on the even- 
ing of ( )ctober I'ourth. The managers were John R. Ingersoll. Samuel r>reck, 
James M. Parker, P)eniamin Tilghman. George M. Dallas, Dr. .\athaniel Cha])- 
mau, ( ieneral Robert Patterson, Louis Clapier. .\ndrew M. Prevost, John K. 
Kane. Nicholas Piddle and Joseph Mcllvain. After a week's visit he left the 
city on the afternoon of Tuesdav. Hctober fifth, and was accompanied Ijy (jov- 
ernor .^hulze, and proceeded dov.n the river to Chester. The wharves and 
.shores wire crowded with peojile, bidding him an affectionate farewell and it 
was not until he reached the Delaware line that Pennsylvania ceased her rever- 
ence. 

lie made a second visit, reaching the cit\ on the evening of July sixteenth . 
of the following year. He was dined and fetetl. but was not ke])t so actively em- 
ployed as upon the jjrior occasion. ( )n July twent\-fifth. he made a visit to the 
battle ground of Prandywine and then jiroceeded on his way t(.) Washington 
where he boarded the l-'rigate Ih-tindy'^cinc which, under the command of Cap- 
tain Charles Morris, conveyed him to his native shores. 

It has been a favorite saving in the mouths of many that Republics are un- 
grateful, but Lafayette was so honored Ijy the people whose indeiiendence he 
had helped to secure that in this instance must be given contradiction to the 
statement. 



CHAPTER XX. 

INTUODUCriOX OF RAILROAIIS. PASSING OF THE STAGE COACH. DEATH Ol' 

si'EPiiEx <.rK,\i;ii. GiKAurj cnr.t.i:c,i:. wills' iiosriiAL. 

WE have now rcaclicil that pcriud when, in tlic histdry of the wurlil. 
tliere is to be a great change in the matter of travel and transpiir- 
tatiiin. The stage coach, the paci< horse and the Conestoga wagon 
are to be supplanted h\ the steam engine and railroads, and 
schedules are to be cut down to hours and da\s where they have hitherto covered 
weeks and months. 

As a sample of the condition of the roads, prior to the l\e\olution .and for 
many years subsequent tliereto, the folli.nving is a good illustration: hi 17(10, 
Mr. Clarkson, who was a merchant of Philadelphia, and had served as .\la\or 
of the city, set out on horseback, accom]i;inied l)y a servant, on the sixth d;i\ 
of .\ugust, to make a journe\ to I'ittsburgh. In giving liis experience, he states 
that "on the first day he met w.agons loaded with skins coming from tlie West, 
and overtook others loaded with jiork, going for the King's use to b'ort I'itt," 
the name of the settlement which the h'rench. called Uu(|uesne, Init wliicli was 
afterwards changed to Pittsburgh. At nightfall of the first day he lodged at 
a tavern called "The Ship." thirty-five miles distant from Philadelphia, and 
the following day he reached Lancaster in the evening, ])utting up at " The 
Duke of Cumberland." ( )n the eighth, he pressed on as rapidly as conditions 
would allow, and arri\-eil at 'S'ork that day, and on the nintli at L'arlisle, wlierc. 
to recover from the effects of tlie hard tra\eling, he reniaineil until the twelfth, 
and then resumed his journe\, hndiiig the road nothing but hills, mountains 
and stones. Thus he got through in ten da\s, without couiUing stoppages, a 
journey which to-day we make in a night, sleeping on a couch as C(.>nifortabl\ 
as in a bed at home. 

The Conditions at the beginning of the second (piarter ni tlie Xineteentli 
Century were as they had been even before the Revolution. Roads, to be 
sure, had been somewhat improved, but the methods of C(.)nveyance were the 
same, and it was no easy task to undertake a journev of a Inindred miles in 
any direction. The stage ct)ach was not a comfortable conve\ance. It had 
no springs, but was swung on heavy straps and everv rut in the road resulted 
in a bump or a jolt to the passengers. Ihe windows had no s.ishes that could 
be lowered or raised but were closed 1)V letting down a leathern shade or a]iron. 
This, in the summer season, kept out ■.he rays of the sun, l)ut onl\ increas(,il 
the tem]3erature in the oach. Ii was some protection, however, at times against 
the rain. In dry weather the dust was raised in clouds; in wet weather the 
roads were transformed into ditches and the wheels <d' the wagons sank to liieir 
hubs in mud. The coach contained three seats running crosswise: each seal 
would ac('ommo<lale three persons, ami onl\' those m the rear had a supp.ort 
for their backs, .\ccidents on the road were of fretpient occurrence, .and at 

219 



220 Warwick's kevstonk commonwealth. 

tinu's greatly dclayctl the progrt-ss, passengers oft.'ii l)ciiig conipclliMl to alight 
and give a hand in ])nlling the wheels (Uit nl a ditch. 

Even as late as 1832, Miss Fanny Kenible. in describing the stage coaches. 
sai<l, ■•llu\ were shajied something like boats." The one in which she rode from 
\ew \'ork to l'hiladeli)hia. she described as "a nefarions black hole on wheels 
'Hie horses tmtted with their front and gall<ii)ed with their hind legs, and 
awa\- we went after them, bumping, thumping, jumping, jolting, shakmg. toss- 
ing and tumbling, over the wickedest mad. 1 do think the cruelesl, hard-heart- 
edest road that ever wheel rumbled over." She further said that the ruts 
were "absolntt' abysses." 

r.efore the introduction of railroails. steam, as a method of propulsion 
had made .great progress in travel by water. Quoting a.gain from .Miss Fanny 
Kendile she states that the steani1)oals were better than the stage coaches. She 
founil them "large and commodious." They were three stories in height, the 
roof nn])rotected b\- an\' covering, but the middle deck had chairs and benches, 
which the ])assengers could use without fear of being crowded, and where they 
could enjoy the breezes and view the landscape on both sides of the river. So 
nuich progress had there been made in improvements in the construction of 
steam vessels, that in 181Q the .\merican steam.ship "Savannah" made the first 
vo\age across the .\tlantic (.)cean. 

.All this time internal im|)rovements in the way of construction of turn- 
pikes and canals, were uniting the different sections of the country, but the u.se 
o'f steam as a power of locomotion on land, did not ilevelop nor reach a prac- 
tical solution until nearly twenty years after the "Clermont" had made her 
memorable voyage up the Hudson against wind and current. (Miver Evans 
and other ingenious .\nierican mechanics were ex])erimenting with steam wag- 
ons, but it remained for George Stevenson of England to .solve practically the 
question bv the construction of a locomotive wdiich woidd draw a train of cars 
on a track at the rate of ten or fifteen miles an hour. 

The tir-^t r.ailroad constructed in En,gland w^as in 1826, and ran from 
Stockton to Darlington, a distance of twelve miles, the run being made in twelve 
hours. The Iniildin.g of railroads, however, called forth much opposition from 
certain (piarters. Old fogies came out in force and contended that the air 
would be ])oisoni'd with gases, that l>arns, houses, stacks of hay and straw, and 
even crojjs of stamling grain wnuld be set on tire from sparks issuing out of 
the smoke stacks, that lioilers would 1)urst and s|)read destruction in all direc- 
tions, that horses on the highways would be frightened by the noise of the 
steam monster, that crossing the railroads at grade woidd be fraught with peril, 
and the peace and quiet of the couinnmity disturbed by the whistle of the en- 
gine and the rumbling of the train. In t'act. so strong was the opposition in 
Parliament, that a bill ])roviding for the construction of a railroad from l.iver- 
l)ool to Manchester was defeated in the committee, and it rerpiired the .greatest 
effort and the expenditure, .subsei|uentlv, of a large sum of money to secure its 
passa.ge. 

In this country, the innkeei)ers, wdio were an induential body of men, and 
who saw that their occupation would be .gone if turnpike travel was discon- 
tinued, used everv effort to defeat the granting of charters and the building of 



WARWICK S KKYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 221 

railroads; one veteran I'ldniface dcelarinL; lliat "no railroad ccmld carry the 
freiglu that the old Conestogas do nor at so cheap a fignre." 

In 1828 the \eneral)le Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Maryland, the onK 
person living who had signed the Declaration iif Independence, broke gronnd 
for the construction of a railroail from r.altimore to Ellicott's Mills, and after 
throwing up the first spadeful of dirt, he exclaimed, "I consider this among the 
most important acts of my life, second only to th.at of signing of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, if second even to that." 

In 1830, the Baltimore and (Jliio Railroad Comiianv sent over its tracks for 
the distance of fourteen miles, the first locomotive ever used in this country. 
The locomotive was built in l!altiinore by the celebrated Peter Cooper. It was 
a rude affair as compared with the locomotive of modern times and drew a 
train of cars which in aiipearance resembled in every particular the stage coaches 
of that day. It was some time before the modern passenger car was introduced. 
The distance was covered in little less than an hour and the sti.try goes that on 
the return the engine had a race with a spirited gray horse belonging to one of 
the lialtiniore stage coach lines. The race for a short distance was neck and 
neck, but the little engine putting forth all her strength, at length passi d her 
co)npetitor, the whistle Ijlew and the jiassengers cheeretl and from that little 
incident mav be dated the passing of the stage coach. Short tracks were now 
laid in every section of the conntr\', and the system proved so much superior 
to the prior methods of transportation that all opposition faded away. 

Movements were earl}- set on foot to build a line extending from I'hiladel- 
phia to I'ittsburgh, and on March thirty-first, i82_:;, the Legislature of this State 
granted a charter to tine "President, Directors and Company of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad Compan\." Among the incorporators were named Horace I'dn- 
ney and Stephen (jirard. Subscri])tions to the stock came in slowly, because the 
projectors were not able to show that the enterprise would make siiflicient re- 
turns to pay a dividend upon the ca])ital invested. 

The building of a railroad, so long as it was at grade, was com])aratively 
an easy proposition, Ijut when it came to the crossing of rivers, the construction 
of bridges, or the tunneling of mountains, that was a different (|uesti<in and 
required the skill of trained and experienced engineers, but these difficulties 
were soon overcome bv time. 

The Lancaster, Philadelphia and Cohunliia Railroad Company was char- 
tered in 1826, but its building ])roceeded vcr\' slowly, every step being met with 
ojjposition and it was not imlil .\pril, 18,^4, that one track was ready for use. 
The conipanv owneil hut one locomotive called the "Plack Hawk," named after 
the well known Indian chief. ,\fter leaving Lancaster, 1 'hil;idelphi,-i was 
reached in eight and one half hour-,. This included all the stops to take on 
water for the engine, and, as the re])orl states, to refresh the passengers. .At 
last, however, the road succeeded in securing an entrance to the city, having the 
right of way over Pennsylvania .avenue to I'.ro.ad slreci and Callowhill in Spring 
Carden. It then proceeded south on I'.r.jad siret-t to \'ine street, where it 
touched the northern limits of the city, attd from this i>oint lines were coutimied 
on r.road street as far as South, and ;i branch ou .Market street r.-iii to the ware- 



222 WARWICK S Kl';'lSTO.\ K (fJM MO.N WliAI.T 11 . 

liniisc's al the foot of Dock street. 'l"he cars within the hniils of the eit\' were 
(h'awn to their ilesliiialion hy loii.t;' teams of horses. 

J'he cars, in their formation, resemiiled closely, as we have already stated, 
the sta^e coaches, and in fact the only improvement was in the matter of speed 
and the avoidance of joltinj;" o\'er a roiinh ri«d. 'I'lie cars were frecpieiitlv 
overcrowded, the windows were without sashes and the locomotive which 
Imrned wood as a fuel threw ont great showers of sparks, esi)eciallv when it 
]nit forth extra effort to climh a hill, which spark> fell ii]3on the clothes of the 
passengers and burned holes in the ladies' dresses. ( )ne lady tourist, in describ- 
ing her experience, says that "the wind was ahead and sparks were Hying as 
thick as hail stones." .She further states that "it recpiired the greatest activity 
to ])revent the sparks from burning our dresses, indeed they were riddled." 
Travel must have been anything but a pleasure under such conditions, but .grad- 
ually im])rovenients were made, ami now it became the fashion for the citizens 
to make u]) parties for railroad excursion.s — as we do to-day for trolley rides — 
to \'isit the interior of the State. One passenger on such a lri|). in giving his 
experience says that he was delighted with the scenery, "man\ miles being 
studded with rich and imposing mansions, delightful villas, substantial farm- 
houses and capacious barns and granaries" presenting to the traveller's "enrap- 
tured gaze the apjjearance of an extensive and continuous village, the abode of 
health, industrv and content, the home of the liapiiy. the virtuous and frugal." 
.Murray, another tourist. s[)eaking enthusiastically of his experience while trav- 
elling into ihe interior of Pennsylvania. sa\s: "At this season (May) it was 
one continuou> sea of waving" rye. clover ;iii(l wheat. The farmhouses were 
alwavs whitewashed, with a neat garden in fi'oiit. ;ind on one or each side stood 
;i large orchard, the trees of which were |ilaiited with the utmost regularity, and 
their fragrant boughs teeming with blossoms." 

A movement was set on foot in 1830 to connect riiiladelpbia with Xorris- 
town. which settlement had now ;i po])ulation of about a thousand people, and 
in iS:^i. the Legislature granted .a charlt-r to the 1 'hil.adelphia. ( lermantown and 
.Xorristown Railroad C'ompaii}. In about ;i year the tracks were laid as far as 
(lermantown. and from this point tlu work was jjusln-d forwar<l steadily. Ihe 
main station was locateil at .Xinth ;ind ( ireen streets, and a branch in Main 
street near the center of ( ierm.antown. .\fter the building of the road between 
Philadelphia and (iermantowii. the following .announcement was m.ade m the 
newspapers: "The locomotive engine built by .Matthias W. Paldwin ot this 
city will depart daiU' with a tr.ain of ]>assenger cars, commencing on Monday, 
the twent\-sixth of Xovember." There were three trains from Philadelpha and 
the same number from (lermantown. 

In iS_^i. the Legislature chartered the Phila(leli)hia and Delaw.irc County 
Railroad Lompany, and in iS^O the name of the company was changed to the 
Phil.adelphi.a. Wilmington and I'.altinioie Railroad. 

Lngineers and ingenious mechanics found an open field for their skill 
and were giving attention to all the details in relation to the con.struction of lo- 
comotive engines, passenger cars and laying of tracks. 

William X'orris established machine works at P.ush llill. which were sub- 
seiiuentlv conducted under the management of Kichard .X'orris and Son. The 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMO.\WE.\r,TH. 223 

firm soon built iq) an international reputation and shipped a number of Ilico- 
niotives to the lMig"lish Government. Subsequently they discontinued their 
business in this city and entered into a contract with Russia to build ruid e(|uip 
railways for that country. After a sojourn there for a number of \ears. thev 
reaped a fortune and returned to their native country to enjoy it. 

In the meantime. Matthias W. Baldwin had established liis plant which 
became, as it were, almost an institution of the city. He was born in Xew Jer- 
sey and came to this city about 1817. He was a|)prenticed to a jeweler under 
whom he learned his trade, but he soon abandoned the manufacture of the finer 
metals into female trinkets, and entered into a co-partnership with a skilled 
mechanic named David Alason, and together the\- opened a shop in the neigh- 
borhood of Fourth an<l Walnut streets. Alason subse(pientl\- retired from 
the firm, and Baldwin then conducted the business alone. In Novemlier, 1832, 
he constructed an engine called the "Ironsides," which was given a trial trip 
and amazed the l)eholders b\ travelling at the rate of twent\ -eight miles an 
hour, for a distance of six miles. The locomotive, however, was not taken out 
on rainy days for fear its wheels would not clutch the tracks, but would slip and 
be uncontrollable in wet weather. These difficulties, however, were graihialh' 
overcome and travel and transjiortation by steam became an assured fact. 

Coal was used as fuel, cabins were annexed to the engine for the protection 
of the engineer and fireman, and a tender was attached for the holding of fuel 
instead of an open wagon containing barrels of fagots, as originallv had been 
the case. The passenger coach, with eight wheels instead of four, was soon 
changed in its appearance to resemble that of a more modern t\pe, an.d tlie 
whole method of transportation was gradually improved. The s\ stem has 
grown to such dimensions that the railroads hold todav in their iron grip 
every section of the country and have done niore lo unite us as a people and to 
bring us in closer jiroximity to each other than anything else that could have 
been devised bv the wit and ingenuity of man. What would our forefathers 
have thought if someone had made the ]irediction that we would travel from 
Philadelphia to Xew ^'ork in less than t\\i> hours, to Atlantic ('it\ in sixl\ min- 
utes, or to Pittsburgh in a night, or that ;i voyage ccjuld be made from the new 
world to the old, across the ocean in less than six days? 

In the ])eriod from 1S30 to 1840 the western territory was developing 
fast and the merchants and maiuifacturer> of 1 'hiladel|)hia were suffering ma- 
lerialK bv reason of the slc)W and imperfect means ot transportation. 11\ ilie 
system of inclined planes and canals then in \'ogue it look about ninct\' himrs 
to reach Pittsburgh from Philadelphia. The freight and passrnger rales were 
almost prohibitive and trade was di\erled to .\e\v \\>rk b\' ibe opi'uing of the 
Erie Canal which afforded closer and cheaper conuunnicalii m. To renied\ 
these conditions the Penn^x Kania Railroad I omp;in\ was organized and char- 
tered 1)\ the Legislature. April 13. 184(1. It had a capital of $10,000,(100 and 
was originally created to build a hue from I larrisburg io Piltslmr^h, llie work 
being made ])ossible by contribution^ in money from the cil\ of Philadelphia 
amounting to $4,000,000. The first ilivision fi-uui I larrisburg to l.ewislown 
was opened in l>^4'i and in 1830 it was extendeil to I b illidax sburg. The build- 
ers were at the same time working from Pittslinrnh ea-lward and b\ iS^i the 



224 



W AKWIi K S KEVSTOXE COM .\1( i\ WI-ALTH. 



?c'Ction was ci)nii)k-tfd lo within twciits -ci.^lit mik-s nl Jiilinstown and in 1.S52 
the remaining; tracka.^'e was completed and ihrotigh trains were run between 
Pliikuk-l])hia and rittsburgh by way of the Porta.s,'e Railroad. In 1854 the com- 
pany completed its own line over the nmnnlains and the Portag;e Railroad was 
discontimietl. In 1S57 the company purchased all the State works, railroads 
and canals and commenced its system of extension which has made it one of the 
great trunk lines of the country. It alisorbed the Central Railroads nf Xe\\ 
lersev in 1S71 which gave direct communication with New York and gradu- 
allv ac(|uired dtlier lines and eventually became the most comprehensive rail- 
road svsteni in the I'nited States, connecting as it dues, the chief ports and cities 
of the North Atlantic Seaboard with those of the Great I.akes and the Ohio and 
]\Tississippi valleys by a network of railways of the best and most modern con- 
slructii>n and efficiency. It spreads from the Mi>.-issii)pi River to the extremity 




Tin-: ".ronx Bfi.i..'" First Thain Itrx ()\i;n Tin: I'. U. U. 



of kong island anil from Ijeyond the I'dtomac and ( )hio riviTs to the Canadian 
border. Some idea of the magnitude of the growth of this great corjjoration 
can be gleaned from the fact that its original capital has been increased from 
$10,000,000 to $500,000,000 and its lines extended from the original 224 miles 
to ii.i>44 miles, with a total trackage of 2-,.(«}-, miles. The care of passengers 
and the rai)id mnvenieut of freight has alway> been given first consideration 
and millions of dollars have been spent in straightening lines and tunneling 
niMuntains to save a fraction of time while as many millions more have been 
used in improving the rolling stock. The expenditure of nearly $100,000,000 
in providing a direct entry into New \'ork lity, 1)\- tunneling the Hudson River, 
is an illustration of the com|)any's progressive spirit. It has alwa\s Iieen a pio- 
neer in imijrovement movements. It was the first to use steel rails in iS()4 and 
liessemer steel rails in 1865, first to utilize the air brake in iSfif). the track tank 
in \XjJ. the lilock >ignal system in 1873. the "limited" train in 1881. t(.) estab- 
lish an eighteen-hour service between Xew York and Chicago, to organize a 
Tourist l)e])artment and to organize a cab service in connection with its terminal 
in the large cities. The story of the compau>'s achievement in perfected means 
of travel can be no better illustrated than by a comparison of the '"John T.ull" 
train, with that of the "Broadway Limited," the late-t creation in raiiwav lux- 
m-\-. The men, who as executive heads of the rennsyhania Railroad Ci>mpany. 



WARWICK S KKVSTOXE CU.MMUX WIIAl.TII. 



225 



aided in its development are: Samuel \'aiit;hn Merrick, President from 1847 to 
1849: William Giamlierlain I'atterson, i84<) to 1852; John Edg:ar Thomson, 
1852 to 1874: Thomas Alexander Scott, 1S74 to 1880: ( ieor.^e I'.rook^ Roberts, 
1880 to i8()7; I'^rank Thomson, 181)7 to i8o<): .Mexandcr Johnson Cassatt, 
i8()<) to ii)0(>: James AIcL'rca, ii;07 to iyi2, and Samnel l\ea, who became 
president in ii>i2. 

(In December twenty-sixth, 1831, occurred the death of Stephen ( iirard. 
He had reached the ripe at;'e of eit;hty-one, and his later years were stricken 
with Sorrow, lie had lint few intimate associate^, for he had devoted his ef- 
forts to the accunnilation of wealth, and not to the fostering o-f friendships, lie 




Till, IlKdAUW .W LlMllKll. INK l..\M.;s'l ( liK.VTlO.N IN K.^ 1 1,K(>.\I1 LUXlliV. 



was childless, and his wife for a lona: time had been the inmate of an insane 
asvlum, and he was deprived of her conijianionship for many years before her 
death, which occurred in 1815. As his life drew to its close, he liecame sightless. 
From his youth he had only one eye, the other havino: been put out by the explo- 
sion of an oyster shell which he had carelessly thrown into an open fire. His 
death resulted from an accident which hap])ened while he was walkinsj from 
his bank to his home in Water street, in l-'ebruary. 1830. While crossing at tlie 
corner of Second and .Market streets, he was run down Ijy a farm wagon, lie 
was serionsh- injured, and although he lingered for two years after the mislia]) 
he never recovi-red from its effects. lie was bnrieil in the grounds of llie 
Catholic C'hurcli of the Holy Trinit\. at ihe corner of Sixth ;ind Spruce street^. 
His bo(I\ was carried t.i the tomb, follnwed by the officers of tlie citw the Ma- 
sons, to which organization he belonged, and many other societies. 'Ihe cor- 
tege slowK" ])roceeded up Water street to .\rch. out .\rch to Sixth and down 
Sixth to the church. The streets were crowded with people, and to use the 
language of one witness, "the |)rocessiou was most iniiires>ive." .Many ot the 



226 



\K\\ u k's kevstoiNIC commonwealth. 



citizens howcil their shutters <hiriii- the hours of the ceremony, tliat is from 
ten to twelve o'clock. The Masons having announced that they would take part 
in the procession, the clergy of the parish refused to attend, and it was under 
the threat of legal i)roccedings that the interment was allowed to take i)lace. 

Girar<l had not in anv sense of the word been what might be called a relig- 
ious man. Creeds sat lightlv upon his shoulders, and in the language of Xicho- 
la.s Bi.ldle. "he was a verv undisguised infidel." He was. as we have hitherto 
stated, a disciple of French philosophy ;iiid. indeed some of his vessels were named 

after N'oltairc. Rousseau and the rep- 
resent:;tives of that school of thought. 
It was estimated that his fortune was 
about eight millions of dollars, well 
invested in ships, stocks and lands, and 
it was witli great curiosity that the 
pei.iple awaited the probate of the will, 
in order to ascertain what disi)osition 
!ie h.id made of this vast estate. (Vn- 
ard had relatives both in America and 
I'jirope. nephews and nieces, but these 
were given a scant remembrance in the 
will. lie directed that fifteen hun- 
dreil di>Ilars should be given to each of 
his ship captains who would bring his 
\e-->els safely into port, his slave wo- 
man, llannah, was set free, and he 
gave slight tokens of rememlirance to 
liis servants who were indentured to 
him for a term (.)f apprenticeship. 
These be(|uests. however, were very 
small, comparatively, not e.xceeding the 
sum of one hundred and forty thoii>anil dollars. All the rest of his vast fortune 
was devised and be(|ueathed for public or charitable uses. To "the .Mayor, 
.Mdernieii and citizens of l'hiladel])hia, their succes.sors and assigns" were 
oiven the "rest, remainder and residue of the estate to establisli a col- 
lege for orphan bovs at a cost of two million dollars." lie was most par- 
ticular in his will in describing the exact proportions of the building, where 
it should be located and how it should be constructed, even to the dimen- 
sions of the doors and windows. "As many poor white male orphans be- 
tween the ages of six and ten years" as the income arising from the estate "was 
adeipiate to maintain" were to be "introduced into the college as soon as possi- 
ble." .Applicants born in the city of I'hiladelphia were to be given preference, 
in the second place those born in any oilier p.irt of rennsylvania. and thirdly 
to natives of the city of New York, and lastly to the natives of .Xew Orleans, 
because it was with that city he first traded as master and |)art owner of a vessel 
and cargo. After iiroviding that the scholars should receive "plain but whole- 
some food, ])lain but decent apparel." they were to be "instructed in the various 
branches of a sound education in which (ireek or Latin should not bt- included." 




-ii;i-ni:\ CiUAliU. l-i:nM 



I'".\(.K\V1M 



WARWICK S KEVSTOXE COMMON WEALTH. 227 

He made a restriction '"tlKit no ecclesiastical missionar\- or minister nf an\- 
sect whatsoever sliall ever hnld or exercise any station or duty whatever in said 
college, nor shall any snch person ever be admitted for an\ ])ur|)ose or a< a 
visitor within the premises ajipropriated for the purposes of the said college. " 
His explanation for his conduct in this matter was that he "desired to kee]) the 
ten<ler minds of the orphans who ouu;ht to derive advantage from this bequest 
free from the excitement which clashinij doctrines and sectarian controversy 
are so apt to produce." He declared that lie intended to cast no rellection ii()on 
an\- religion but "as there is such a multitude of sects and such diversity of 
opinion amongst them, I do not want the minds of the boys to lie affected by 
acrimonious discussion that woidd surely arise were the sects to clash." He 
thought religion was so important a matter that it shouhl be left indi\iduall\- 
to the bovs to decide uiion their belief at a time when they were able to judge 
for themselves, and after the purest princiiiles of nioralitx had been instilled 
into their minds. 

The date of the will is I'ebruary sixteenth, 1830, and a codicil was added 
on June twentieth, iS^i. The executors were Timothy Paxon, Thomas P. 
Cope, Joseph Roberts, William J. Duane and John A. liarkley, well known 
merchants of that day. Xo sooner was the will proved than eft'orts were made 
to break it. The litigation continued for nearly thirty \ears but the contest- 
ants were unable to invalidate the instrument. The City appointed a Poard of 
Trustees to carr\' out the provisions of tlie will in so far as the interests of the 
college were concerned. Nicholas Piddle, President (jf the United States liank, 
was the Chairman of the said board. The litigation, of course. dela\ed the 
progress of the Iniilding of the college, but at last the case reached the Sui)reine 
Court of the United States. Horace liinney, at that time somewhat ,id\auced 
in vears, and who had virtually retired from the actual practice of his profe--- 
sion was induced by the city to represent her cause. b'or one year he gave 
earnest and close application to the stud\ of the ciuesti(.ins involved and when 
he appeared before the Par of the Supreme Court at \\'ashington, he was op- 
posed bv Daniel Webster, but Mr. Pinne}' so exhanstixely covered e\er\ point 
that ^^r. Webster was unable to make .any headway against his able ;ind learned 
argtunent, and the finalitv was reached when the Supreme Court decided in favor 
of the will. -Mr. \\'ebster afterwards, in referring to the case, said that he 
never again wanted to cross swords with a Philadelphia law\er who had only 
one client. 

C)n lidv fotunh, i8,vv the cornerstone of the main bnijiliug of ( iirard I'ol- 
lege was laid, and -Mr. Piddle delivered the oration, but the buildings were 
not finished until foin-teen years after they were Ijegiui, that was in .\o\eni- 
ber. 1847, and on January first. 1S4S, the College was oi)ent-d, h.uing on its 
roster the names of one lunidred |iupils. Alexander 1 )allas Pache, a great-grand- 
^on of Penjainin I'ranklin, had b-en elected to the Presidency of the Institu- 
tion. 

On .September thirtieth. i.'^Si, Slei>hen (iirard's body \v;is reuioxed from 
the little clnirch\-ard at Sixth and Spruce -treets to a magnificent marble >ar 
cophagus that stands toflay in the \-estibule of the College. 

The college building itself is one of the most beautiful structures of mod- 



228 WAUWKK's KEVSTOXE C'O.MMOWVEALTII. 

erii times li> he fdund anywlicrf in tlu- wurlil. It is "a jn-rfcct, chaste speci- 
men of (irecian art." and will euniiiare favurahly with even the celebrated 
Madeleine clnn-cli in I'aris. The architect nf the building was Thomas U. 
Walter, a native of I'hiladelphia. and it is to his skill as a builder and to the 
taste of Mr. Nicholas I'.iddle that this huildini,^ is .so beautiful ui design and 
feature. It is a wnrtlu monument to a great benefactor, and. be it said to the 
credit of the cit\. im trust has ever been more carefully guardefi. 

.Another notable bequest to the city about this time was that made by 
Joseph Wills, jr.. for the establishment of a hospital "for the relief of the indigent 
blind and lame." A noble benefaction that has showered its blessings upon the 
afflicte<l. 



CHAPTER XXI. 



ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON. ki;.Ml)\AE OF DEPOSITS FROM THE UNITED SI.VTES 

BANK. VISIT.VTION OF .\S1.\TIC CHOLERA. INTERI PER.VNCE. ABOLITION 

SOCIETIES. CAS WllRKS. O.MNIBLISES. CAB ST.\NIlS. 

rkoORESS (JF THE CITY. 



THE Presidential election of 1828 was a must cxcitins;- <ine, and the 
followers of Andrew Jackscm carried the State (if renns\-lvania bv 
an overwhelniiiii; niaji'rit}, anil the opp<jnents iif "( )1(1 llicl<iir\" in 
Philadelphia fell nnder the Ijan nf his proscriptiiin, fnr the fight 
against him had centered in this city, and had l)een waged vvith nnnsual bitter- 
ness. 

Xicholas Piddle, the President nf the L'nited States Bank, and at that time 
the leading financier in the ciunilry, had strongly opposed the election nf Jack- 
son, and it was soon felt in bnsiness qnarters that the l;)ank, whose charter was 
about expiring, would not be able to secure its renewal, and that the President 
was bent upon its destruction. The bank was the depositary df the funds of 
the l'nited States tiiivernnu iit. there lieing ten millions of linllars of the na- 
tion's money in its custod)'. ll was a nidst successful institution, abh- man- 
aged and of great influence in the nidnec Wdrld. It was claimed, hnwever, bv 
the Democrats that it possessed tcni much imwer, that it had becniiie aiUocratic 
in its dealings and management, that it had tint potential a voice in politics, 
that its dominating influence was felt thrrmghdut the length and breadth of the 
Republic, and further, that it was dangerous to the rights and liberties of the 
people for such an institution tei wielfl so great a pmver. 

The Directors sent a memorial to Congress fi.uir \ears befdre the expira- 
tion of the charter, petitioning fdr its renewal. The bill jiassed buth hduses in 
the suuBiier of 1832, but the President's veto soon followed, and an issue lie- 
tween the opposing forces was jdined at duce. Clay, in favdr nf the charter, led 
the tight against Jack.soii. WHien the presidential election of 1832 came du the 
lines were distinctly drawn ami the CdiUest was waged with the utiuosl bitter- 
ness. Jackson swept the countrw his majorit\- in Pennsylvania biing about 
twenty-five thousand. Clay carried diiK' fdur Stales in the Cnidn. The battle 
in this city bad lieen waged on the ground that the Cdmuiercial interests of 
Philadelphia would be seridU^ly affected and her prestige as a financial centre 
impaired if Jackson should carrv nut his threats to cidse the ddors of the bank. 
It was thought that snch ,in appeal tn civic jiride wduld have some effect upon 
the voters, Ijut instead of securiuL; support for t'lay, it onl\ increased Jackson's 
Vote and popularit\. < )ne ot the campaign cartoons that .ironsed |)ublic ]n"ein- 
dice and was effectivel)' used against ibe \\'hig■^, reiiresenled "< ll,] ||ickor_\" 
fighting single-handed the dragon of .M(»nopoly. 

The Democratic victory doomed the bank, .and it was soon fell in ,ill (|uar- 
ters that business would have to adjust itself to new conl!ition^. linl llie dan- 

229 



230 



WAKWK K S KEYSTONE COM MDX WKAL Til 



gcrou-s Icaturt-s of Jackson's pi>licy were not revealeil in their full vijjor until 
he resolved to reino\e the deposits of the ( lovernment. 

The total liahilities of the hank were in the neighhorhood of nineteen mil- 
lions of dollars. This, of course, included the twenty-five hranches in all parts 
of the countr\'. It had in circulation twentx -three million dollars of notes. For 
years it had paid a dividend of five per cent., and more recently of seven and 
one-half per cent. Its stock, t<io, unlike that of the first United States hank, 
was lielil mainly in this country, in the larger cities of the Eastern States, and 
nut iu the leading capitals ahroad. 

When Jackson decided to remove the deposits of the Government. Louis 

McLane was Secretary of the Treas- 
urv. hut Jackson, fearin.g that .McLane 
was uiit in accord with his views, 
made him Secretary of State, and 
named in his |;)lace William J. Duane, 
sou of the eilitor of "The Aurora," 
whose Democracy was unquestioned 
and most pronounced. Duane com- 
ing from Philadelphia, Jackson 
llioi.ight it would l)e a great political 
stroke to destroy the hank liy a resi- 
dent of the city in which it was lo- 
cated, hut when the order came to 
Duane to withdraw the deposits he re- 
fused ti; com])!y with it. His resigna- 
tion was then immediatelv demanded, 
which he as pruuiptlx' refused to give 
and Jackson, with that firmness and 
determination that characterized him, 
ordered his immediate removal. Roger 
r>. Taney, of Maryland, the Attorney 
lieneral. was at on;-e named to suc- 
ceed Diiane. This time Jackson knew 
in whom to i)lace his confidence, and 
the new Secretarv of the Treasury, without further ado. directed the immediate 
withdrawal of the ( 'ioveriuiient"s funds. Taney was suhsci|uentl\- ele\ated to the 
Chief Justiceshi]) of the Supreme Court of the I'nited .Slates, and wrote the o|)iuion 
in the celehrated T^red Scott case. 

The eft'ects resulting from the removal ivf the (lovernment de]iiisits from 
the hank and the refusal to renew its charter were not felt in their full force 
until a few years later. iWit the panic was inevitahle. and the ruin reached its 
height in 1837. 

When the charter of the I'nited .States Hank expired in \?<^6. its friends 
succeeded in securing an Act of Incorporation from the State Legislature to 
transact business under its original name, luit unfortunately its credit was 
gone, its presti.ge and intluence had dei)arted, and although it lasted for a time 
and wore the api)earance of healthy vigor, its days were soon numlx-red. 




A.M)Ui;\v Jack.so.n, 
'J'akcii from Life. 



WARWIl'l-; S KEVSTOXE COMMONWEALTH. 23I 

After the Governinent had renioveil the deposits thev were distributed 
among a number of State banks which were called the "pets" nf the aiiniinis- 
tration. These banks issued their notes and they were so<:)n in circulation 
everywhere throughnut the country. Tliey were easily counterfeited, and it 
was ditilicult to tell the false fmni the true. Their value depended upon the 
credit and reputation df the bank that issued them, and in many instances thc>; 
were worth UKire in one Stale than in amither. This led tu speculation, auij a 
merchant who desired to change his notes into specie had to suffer a heavy 
shave. In everv country cross road's store "Counterfeit Detectors," which were 
|juhlished niontldy, had to l)e cnnsulted whenever a purchase was made, for a 
pound of soap, a side of bacon or a bushel of grain, and the notes, irrespective 
of their face value, had onh that purchasing power which was given to them 
in the localities where thev were used. -Vs they fell in worth, gold and silver 
became scarcer and rose in jirice. Mushroom banks, too, sprang up iii every 
direction, and flooded the market with wildcat money and only increased the 
volume of currency without adding to its real worth. 

At a time when the precious metals were passing out of circulation, Jack- 
son issued his "Specie Letter" which re(|uired all buyers to pay for the public 
lands in hard money, instead of in wildcat notes. This caused a sus|iension of 
specie payments and runs upon the banks were begun at once, t.'apital was 
withdrawn from enterprise, business houses failed, banks closeil their doors, 
factories shut down, wages fell, prices rose, workmen lost employment, and the 
panic of 1837 spread over the land like a pall. It might have been averted, in 
fact might never have occurred had it uijt been for the unreasonable, political, 
vindictive opposition of Jackson to a successful and worthy institution, 1 here 
was no reason for his conduct. The bank was ably managed, was ])erfectly 
sound and its destruction produced a disastrous ])anic. 

The banks throughout the country endeavored to make a parti.al resump- 
tion of specie pavments but they failed to succeed, and on I-'ebruary fourth, 
the United States Rank, overwhelmed by conditions that it had n.i power to 
avert and for which it was in no wise responsible, closed its doors, unable to 
meet its responsibilities. 

Air. liiddle had resigned from the Presidency in nS^i). and hail retired to 
his estate at Torresdale on the banks of the Delaware. Prosecutions were in- 
stituted against him and his fellow officers, but it was soon discovered that 
their transactions were above board, and without susi.)icion. There was not the 
slightest trace of careless or dishonest management in the administration of the 
concern. The bank had been the mere victim of circumstances. 

The financial stringency following the misfortunes tliat befell the second 
Bank of the United States, by reason of President JacksonV relentless ojipo- 
sition should have, it would seem, acted as a strong check on the organization 
of new monetary institutions but in spite of the depressed conditions the fol- 
lowing notice was sent out in the Sjjring of 1833 by Benjamin W. Richards: 
"An adjourned meeting of the ( iirard Savings Institution of Philadelphia will 
be held for the election of ilinclor^, at Saint's Hotel, Sixth street, opposite 
Minor, on Tuesday evening, .May i<). at eighi o'clock." l"orl\-one members 
resi)onded to the notice, and at the meeting, the new venture under the name 



232 



W ARWICK S KEVSTDNK COM MON WIIALT 1 1 . 



of the (liranl riciicficial Association was latinclK-d and Ilcnjaniin W. Ivii-lianls 
became its first presiilcnt. The first (|iiarters of the Association were at Xn. 
34 North Second street and the title was afterwards chanj^ed to the dirard 
Life Insurance, Annuity and Trust Company. The company thus organized 
located in the Farmers and Mechanics Hank building, Xo. 159 Chestnut street, 
the old number, the upper portion being used as a dwelling. The subscribed 
capital was $300,000 and the first dividend declared in January. 1837, was three 
per cent. In 1S50, the conipan\' rented (|uarters in the Western \';itinnal Hank 




(Jiu.vKi) Trust Comi'aw. 



building at Xo. 132 Chestnut street, which on the rearrangement of numbers 
became Xo. 408. The institution successfully weathered the jianics of 1837 
and 1837-8. the last two year> paying dividends of eight and une-half [ler cent, 
and seven and onedialf ]ier cent., re.si)ectively. During the strenuous year.s of 
the Civil \\ ar. .and those immediately following it, the dividends ranged from 
eight to ten i)er cent, and this, despite the fact that the cnnipany CDntributed 
liberallv to the various war funds. In 1872, the comjKuiy's offices were re- 
moved to Xos. '^)33-'^i35 Chestnut street, and in .March, 1870, the new building 
erected by the company at Xo. 2020 Chestnut .street was occui)ied. ( )n Janu- 
ary 2. i8<;o, the building at the northeast corner of .Broad and L'liestnut .streets, 
the first of the big office buildings in that locality was occupied. In i8()<) tlie 
name of the company was changed tn the (iirard Trust C(im])<an\- and in looi, 
the site at the northwest corner was acquired and the present magnificent 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM JION WEALTH . 233 

building was erected, being opened fur Lnisiness cm August 24, rgoS. The suc- 
cess O'f the (lirard Trust Company has been phcnniiicnal. The prcsuni build- 
ing and vaults were paid for out of the current protits earncil eacli \eai- dui-ing 
the course of construction, over ami abii\e the amount reipiired f(ir dividends. 
This amounted to $1,541,236.2') and was chargetl oil the books during the 
course of erection so that the property stands as an asset on the books of the 
company at the value of the ground onl}-. In addition to this the dividends 
have steadily increased until they now amount to thirt\-six per cent. ]ier annum. 
In 1832, Philadelphia was again visited ])y a scourge. .'-Ihe had [lasscd 
through the terrilile experiences in 1703 and 1708 when the \ellow fever raged, 
but she hail now to meet a pestilence of a different character, b'or years the 
cholera had raged in the cities of Asia, auil had decimated the po[)ulations of 
Calcutta and Bombay, and at last it found an entrance into the S(juthern cities 
of Europe, and then, with its malignant touch, came to I'aris and London. 

It made its first appearance on this side id the water in ( juebec and Mon- 
treal. It suddenly broke out in Xew York, and when it reacheil the last named 
city, the authorities of Philadelphia, aroused to the situation, began to make 
preparations for its visitation. Experience h.ad taught the citizens that it was 
better to provide against its prevention than to consider remedies for its cure, 
and learning from the past that such epidemics failed to find a lodgment where 
conditions were cleanly, everv citizen began t(_) set his house in order. Alleys 
and outhouses were cleaned, cellars were whitewashed, even the curbstones 
were given a coat of lime, stagnant pools were emptied of their contents, gut- 
ters flushed and a diet prescribed for the people. Temperance in the use oi 
alcoholic li(|uors was advised in all cases. ( )ver-inilulgence in drinking was 
looked upon as almost an invitation in itself to the disease. The eating of 
fruits of all kinds was to be avoided, and the wearing of flannel next to the 
skin was thought to keep the body in a healthy condition. Exposure to the 
night air was considered dangerous, especiallv during the sultry months of 
August and September. Chloride of lime was thrown about in every direction, 
garbage was imnudiateh' removed, and the authorities did everything in their 
power to provide against the spread of the disease in case it should arrive. In- 
structions were given to the people that they should avoid all excitement, all 
anxiety, and, if possible, all fear of the pest and under no circumstances to 
surrender themselves to anger. 

The summer was one of unusual temijeralnie. tlie weather w.is hot to ,1 
degree and the sufl'ering of the afilicted when the platjue arrived, was intense. 
It was early in July that the first case was reported, and at once an exodus 
began. Peoi^le of wealth tied to the country, the seashore and the moimtains, 
and the city began to assume the appearance that marked it during llie da_\s of 
the [jrior plagues. The disease suddenly broke out .among the ilebtors .and 
petty criminals who were confined in the .\rch street prison. "I he cries, 
shrieks, and groans of tin- sick and dying .and the frantic desperation and 
agonv of those who were eager to eseajjc were terrible" .and the |)iisoner> 
were released, with the excejitiou of a few des])erate cbaraclers who were re- 
moved t(] more healllu (|u;irters. The doctors, as well as the superintendents of 
the hospitals, stood bravely b\ their posts, ddie authorities, too. did not aban- 

15 



2^4 \\Aia\KKS Ki:VST(l.\K C'd.MMONWEAl.TlI. 

il<]ii llic city to the (Ircadfiil scmirLjc, hut did all in tlu'ir jiDWer Id relieve the 
sufferings of the afllieled. A nunilier of Catholic Sisters of C"harit\- adminis- 
tered devotedly to the wants of the sick, and the city. ajJiireciating their efforts, 
suhse(|ueiitly appropriated a sum of money — in view of the fact tliat they re- 
fused all paxnient for their ser\-ices because of the vows thev had taken — to 
two or three of the institutions under the care of the Church. I'lie e])idemic, 
however, i^'-radnally subsided at the ap])roacli of the C(jld weather, contidence 
was onci' more restored, business re\ive(l, those who had tied returned, and 
the city soon assumed its normal appearance. The disease, however, had been 
dea(ll\- in its touch, and before it ran its course, out of t\\r> thousand three 
hundred anrl twenty-nine cases, seven hundred am! fifty-four had proved fatal. 
Strant^e to sa\, dnriuL;' its contimiance, its ]jrogress was officially announced 
each day at twelve o'clock from the office of the Board of Health, and the 
munber of its victims given to the ])ublic. A better plan to spread fear and 
anxiety could not have been adopted, for the nielancholv news was carried 
in this way to all sections of the city. 

I'rior to the panic of 1837 the country enjoyed a period of ,s;reat pros- 
perity. Canals were opened, steam boats were rumiing on the Great Lakes, and 
the whistle of the locomotive was heard e\'en beyond the .Alleghenies. Hard 
and ^oft coal had been found in Pennsyh'ania in such cjuaiitities that it was 
being n>ed for manufacturing as well as for household purposes, and factories 
were springing up in all the Eastern towns and cities. Western States, too, were 
clamoring for admission to the Union, and settlers were crowding into the new 
lands. Immigrants from Kurojie were jiouring in through the open gates of 
the Republic, belie\ing that L'ncle Sam wa^ rich enough to give each one a 
larm. 

Drunkenness had grown to be a national evil. The use of liquors was 
almost universal. Every home had its decanter on the sideboard, and that man 
was an exception who would refuse to drink a social glass; indeed, it was con- 
sidered bad form if a host did not insist upon his guest taking a parting drink. 
It was nothing unusual for public men or political orators during the jiendency 
of a campai.gn to aiJjJear on the hustings nnder the influence of liquor. The 
vice had grown to such proportions that a halt had to be called. Temperance 
societies were organized to combat the evil, and the Unakers took a most pro- 
nounced part in the cause of reform. The fi.ght at first was waged against the 
use of distilled spirits, such as whiskey and brandy, but in time total abstinence 
societies were formed, and ale, beer and other brewed li(|ut'rs -fell under the ban. 

The slaverv question, too, was lieginning to agitate the country. Aboli- 
tion societies were formed for the ])nrpose of advocating the liberation ot the 
lilacks and nowdiere did the movement have more earnest sui)])orters than in 
this city among the Quakers. Tn fact, it was not long before I'hiladelijhia was 
known as the main station of the underground railroad. 

During this time, the cit\ was introducing many municipal improvements, 
(las was Ijeing universall\- used, anil iron pijjes were being laid in every direction 
for its distribution. When it was first suggested that a jilant >hould be con- 
structed at Chesinni street on the Schuylkill, remonstrances poured in from 
every direction of the city denouncing tlie [iroject ; many claimin.g that it was 



WAKWR'K S KKVSTdXK (( l.\r MOX WF.AI.T 1 1 . 235 

of a nil Kt (iffensive and danj^rnms natunj. a.ml that tlic L'X|i!ii>iiin lif t;as whirh 
was boinid in nccur wuidd entail ^"ri.at Idss i)t life and dustructiim of prdinri v, 
and one of the reports stated that gas is an "article as ii^nitihle as i^nn ])ii\\ikT 
and nearly as fatal in its eft'ects" : that the atniiis|)here in the nei^hhi irhoixl (if 
the works would be offensive and nnu hnlesi inie ; that the refuse ])onrin^' into 
the river would destroy all fish life, and wnuld render the water unfit for drink- 
ini;' or lioirseholil pin'pii--es in thuse localities which limk their ^uppU nf water 
from the Schuylkill l\i\er lielow the dam. In spite of this (_i|)piisitiiin, Imwever, 
which was bitter and must insistent. Lduncils passed an cirdinance 1 in March 
twentN-hr^t, 1835, pruxidiuL; Im" the ci mstrnctii >n of a plant. .\pj)lications to 
connect with the work> were \'cr\ few, fur Si)nie time even .after :ts cnniple- 
tion, but the convenience in the use nt j;as was soon di^cnvered and the preilic- 
tions of the old fo.tj'ies as to ex])losions and destructinn nf iirnpertx' were fdiuid 
to be so greatly exaggerated that the i ippi isitinn gradually subsided. Ihe city 
in dispensing with the whale nil lam|)s. by the introductinn nf g.is lamps, h.ad 
proved to the citizens Imw useful a hi luseln ild article illuminating gas would 
be and at last so great was the demand that the original plant had tn be gradu- 
allv enlarged to meet the requirements an<l demands of the da>'. 

The opposition which met the first attem|)ts to introduce the niannfactin-e 
of gas for illumination in the city seems strange tn us of this day who knnvv gas 
as a factor in civilized life hardl\ less momentous than the water we .get 
thrnugh the mains. Liut 1 'hiladelphians of that dav were conservative, nften 
skeptical, and, althou.gh illuminating gas was knnwn in b'.urn|>e in the eigh- 
teenth centur\' and a cnmpany had been fnrmed in Lnndnu in iSij, it was not 
initil iS^d that the (Juaker folk began tn enjiiy the cnnnnndity. 

The City Councils had repeatedl)' rejected offers to construct plants, but 
finally became converted tn the idea, and in 1S34 sent Sanniel X'aughn Merrick, 
an engineer, to Europe ti> investigate methmls in vogue there. Follnwing his 
report, March 31. 1835. Councils passed an nrdinance for the construction and 
mana.gement of the Philadelphia Cas \\'nrks. Une thnusand shares of stock, at 
$100 a share, were offered tVir general subscription; Ijut the company was 
required tn (.)perate under the contri>l nf twelve trustees ap]ininied by Cnuncils. 
the right being reserved b\' the city tn. redeem the [irivate stuck at an\ time. 
This in fact was done in 1841, when the wnrks became actually mmncipal. 

First to hold the office of l^resident nf the company was 1!. W. Richards, 
wdio resigned in twenty days and was succeeded by Dr. R. N. Huston. The first 
sccretarv was r.enjamin .Matthias, ;uiil .'^. \'. Merrick was engineer. 

Februar\' 10. 1831), gas, made from bituminnus coal, was tiuMied into the 
mains, and the residents nf the little city — it was then less than a s<piare mile in 
area — turned nut tn see the "inflammable air" which burned in 4') public street 
lamps and k; burners in private residences. Thev looked, criticized, hesitated. 
Floqiientlv do the Compan\',s first ledger accnunts bespeak the sentiment of the 
day, for thev show that frmn h'ebruary 10 in \|iril 1 the grnss leceipts were 
but $829.48. lUit the next twn mnuths' receipts were $l,7_'4; the next (|uarter, 
$3,112.42, and the following (piartcr, $8,0')!. 23. .\'nw the plant was on ;i 
promising l)asis: there were 2,800 private bm-ners an<l i'i5 public lamjis, and the 
daily consu)n])tinn was 42,0x30 cubic feet. 



236 



WAUVVICK S KmSTOMC COM .\1()N WEAL'llI . 



Vet what IjcIIlt cnnniK'ntary on I 'liilailelpliia's ^riivvtli than in contrast 
those figures with the figures for the \ear 1913, when the I'hihidelphia ( ias 
Works supphes 9,500,000,000 euhic feet of gas a \-ear lo ahiiost 365,000 meters! 

At first gas was used for but one purpose — illumination. A rate of $3.50 
per thousand cubic feet was cliarged for private burners, and !?i.75 for public 
street lamjxs. Idle price to the private consumer was reduced to $3 in 1845 ! 
to $2.80 and later to $2.50 in 1846: and consistent reductions subse(|uentlv have 
brought the price down to $1, of which the cit\ at the present linie receives 20 
per cent and will eventually, under the terms of the lease, receive 25 per cent. 

.\s tlie city grew, vicinity gas |)lants sprang u|) in the outlying districts. 
Ill 1S38 an ordinance of Councils authorized the purchase of the i'iichniond. 




ONK or TUK IvMtl.llCSl Cas IIoi.deh.s Kukctei). 



(lennantown and ."-^outhwark works: in .\la\. 1851;, the Manayunk works, ami 
in October, 1851), the Keii--ingloii works. This left only the Xorthern Liberties 
Companx, which continues to this da\ to supply a small territory. 

.\t the time the coalition was effected gas was generally recognized 
as a most desirahU- ilhmiin.int. aiiil the onl\- iinpe<liment to the local industry's 
advancement was the red ta])e of mimicijial ownershi|i. which halted needed 
ex])ansion <:f [)lant and equipment and prevented the use of gas on the part of 
many who desired it. 

There were several attempts to abolish the Trustees — the first, when the 
Citv was consolidated, in 1S54: again, in 1858, and still another attempt in 
1868; but it was not until April 1, 1887, that control K^i the gas works |)assed 
into the hands n\ the Department of T'ublic \\'orks. then established under the 
newlv enacted lUillitt Hill. As a business organization the new department did 
not bring the exiiectid results, for the system and executive aliility necessary 
in such a large enterprise were not in evidence and throughout the cit\ there 
was developing a sentiment in favor of jirivatc management. 



WAKW UK's KKVSTllM-: K J.M ,M (IN W liAL'l'U . 237 

After ninrc tl:an ten wars (if experience with a q'as plant managed liv a 
municipal linr(.'au. the cil\, thrdugli its Cduncils. hecanie ciuninced "I the des;i'- 
abilitv of private management, and. iJecemher I, iS')j, The I'nited (las Im- 
provement Company took charge, under a lease which was highly favorable to 
the citv. This lease provided for the return of the works td the city at the ex- 
piration of ,^o vears, and besides. thrdUgb the co-operative clause, has made 
available for the cit\- treasury annuall) a sum nf mone\- whi;'h, Ijeginning in 
1908 with $268,45(-). 1(1, reached in igu the sum df .'si .3(i().()0(i. i j. Since the 
transfer of the lease The I'nited (ias Improvement L'dmpan\ has expended for 
permanent improvements $17,500,000, all df which re\ert tn the city with the 
gas works provided that the lease runs the full term df 30 \eais. besides this. 
the couipianv furnishes gas free to the public lamps and cleans, lights and ex- 
tinguishes them. The value of this free serxice in i8(j8 was upwards df .S500,- 
000, and the sum increases in ratio as 300 new huu])s each year arc added. The 
qualitv and candlepower of the gas lia\e been gi'eatU impnived, and the gen- 
eral service rendered has been df such a nature that Philadelphians as a rule 
look ui>on the transfer i>i the works to i)ri\ate management as .1 blessing. 

-\ Comparison of present and past conditinns may be pertinent. The (jas 
Works under citv management were a heavy drain cm the city and were lieing 
operated at an ever increasing loss. The service was inadequate. The |)lanl 
was a phvsical wreck, -\dvaucemeut in the use df gas to increase comfurt in 
the home and efficienc\- in the industries with attendant economy was not 
helped or encouraged. Today the plant is being dp.?rate(l. not <inly at a great 
profit t(:i the lessees but at a great financial gain to the uuuiiciiialitw The ser- 
vice is equal to all requirements. The i)lanl and e(|nipment are in the finest cdU- 
dition that modern methdds make pdssible. d'he hdusehdlder in his home, the 
business mrm in his sture, the manufacturer in his factorv are being helped in 
everv wav to better living and working Cdudiliiins and save money by using 
gas. 

The wdril 'Tmprdvement" in the cor]iorate name df the I'nited (ias Im- 
provement Cduipanx- has been made a living gosjjel in ail branches of the 
service. I-'.verv complaint fidm a consimicr i^ rec(Livefl and adjusied in a siiiril 
of patience and fairness. The most expensive experiments and c(pupment are 
maiutain(,'(l to secure the very best quality of gas and to deliver it at jirdper 
pressure to the burner. High salaried experts in every branch df the business 
arc maintained: most thorough tests of appliances are m.ade under scientific 
conditi(!US. to the end that the consimier shall iia\'e a|i]iliances of utmost effici- 
encv wdiich will operate with the greatest economy. ( )tfices have been estab- 
lished in everv section of the city — nine in all — to facilit.ale tlie li'ansactidii df 
business with e(in<umers. Instructors ;ire engaged to go to the hdiue and help 
the housewife in her use of gas. In a word, the policy df belplnlness has been 
pursued — not in a philanthropical sense, td lie sure, but (in the principle thai it 
is good uiddern business policv. 

From the (ine use which was foreseen for gas in the beginning, there are 
todav UKu'e than a thousand uses. Most of these are in cdunection with manu- 
facturing processes, lint the greatest use df all is in r;mges and water heaters 
in the homes. Todav there are verv few bume^ in tlu' cit\' in which the meals 



238 



Warwick's KI■:^■ST()^•I■: roMMnwYKAr/ni. 




r. {'.. I. Ill II.IIINC. l'.i:nAII AM) AUl 11 MKl.l.l; 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COxMMON WEALTH. 239 

are not C(ioko(l with gas, and in consequence the coal ran,£;c is liein"; rapidly 
eliminated. 

In the factory gas has had a re\iiliitinnar\ ettecl. and this partieularh in 
Philadelphia, which is above all a nianufactnrinj:; cit\. This clean, reliable, 
quick source of heat and ]>o\ver, .goinj;- intu the gas engine, the gas furnace, or 
any one of the thousand appliances in use. entailing little space and nn fuel or 
ashes storage room or troubles, has made for a better (|ualit\' of product, more 
sanitary conditions and withal economy. 

For 15 years after the lease, the atiairs of the Com])an\ received the <lirect 
supervision of Thomas Dolan as President. In March, lo'-. ^Ir. Dolan re- 
signed his office and was succeeded bv Samuel T. ISodine. .Mr. Dolan, how- 
ever, retained the position of Chairman of the Hoard of Directors. Other offi- 
cers of the Company are: Mrst Nice-President, Randal Morgan: Second Vice- 
President, Walton Clark: Third \'ice-Presidcnt, Lewis Lillie ; Fourth \'ice- 
President, W. F. Douthirt : b'ifth \ice-President, Paul Thompson; Treasurer, 
Lewis Lillie; Secretary, George W. Curran. 

Employing more than 3,000 persons, and actively interested in all civic and 
industrial betterments. The L'nited (ias Impn )\ement Company, lessees of the 
Philadelphia Cias NX'orks, is one of the vital agents in the cit\'s life and in-o- 
gress. 

( )mnil)us lines were introduced and the stages were soon running in every 
direction through the city, and even to outlying sections, although the riding 
was made uncomfortable l)y the cobble stones which presented a very uneven 
surface. The omnibus differed from the old stage coach in that it was longer 
and the seats instead of running transversely extended the length of the 
vehicle on Ijoth sides; thus the passengers sat facing each (jtlier. It could ac- 
commodate about twelve to fourteen riders. The door was in the rear, and 
the passenger, after entering, handed his fare through a hole in the roo-f to the 
driver. When an occupant of the vehicle desired to ali.ght, he pulled a strap 
attached ti:> the driver's leg, which strap extended through loops in the roof to 
the door. The driver loosened the strap, and the passenger pushing against the 
door, opened it and went down two or three steps to the street. 

Cab stands were authorized by Councils to be located in different sections 
of the city at well known localities, and the rate of hire was fixed at twenty- 
five cents for short distances and a dollar an hour. An additional charge was 
made for the conveyance of baggage. Long lines of these cal)s were stationed 
at the corners of certain streets in the business sections of the cit\-, generall\ in 
close proximity to the railroad stations and hotels. Smnnier and winter, in all 
kinds of weather, clear and foul, b\- day and far into the night, the drivers and 
horses could be found at their posts. The horses with droo])ing heads, their 
check reins loosened while thcv were at rest, would set'iningly doze most of the 
time. Manv of them wi-re fed their noon-day meal withoul going to the 
stables, and the locality frequently emilteil a ver\' uri|)leasant odor. The driv- 
ers, a class by themselves, called "jehus," \\e;iring high hals that were out of 
date, stood in grou])s on the sidewalk with whi]i in hand and discussed the 
questions of the day until a customer appeared, when they would sudileidy rush 



240 WARWICK'S KEYSTONE COM M0.\ WEALTH. 

ill liis direction, |)ushiiiLr each other, often roii<jlily, aside, to secure liini as a 
passenger. 

Tile market houses which had lost many of their pictnres(|ue features of 
earlier days had so gradually and so extensively encroached upon the highways 
as to occu]\v the middle of Market street from Front to Eighth street, and on 
the same street from F'ifteenth to Seventeenth street. On Callowhill street 
long sheds stretched out fmni I-"ourth to Seventh street, and mi Spring Garden 
street fmni its he.ginning at Sixth street to Twelfth street, Thev were also 
constructed on South Second street from Pine to South, and iin .\ortli Second 
from Coates to Poplar, on Girard avemie north and on Shippen street south. 
There had also been sheds erected in Soutb.wark, Kensington and Aloyamen- 
sing. The early market houses had been a feature of the city life, and no visi- 
tor ever came to Philadelphia that he ilid not make a personal inspection of 
them. The butchers in their immaculate aprons, the farmers with their pro- 
duce of everv kind, the vegetable and fruit stalls were commented uimn favor- 
ablv bv all strangers ; but the city's traffic had grown to such an extent that 
the market houses blocked the streets and interfered with travel. They were 
not as neat and tid\- as thev had been and were infested with rats, and there 
was niiw made a determined effort to reniuve them and to erect in their stead 
market Imuses fronting the streets l)Ut not occupying the center of them. It 
was sometime, however, before the movement was actually set on foot and 
manv \ears before most of the principal sheds were removed, some, in a few 
localities, still lingering as a simple reminder of what they once had been. 

From Colonial days it had been the custom on Sundays, during the hours 
of wfirship, to block off by chains all streets running past the churches. This 
custom had been retained up to this time, and it caused, necessarily, great an- 
noyance and inconvenience to those who were required to use the hi.ghways. 
Sometimes a long detour had to be made, and drivers had to go out of their 
wav nianv l)lock> to avoid the chains. l-"ven the mail coaches were delayed 
in their j^'ogress. P.etore the custom was done away with, however, an appeal 
had to be made to the Legislature, and, strange to say, the clergy and church- 
going people entered a strong protest against the repeal of the law. 1 Ik- Leg- 
i.slature, however, deaf to this protestation, passed an Act doing away with 
this relic of medievalism. 

Alauv chan.ges were made in the appearance of the pulilic squares, the old 
wooden fences that had surrounded some of them were removed and iron rail- 
ings erected in place of the .same. Centre Scfuare, at Broad and Market streets, 
was intersected by Market street running ea>t and west, and by I'.road street 
running north and south, and instead of remaining one large common, the iand 
was transformed into four squares, and these were surrounded by tall iron rail- 
ings until the ground was covered by the Public Buildings. 



CHAPTER XXTT. 

PHILADELrHIA, A LITERAKV IICNIKK. I'EKIDDH'.VLS. X EVVSPAPERS. Till': I 1 1 !■; \TUK.S. 

PHILADELl'IllA .4ill retaincil 'kt reputation as the lilerar) centre of 
the country. It was a day when magazines or ])erio(licals were all 
the rage. The first ])ul)lication of this character in this cit\ was the 
Saturday Evening I'dSl. in 1821. It had among its editors, Thomas 
Cottrell Clarke, Charles J. IVterson, Henry Peterson. Hufus W. Crisw'old, 
Morton McMichael. and others (if little less distinction. ]t made a boast of its 
circulation, which was about seven thousand copies a week, a mere bagatelle 
as compared with its circulation to-dav under the directinp. of its enterprising 
owner. Mr. Cyrus H. K. Curtis. Then there were magazines i>ul.)lished as "The 
Album." "The Lady's (^iazette," "The Casket, or Flowers of Literature, Wit 
and Sentiment." and "The Lad\ 's Carland," the names indicating the character 
of the publications. 

Louis A. Godey came upon the scene in 1S30, and built up successfully 
his "Lady's I'.ook." Articles from the pens of the leading writers of the day ap- 
peared in its pages. It made so great a reputation, obtained so large a circu- 
lation, and paid authors so liherallx'. as comiiared with the meagre sums they 
had heretofore received that even such men as Washington Irving, N'athaniel 
Hawthorne and N. I'. Willis were from time to time regular o mti-ibutors, ,ind 
afterwards Edgar xAllen I'oe, ISayard Taylor, T. Buchanan Read aipl t'barles 
Godfrey Leland frequently published their articles within the cuvers of this 
po|)ular magazine. T'etcrson's "Ladv's Look" also for a time made a stir in the 
literary world. Then came "(iraham's Magazine," perhaps the best edited of 
all the periodicals of that day so far as real literary worth was cnucerned. 

\\'illiam E. I'.urtim, the comedian, in 1837. \'entured u])on the ]iul)lication 
of a periodical, which he called "The l.ientleman's Alagazine." lU' associated 
with him Edgar Allen Foe. l)ut their connection unfortunately did nut last long. 
There was friction between the editors and the undertaking was found to be 
unprofitable, and in time the magazine was sold to George R. Graham, who 
combined it with "The Casket." 

I'oe's genius was n<it recognized at this time as it should ba\e been. lie 
had not the faculty of advertising him^ell' or his works. I'.eing dt a ner\ous, 
sensitive, irritable and retiring disposition, be somehow or nilui- l.iiled [>> im 
press himself as strongly ni)on his age as he should have done. lie did not 
know how to make friends and to keej) ihem. Lie %yas in this partii-ular, nuich 
like a distinguished artist of a later date who possessed llie gentle art ol mak- 
ing enemies. Ele Was continnalK in delit. and at tinier re;'.uced to absolute 
want, lie sold to the publishers hi- greatest works for a mere ]iiltance, and 
for his criticisms, wdiich were always incisive, penetrative ami wriiten in the 
highest literary form, he was |)aid oid\ fdur ddllars a ])age. 

One of tin- houses in which I'oe lixeil uhik' in this city slill stands to this 

241 



242 WAKWICK S KEYSTONE COM MO.V WEAETH. 

(lay, and is localcil in what was known as the District nf S])rin.t;- ( lardcn. It is 
the back buildiiif^ of a house numbered 530, at the corner of Seventh and 
lirandywine streets. It must have been a comfortable home, rather an attrac- 
tive one, for it is described in those limes as a cottage siuTounded bv a garden 
in which flowers were set. The owner of the house was not exacting, but the 
unpaid rent had grown to so large an amoimt that Foe was coni])elled to move, 
and to pay a portion of the rent on account, he gave to the landlord a large 
sofa, some carpets, chairs and other pieces of liouseliold furniture, it being the 
best settlement and the onlv one he could make tmder the circumstances. 

His life was a sad one. ami he onlv added to his troubles by intem])erance, 
but that he was a genius and one of the most original literary characters this 
coimtrv has ever produced is now generally admitted. Ralph Waldo T-'merson 
referred to him as "that jingle man,"' but notwithstanding the luifair criticism 
of the Xew I^ngiand philosopher, Poe is coming to his own today, and his 
talent is being recognized in its. true light. Just api)reciation has been slow on 
the wa}' and it is remarkable that it has been so long delayed, but his genius, 
tnii(pie and original in its character, is receiving that recognition which it 
failed to secure during his lifetime, and he stands today in a class by himself, 
in the front rank of the poets and writers of this country. 

In 1830, there came to America from England a young artist named John 
Sartain. He was a protege of Thomas Sully, the painter. As an eiigraver, he 
was at that time without an equal in this country, and his work did much to 
illustrate, embellish and adorn the |)rodnctions and ])ublications of that period. 
He was kindly and genial as a companion, and although he lived to a ripe old 
age — he died only a few years since, 1897 — his memory was clear to the last. 
His reminiscences were most entertaining, for he had intimately known and 
associated with the authors, actors and artists of the past, and nothing gave 
him more enjoyment than to recount the incidents and describe the scenes of 
bygone days. 

The publishing house of Matthew Carey had much to do in the way of cre- 
ating a taste for literature. It was one of the oldest and the most enterprising 
firms in its line of business in this country. The name of the firm was changed 
fr()m time to time by the admission of new jiartners. The first change was 
to Lare\' and Lea, and then in 1833 to Lea ;uid lUanchard. I'heir publications 
covered the whoK- field of letters, and authors in the old world as well as the 
new submitted their productions for review, an.xious to have the title sheets 
of their works bear tlie name of so enterprising a firm. 

There was no international copyright in those days and it was customary 
for ;in American ])ublisher to ])ay to an English author a sum of money to 
seciu'c the athance sheets of his new book. When the sheets were so pro- 
cured, compositors were set at wurk night and da\ in order that the book 
might be put ujjon the market before an\ other rival i)ul)lisher could get a copy 
of the same. Often the vessel carrying the advance sheets would meet with 
heavx' weather and suffer long delays before reaching port, and if a vessel 
bearing the English ]jroduction should arrive in this country before the vessel 
carrying the ad\-anced sheets, the work would be ])rinted and bound and ready 
for sale bv half a dozen firms before the advanced sheets arrived. This 



WARWICK S KliYSTOXE COMMON' WEALTH. 243 

was sheer piracy, and it was this species of thievery of which Charles Dickens 
so justly complained. 

The Gift Book was anotiier feature of the T.iterary W'orlil published at 
the time of the Christmas holidays. It was printed in the best style of art, 
bound in handsome covers and illustrated by well known artist> of tTiat day. 
The frontispiece gencralU' represented a lady with ex|)ansive skirls and panta- 
lettes which reached to the tops of her gaiters, sitting upon a green hank, under 
a willow or some other overhanging tree, fondling a King Charles sjjaniel or 
else feeding either a dove or a lamb. It was sometimes called the "Rook of 
Beauty." "A String of Pearls" or "Wreath of Roses." No one ever thought 
of reading the ciintents. It was never intended to find a place among the 
standard works on the l)i_)ok shelves in the library but was used as an (irna- 
ment on the parlor or sitting room table. It was merely a souvenir or a holi- 
day gift but it brought a great revenue to the publishers for thonsands of them 
were sold. They gradually fell out of fashion abi>ut the time Charles Dickens 
began writing his Christmas stories. 

Philadelphia had quite a group O'f literary men. among whom could be 
named Judge Conrad. Joseph R. Chandler, Henry B. Hirst, Edgar Allen Poe, 
Willis Gaylord Clark and John C. Neal, to which we must add Charles Brock- 
den Brown, and the sensational melodramatic author, George Lippard. Later 
Bayard Taylor, Thomas Buchanan Read, George H. Boker, and Charles Godfrey 
Leland came upon the scene. Boker was a true Philadelphian, having resided 
here all his life, with the exception of the time he spent abroad on diplomatic 
missions. He was born in affluent circumstances and devotetl himself to litera- 
ture for the love of it. Some of his minor poems are exquisite pieces of com- 
position, such, for instance, as "The Ivory Carver," and "I Have a Cottage 
Where the Sunbeams Lurk." His writings, for some reason or other, are not 
as familiar to the public as they should be. Perhaps it is because he is a Phila- 
delphian. 

Charles Godfrev Leland was the intimate friend and companion of ( ieorge 
H. Boker. He was born in Philadelphia in affluent circumstances, took a 
course in Princeton and after his graduation traveled extensively throughout 
Europe. In his journeyings through the Old World, he acquired a fluent use 
of several foreign tongues. He was an earl\' contribut(.ir tii .Sartaiu's, (ira- 
ham's and other nragazine^ of his day and soon became a popular humorist of 
the country. His "Hans I'.i-eilmann Party" set the whole nation laughing and 
Hans was so natural and so original a character that he was seen on every 
variety stage. The wit was not coarse and, in fact, some of the old Dutch- 
man's expressions were full of thought and wisdom and during the Civil War, 
he never failed to anmse the ]ialriotic sentiments of the peojilc. Leland. in 
later life, seemed to have gr(.)wn dissatisfied with the reputation he had made as 
a humorist and devoted himself to the studv of serious matters, but his fame 
was too dee|)ly rooted as a wit to be overshadowed by his subsecjuent |)roduc- 
tions and he will always be known to us as the creator of one of the most orig- 
inal characters in .\meriran letters. 

In journalism. The Xorih Aimrican. The ln<|nirer and the Public Ledger 
were classed among the most iullueiUial newspapers of the day. 



244 Warwick's kicvstonk common wicaltii. 

The Xortli American was first piiliiishcd in the sjirinn- of iH^o at an office 
in Dock street near 'i'hird. It jiassccl from one hand tn another until at last it 
aljsorhed the United States (iazctte. and came nltimately under the direction of 
Mort<_)n ]\lc^Iicliael, who gave it a standinjj^ all its own, not only because of 
his facile pen as a writer, hut also because of his ability as a pnlilicist anci poli- 
tician and his reputation as a leader of thought. 

The Pennsylvania In(|uirer was another inlluential paper which made its 
first ap|jearance in June. i82(;, and won its position under the direction of 
Jasper Harding. 

The Public Pedger was one of the first pajiers in this country that was 
sold for one cent a coi)y. Jt was published by three young men. William Al, 
Swain. A. .^. Abel and .\. II. Simmons. The}' formed a partnership just 
prior to the panic of iS.^J, at a time when the future gave little hojie for the 
succe.ss of a new enter|)rise. Put the paper seemed to have attracted atten- 
tion from the ver\- start. The firm subsequently established a daily journal in 
Baltimore, which in appearance was the counterpart of the Pedger, called "The 
Sun" and which became as renowned as the Philadelphia pu])licaiion. This 
wide-awake firm introduced new methods and spared no expense in securing 
news in advance of their competitors. When Andrew Jackson's message was 
submitted to Congress, it appeared the same day in Baltimore in the columns 
of "The .Sun." and then was hurried on by couriers as fast as horses could 
run. to the citv of Philadelphia, outstripping the mail carriers Ijy many hours, 
and a])peared in the Pedger the morning after it had been read in Congress, 
'{"his was Considered, in those days, a great journalistic feat. 

During the Mexican War, bv a relay system in which "sixty blooded horses 
were used," news reached \\'ashington. lialtimore and Philadelphia sixty hours 
in advance of the arrival of the southern luail. Tliev also used in the trans- 
mission of news, four or five hundred carrier ])igeons. Everything that could 
facilitate the bearing of news from all |)oints was adopted by this active and 
enterprising firm, and their methods conse(pientlv ga\'e a wide reputation to 
both journals. 

It was about this tiiue that the voices of boys crying the sale of extra edi- 
tions were first heard in the streets, announcing a horrible niiu'der. a riot or 
some other event that wotdd induce passers-by to ])urchase the pa[)er. 

Editorials written upon im])orlant i)ublic (piestions began now to appear 
in all newspapers. The proceedings in Congress also were given, and the 
s]K"eches of i)rominent statesmen such as Clay and \\'ebster were set forth at 
full length. Money articles and criticisms upon books, plays and musical pro- 
ductions were given prominent ])lace. Some of the papers issued morning and 
afternoon editions, lint there were no Sunday papers until some years after- 
wards, the first to m.ake its appearance being "The Sunday Dispatch," which 
was not until 1S48. 

The theatre at this time was a favorite place of amusement. The players 
were not subjected to interrui^tions as in the past, and the occupants of the pit 
were no longer required to raise umbrellas to protect themselves from a shower 
of missiles hurled from the .gallery. 'J'he .Arch Street Theatre became a fa- 
mous playhouse. Its doors were opened in ( October, 1828. It was the third 



WAkWlClvS KEVSTUXE CUM MUX WEALT II . 245 

theatre in the citv, and untVirtunately this was nuire than the cuninninit} eDuM 
profitablv supiiurt. I'.uth the Chestnut and th.e Arch street theatres somi closed 
their dcnrs. Warren and WUnd the enterprising- managers of the (last, h.ad 
met with faihire. Thev were advanced in hfe, and their many reverses had 
in a measure hruken their spirits. The former died in ISahimore, in ( )ctoi)cr, 
1832, and Air. Wuoil, after losing his partner, abandoned his vocation as man- 
ager and appeared upon the stage as an actor. 

Though the theatres were in si.> bad a pli.ght. the actors theniNeU'Cs were of 
the first order. The elder Joseph Jefferson, was, if we may belie\e the testi- 
monv of his contemporaries, on.e of the greatest comedians that ever trod the 
boards, and there is everv reason for us to concur in this indgmeiit when we 
Ijear in mind the inimitable acting of the Jefferson of our day who hut recently 
passed away, and who doubtless inherited his ancestor's great talent. The 
elder Jefferson died in 1S32, and was buried in Harrisburg, and to >ho\v the 
respect in which he was held, Chief Justice Jiihn I'.annister ( iibsdu, himself a 
great patron of the drama, wrote the following Ijeantifnl e|iitaph which was 
chiselled into the marble stone that marks the great conieilian's grave: "An 
actor whose unrivalled ]iowers took in the whole range of comic character, from 
pathos to soul-shaking mirth. His coloring of the ])art was that of nature, 
warm, pure and fresh, but of nature enriched with the finest conceptions of 
genius. He was a memljer of the Chestnut Street Theatre, of I'liiladelphia, in 
its m(.)St high and palmy days, and the compeer of Cooper, Wood, Warren, 
Francis and a long list of worthies, who, like himself, are remembered with ,'id- 
miration and praise." 

Another great comedian of that period was William I'",. Ilurton, familiarly 
called 'Tlillv" Burton, wdio was described in those days as "one of the funniest 
creatures that ever lived." Jo^e|)h Jefferson, in his Autobiograiihy wrote, "As 
an actor of the old, broad, farce comedy. Air. Ilurton certainK li.-id no e(|nal in 
his day. * * * * Captain Cuttle and Alicawber were his great achieve- 
ments. His face was a huge map on which was written every emotion that he 
felt." 

T>ut the days of the old stock companies, under the management cjf \\'ar- 
ren and Wood had passed away, and now came the introduction of stars, and 
it was then that h'orrest had his great opportunity, for there was no ])]a\' ui 
which he appeared that he ilid not dominate it from beginning to end. Speci- 
alists as rojie dancers, negro impersonators, Irish comedians and ballad singers 
now were the attractions. Indeed, it looked for a while as if the da\s of the 
legitimate drama were gone forever. 



CHAPTER XXJIJ. 

SI.AVKUV. lU'RXINc; OK I'lCX XSYLVAXIA HALL. UACF. RIOTS. AXTl-( ATIIOLIC 

RIOTS. 

TX a prior cha])tfr, reference was made to the fact that the slavery question 
was beginning to agitate the pubhc mind, and abolition societies were 
being organized throughout the country. No class of men in the com- 
munity took a livelier interest in this important movement than the Quak- 
ers, when they were once aroused to a sense of duty. P'roni the earliest davs 
of the coll lilies, it was a question that ha<l given great concern to thoughtful 
men everywhere. Pastorius had raised his voice in ]initcst, and later. Anthony 
Benezet, a distinguished citizen of P'rench Huguenot liloiul, led a crusade 
against the system. 

It was in 1619 that African slavery was first introduced into the I-jiglish 
colonies in America, the records of that year showing that "Alimit the last of 
August came in a Dutch man-of-war that sold twenty negars." .\t that time, 
every nation in western Europe traded in slaves, and no one seems to have 
coiulenined the tratfic, for its inhumanity had not yet ajjpealed to the consci- 
ences of men. Even the King of lingland derived a [jersonal income from the 
selling of slaves, and gradually ever\- one of the thirteen colonies became what 
might be called a slave State. The blacks were held in bontlage in great num- 
bers in the South because there they were employed as field hands, wdiereas in 
the North they were engaged only as house servants. 

The Portuguese carried on the trade extensively and successfully from a 
pecuniary point of view, for a cargo of slaves yielded a richer return to the 
owner of a vessel than most any other kind of merchandise. 

.Slavery had in the early days of the settlement gained a firm foothold in 
Pennsylvania, the auction block was set up in the public streets and the ne- 
groes were exposed for sale and knocked down to the highest bidders. Among 
the places in Philadelphia where slave sales were held, the principal one 
was the corner where stood the London C'otfee House. Here in the highway 
a platform was erected sufficient to ludd ten or a dozen men. or if onh one 
slave was to be sold, a cask was turned u])side down, and the negro stood above 
the beads of the buyers in order that an o]iportunity might be given for inspec- 
tion. Adverlisements ap])eared in the papers, such as the following: "To lie 
sold by Slocker & Puller and to be seen at .\ir. Daniel Cooper's ferry, west 
New Jersey, opposite the city of Philadelphia, a parcel of likeh' negroes." 
While another jiajier announced the fact that "A negro man and two negro 
boys just im]5orted from ISarbadoes in the shi]5 William and .Mary, wmild be 
sold by Willing, Morris & C'o." .A subscriber in the borough of Lancaster an- 
nounced the sale of ".\ likelv. bealtln negro bov about fourteen \ears of age. 
who has bad the smalli-)ox and measles and who has been country born and is 
fit to wait on a gentleman. ' .\nother subscriber by the name of -Matthias 

246 



WARWICK S KICVSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 247 

Slaiii^li announced that lie bad "A likely netjrn fit fur town or country busi- 
ness, about twentv-seven \ears of aye." and added that "^be has a likely child 
which will not be sold with her, her breeding fast being' the only reason of ber 
being sold." 

'Idle great W'ilberforce in England raised bis voice against the evil of the 
traffic, and Alirabeau, in one of his most eloquent orations denounced in vig- 
orous terms the whole system. "Count for nothing." be exclaimed, '"the deso- 
lations, the incendiaries, the pillages to which it is necessar\ to devote the 
African coast in order to obtain the [loor creatures at all. fount for nothing 
those who during the vi.iyage die or perish in the agon\ of despair. The poor 
wretches I I see them, I hear them gasping for breath. Their parched and 
protruded tongues paint their anguish and cannot further express it. How 
tbev gather around the grates. hi>\v they endeavor to catch a fireath of air. 
even a ray of light in the vain liope of cheering and cooling themselves if only 
for a moment ! The horrible dungeon, as it moves depopulates itself more and 
more, dav by day. Room is given to the victims only by the death ot half the 
captives. The most revolting plagues, accumulating one upon another frustrate 
by their ravages the avarice of the dealers in human flesh and blood." fdow 
such an orator with a tongue of flame could have gone thrcmgh the land |)rior 
to the opening of the Civil War ! 

The \'irginia Assembly, in 1772, petitioned the British (lovernment to stop 
the im|jortation of slaves, but the Ixing re]ilie(l that the importation should in 
no wise be interfered with "upon pain of his highest disi)leasure." In the Con- 
gress of 1774, a liill of rights was presented by Thomas Jetferson which de- 
clared that "the al)olition of slavei)' is the great object of desire of these col- 
onies." The same Congress, in ( )ctober of the same year, resolved, "We shall 
neither import nor purchase any slaves imported after the first of December 
next, after which time we shall discontinue the slave trade and shall neither be 
concerned in it ourselves, nor shall we hire any vessels from or sell our com- 
modities or manufactures to those wdio are concerned in it." In a letter writ- 
ten in 177,^, J'atrick Henry said, "I believe the time will come when an oppor- 
tunity will be offered to abolish the lamentable evil." ( ieneral Washington, in 
expressing his views upon the subject, said, "Tliere is not a man living who 
desires more sincerely than I do to see a plan ailo])ted for the abolition of it." 
Franklin. John .\dams. Morris and most, if ni>t all. of the signers of the IJeclar- 
ation of Independence were opposed to it upon moral considerations. In 17S4. 
-Mr. Jefferson drafted a bill for the government of the western territorie--. pro- 
viding for its prohiliition after the year iSoo and in the message be sent to 
Congress in 1807, he expressed without reservation his views upon the Afri- 
can slave trade. "I congratulati- you, fellow-citizens," he said, "on the ap- 
proaching of the pt-riod when \ou may interpose youi" authority con^tilution- 
ally. and withdraw, as citizens of the Cnited States, from those \iolations of 
human rights which ha\e been so long contiinu-(i on thr unoffending inhalii 
tants of Africa, to which the morality, the re|)utatiou, and the 1k-^I interests of 
our countr\' have long- been eager t<] proscribe." 

In 1780, I 'ennsylvania passed ;i law f(jr gradual ruianci|)atiou. Connecti- 



248 Warwick's ki-ivstdni: co.\iM().\\\i;.\i.rii. 

flit atul Rhode I.slanil followed with liki.- mcasiircs in 17S4, and Xcw York in 

" 7')9- 

111 1793. occiirrcd an event which firmly rooted the system of slavery in 
the Sonth. Fdi W'hitiie)-. of Massachusetts, who at that time was livinji; in 
(icorgia, invented what was calU'd the Cotton Gin. that is an engine for the 
removal ot cotton from the [xxl of seeds. It was one of the sjreatest lahor 
savings machines ever constructed in .\merica. Up to that time cotton had 
heeii raised in great (|naiuities in the South, hut in a day's work a slave could 
separate oiiK about a i)oniiil of material from the seeds, hut in the same length 
of time. 1)\ the use of Whitney's machine, one man could clean easily a thou- 
sand pounds. Cotton was now raided in greater (|iiantities than ever, and the 
exporlations increased so rajjidly that a stream of wealth flowed into the hands 
of the jilauters. Had it not heeii for this wonderful and useful invention, slav- 
er\- doubtless would gradually have been abolished. The statement seems para- 
doxical but nevertheless true that it was due to a machine invented by a 
^'ankee. that cotton became king. The increasing wealth in the slave States, 
their devotion most exclusively to agriculture, the increased production and 
the commercial importance of cotton, gradually fixed slavery as a permanent 
institution in the ."^outli. and the effort was now made to obtain political con- 
trol of the governnieut in order to strengthen and )ireserve the system, or 
rather to save it fnun destruction. The negro was a good field hand, patient 
in disi)osition, merr\ in mood, and able to endure without inconvenience the 
lieat of a semi-tropical summer. His labor was clieap and profitable, so that 
the desire to preserve the sxstem of slavery turned upon a pecuniary consid- 
eration. .Slaverv was a most pernicious institution; it destroyed the dignity 
of labor, created a landed arist<icracy and divided society into three classes, 
the planters, the slaves and the poor whites, the latter designated contemptu- 
ousl\- as "tra^h" b\' the wealth\- slave owner as well as by the abject serf. 

What a tr;i\est\ was presented to the eyes of the world! A Re|)ublic 
boasting that it was conceived in libert\ ;uid dedicated to the proposition that 
;dl men are created equal was south of ;i certain line .all slaves, north of it all 
free. The struggle was now not so much to bring about the abolition of slav- 
erv as to prevention of its extension into the territories, and in i8jo when 
?klissoiiri sought to beccjme one of the States of the Union, the Xortli opposed 
her admission unless she should come in free. The fi.ght was a liitter one and 
|)ro\oke(I the most angry discussions, but as a result of the contention, .Mis- 
souri w;is allowed to eiUer the Union as a slave State, but under the express 
condition that in all future cases the .States formed out of the territory north- 
west of .Missouri, or. to lie more particular that territory that is north <if the 
jiarallel of 3C) degrees ,v> minutes should conu' in free. This gave great relief 
to the people both north and south of the lin.e. ancl m.uiy believed that the 
compromise settled for ;dl lime the (piesliou of the limitation of slavery, but so 
long as the system continued the agitation only slumbered. 

.Ml sorts of plans to abolish slaver\ were suggested, and among them 
was one b\- I'.enj.'imin I.nndw a Xew jersey (Juaker who had settled in Ihicks 
County, I'ennsNlvania. lie look a trip to Wheeling. Wi-st X'irginia. then one 
of the princii^al market centres for the sale of slaves in the .South. The spec- 



Warwick's keystone commoxwealth. 249 

tacle of the auctioneer knocking down to the highest bidder the pnor negro, 
appealed to his sympathies, aroused him U> a sense of dut\, and evcr\ where he 
went he argued for emancipation. It was in 1821 tliat he estalilished ;i journal 
called "The Genius of Universal luiiancipation," the first anti-slavery jiajier 
ever published in this country. I'or nearly eighteen years he argued his 
cause, in season and out of season. He was not 'io radical in his views as 
some of the other abolitionists, and l)rought forward a scheme to transport the 
slaves to Liberia, and although he did tliis in the interest of the negro, the 
free leading men of that race throughout the countr\- idfered ;i most strenu- 
ous opposition, for nianv of them in the Xorth were well located, and success- 
ful in business, and were not willing that the slaves should be transported to 
Africa. Their fathers had l)een stolen from their native land and conve\X'd 
across the sea as beasts of l.)urden. They had been sold like cattle to the high- 
est bidders; but, notwithstanding all these facts they had fijrmed association-^ 
here, had become acclimated and looked upon this country as their home. 
In 1831 — on Xew Year's Uay of that year — William I.loyd ( iarrison 
published in Boston the first number of a paper called "The Liberator." He 
advocated the absolute destruction of the system and the emancipation of all 
the slaves, and inasmuch a> it was contended that the Constitution supported 
the system, he made the bold declaration that the instrument was "A covenant 
with death and an agreement with hell." In his demand for the "immediate 
and unconditional emancipation of every slave held in the United States," he 
declared that that purpose should be accomplished even if it shouhl result in 
the destruction of the Llnion. In taking his position he said; "I am in earn- 
est — I shall not equivocate — I shall not excuse — I shall not retreat a single 
step and I shall be heard." With so definite a declaration, backed by a spirit 
so uncompromising, his voice rang out like a trumpet blast, and at once at- 
tracted the attention of the people of the wlnile country. In the ."-^outh, he 
was considered as a wild fanatic, and the UKijority of the people of the Xorth 
seemed to agree with their Southern brethren. 

There were others, however, of more conservative tendencies, who were 
not so radical in their views or so drastic in their method^. Dr. (.'liamnng. 
broader and more liberal in temperament than (iarrison, and pM>ses>e<l of a 
more compromising spirit, declared in a communication to 1 );iuiel Web- 
ster, that he considered slavery as the South's calamity and not :is it-, crime, 
and that the whole nation should share with it the burden of putting an end 
to the institution, and with tliis ojjject in view, he |)roi)osed tlial the I nited 
States should appropriate the money from the sale of public lanils for t'.ie pur- 
chase of slaves from their owners. If such a ])lan bad been successful it might 
have saved us from that bloody struggle of the Civil War. I'.ut it did not meet 
with general favor, in many cpiarters was considered ;is impr.iciie.able, ami be- 
fore the project was fairly launched, seems to have falku by the wa\. 

The South was not altogether to blame for the maintenance ot slaver\. 
It was tolerated by the whole nation. There is no esca])e from the tact that 
it was a national crime. The s\steni was as valiantly defi'uded in the Xorth 
as in the Somh. I'ast(.irs in the pulpit, ixiliticians .and statesmen ol all parties 
temporized with the c|uestion. Tlie .Xew I'.ngland cotton mannt;icturer was 

16 



250 WARWICK S KKVSTONE COM MON WKALTII. 

just as eager in its su|)])nrt as the iilanter in South Carohna. llie interests of 
commerce seemed to l)e far nmre important than any [principle of justice or 
humanity. Abohtion was a term of reproacli throughout the Union and an 
anti-slavery representative or advocate was as Hable to be mobbed and sub- 
jected to abuse and derision in Xew York and Boston as in (."harleston and 
Richmond. 

The Fugitive Slave Law which enabled the Southern planter to arrest his 
slave who had escaped to free soil, gave a great opportunity to Xorthern 
abolitionists to protect the runaways. Thcv were concealed in many instances, 
in others released by writs of Itahcas corpus, and assisted on their way further 
North towards the Canadian line by friendly and kindly hands. Pennsylvania, 
being on the border line of the Southern States, was the first free State in 
which the negro found a sanctuary, and I'enns^lvania became in time the 
main station on the underground railroad. If a \ irginian brought his body 
servant into the State he was liable to lose possession of his property, for there 
were friends on all hands to prevent the slave's return to the South. 

No one did more effective work in this direction, of sheltering the negro 
than a Quaker by the name of Isaac T. Hopper, a resident oi Philadelphia. 
-\s early as 1804. when Pierce Butler was about to return to (leorgia. taking 
with him his man-servant, and separating the poor slave from his wife. Hop- 
])er served upon the rich Southerner in his Chestnut street home, a writ of 
habeas corpus. "Get out of mv house, you scoundrel," exclaimed the proud 
planter. But Hopper, not for a moment losing his temper, looked around the 
walls of the room and sim])ly remarked. "\\'hat a beautiful house this is in 
which vou reside." After a prolonged litigation, Ben was allowed to remain 
in this State with his wife. .Still, notwithstanding the kindly offices of the 
abolitionists, the majority of the people looked upon them as wild and unrea- 
sonable fanatics, and even in .Boston, William Lloyd Garrison was jnUled 
through the streets l.)\ .an in.furiated mob, with a rope around his waist, and 
with the threat to fasten it aljout the neck when a convenient place for execu- 
tion was reached, and it was with the greatest difficult}- that the pt)lice rescued 
him from the hands of the rabble. But persecution only intensified, as it gen- 
erallv does, the ardor of the fanatics. 

\Mienever the abolitionists held meetings in this city for the discussion of 
the slaverv question, mobs gathered and interrupted the proceedings. If a 
speaker ajjpeared upon the ])ul)lic streets, or in the open squares and addressed 
the people, he was hooted and jeered and jielted with missiles of all kinds. 
Nothing seemed to so quickly arouse the anger of the mob as the discussion 
of this (|uestion. Tt was difficult, too, for the anti-slavery men to secure the 
use of the halls, for the owners were afraid that the result would be the de- 
struction of their property. In order that a place might be secured for the 
discussion of this all-iniport;uit matter, .a building called Pennsylvania Hall, 
capable of seating three thousand persons, was erected in the Spring of 1838 
on Sixth street, between Race and Cherry streets. Here were held a number 
of anti-slave meetings and the mob marked the building for destruction. Fa- 
natical speakers who were not at all temperate in their utterances, aroused 
great public excitement, one prominent orator going so far as to say that he 



WAUWKK S Kl-:V.STOM£ COM ^tOX WlLAr.T 11 . 25I 

was rcailv "tci fis'ht the liattlc tif I.ilicrt) a> Imii; as he had a shut in the locker." 
All immense cruwd gathered, aiiil were iiru;ed 1)y their leaders tn de^trlly l!ie 
huilding'. llrieks were liurleil thrmii^h the wind.iws. and tlie ninji made pre- 
parations to Inirn the strnelnre td the Lji'imnd. Trie owner-^ n\ ihe hall, fear- 
ful tliat these threats niiii^ht he carried into executinn. Ijefure help arri\ed. 
hurriedly notified the Mayor and the Sherifi' and called on them for pr itec- 
tioii. The latter, in answer to the demand, replied that he had not a siifiic'ent 
force for the purriose. that he had hut three deputies, a force tolall>- inade(|uate 
to render the assistance that was required. John i^wift was the .Mayor ol the 
citv at that time. ITe wa^ a Democrat and was looked u])oii as a Southern 
sympathizer, or at least as a man wh.ose views were not in accord with tliose 
of the Aholitionists. 'idle crowil increased rapidly and e\er>- moment hecame 
more u])n;arii"ius and threateiiin.L;' in its aspect, when suddenly the May.ir ap- 
peared upon the scene. llis coming;" was greeted with c!:eers. In .an inter- 
view with the owners of tlie huildiug, he stated that he could not disper-e the 
mob unless he were put in actual possession cif the pro])trty. and could give 
assurance to the puhlic tliat uo meeting would be held that night. Ihe man- 
a.gers, thereupon. dcli\ered to him the keys. He mounted the step--, and in a 
kindU-. ]5acific speech eiideavm-ed to placate the peojile. telling them that the 

fair name of the citv was imperilled and appealing ti) them as g 1 citizens to 

disperse and go quietlv to their homes. He promised them that if the>' would 
retire there would he no meeting in ihe hall, and that the doors wnuld he 
closed and locked. 'T feel contident," he said, "that it will not he necessary to 
call out the police or ask for military aid and as Mayor of the cit\ I make 
every one of \on a guardian of the public peace." He then bade the crowd 
"Good-night" and was given an o\ation as he was about to take his departure. 
He put the keys of the building in his pocket and leisurely procieded on the 
way to his home lielieving no doubt that he had quelled the di-turbance, Init 
his mild speech did not seem to change the temper nor the ])uri)ose of the mol), 
nor did it disperse at his bidding. No sooner was his back turned, than a cry 
went up from the multitude to burn tlu' hall. .Aroused by the elo(|uence of its 
orators, the mob began an attack, battered down the doors and in a few min- 
utes, sooner than it takes to tell the st<iry, the building was in flames. 1 be fire 
companies, in answer to an alarm, sijon arrived upon the scene. Their pres- 
ence and the clanging of the bells added greatly to the tumult and excitement, 
but being in sym|)athy with the crowd, the firemen did not make an effort to 
save the hall from destruction, but turned the hose on the adjoining buildings. 
The ffames were allowed to have full sw,a\, and in a few moments the struc- 
ture was a mass of ruins. 

'idle weak and temporizing conduct id' the authorities only inciteil the 
mob to further action, and the ne.xt da\ crowds gathered as il b\ pre-arrange- 
meiit, marched through the streets of tlie citv and maile an attempt to hum a 
colored orphan as\bini, but this dastardly crime was pre\eiitcd h\ a body of 
firemen, under the courageous leadership of Morton .\Ic.\Iicli,iel, at that time 
a magistrate (jf the citv. who was afterwards elected to the .Mayoralty. 

.After the burning of I V'liiisyl v.ania llall, Whittier, who li.ad come to the 
city for the purptise of leading and directing the anti-sla\e movement, wrote in 



2~i2 WAKwicK s Kl■;^■sT()^■|■; iom mon wkalth. 

tile columns of the "i't-nn^vKaiiia 1'ri.Tnian.'" "In the heart nf this city a llanie 
has ,<;one np to Heaven. It will be seen Irnui Maine to ( ieorg;ia. In its red 
and lurid liijht men will see more clearly than e\er the black abominations of 
the fiend at whose instisjation it was kindled." Tlie disaster did not teni])er the 
langiiajfe of the abolitionists, and ihey liecaine more radical in their utterances 
than ever. It was a day when mol)s were in the ascendency and crcjwds of 
men tjathered at a moment's notice, in answer to the appeal of some rowdy or 
a blatant deniaj^o.t;;ue. The ])olice force of the cil\ was most inefTicient, if we 
may judge from the number of outrages that were committed, and freqitently 
the militia had to be called out to (|uell riots that should have been dispersed 
b\' a cit\ constabniarv force, if the_\' had been brave and resolute. I'iglits took 
iilace between white men and negroes and often upon the slightest |)rovocation. 
In man\ instances these encounters resulted in murder, and if a white man 
hap|)ened to be killed in the fr.iy. the mob wreaked its vengeance on black men 
in all directions who were not in an\' wise res].)onsible for the crime. \\'hen- 
ever the mob gathered and began its depredations, the State Mouse bell rang 
out an alarm like a tocsin to call the ])eo]ile to arms, h'recpienth fires would be 
starteil onl\ for the purpose of giving the firemen an opportunity to enjoy a 
run. .\t the slightest [provocation crowds of men would gather, and where 
they could find no negroes to beat they turned their attention to the destruction 
of ])roperty. 

In July, 1835. a criiwd of ruttians attacked eight or nine hon>es known 
as till' Red Row. occupied by negroes and located <>n l'"ighth street below .Ship- 
jjcn. The}- were not only bombarded with bricks and cobble stones, but were 
set on i\w and whoi the hose and engine com])anies arrived the mol) had grown 
to such proportions that it kept the firemen at l)ay. and those that were suc- 
cessful in directing a stream upon the burning buildings had tlu'ir apparatus 
destroyed or the hose cut. The southern section of the cit\ where were lo- 
cated the homes of the blacks, was thrown into a ])anic and there was a gen- 
eral exodus, the colored people removing w itli as nnicli furniture and house- 
hold utensils as the\- could carry, hurried to the subnrlis and encamped in the 
woods. 

During all this time when the mob was so \iolent. the anti-slavery men 
seemed to grow more radical and bitter in their denunciation^. Their puRlica- 
tions were distributed not onl\ in the Xorthern Statt-s, but were scattered 
broadcast through the South. That they were incendiarx in character and in- 
cited a spirit of rex'olt in the hearts of the slaves was unquestionaiily triu' and 
in order to s]:ow tliat the peo])le of the Xorth were not all in accord with such 
teachings, meetings were lield and ri'Solntions adopted which declared that the 
citizens viewed with indignation and Itorror the publication of such doctrine^ 
and sentiments among our Southern brethren. Individual negroes, too. com- 
mitted acts, which did not tend to t-alni the o])i)osition. A unniber of them, 
fifty and u])wards. gathered within a building, determined to resist the mob to 
the last. The house was fortified, the doors and windows barricaded and the 
men arnied with ])hidgeons and pistols awaited the attack, which forlimatcK did 
not occur, for at this time the authorities were awake and dispersed the mob 
before it reached the localit\- where the blacks were intrenched. 



WARWICK s KEYSTDXK COM ^^(l.\ wi: \i.T H . 253 

These Constant i.uitra^es rL-flcctc<l npun the fair name nf tile cit\ an'l put 
in jeopardy the prn|)erty and the hves id' the citizens. liahs. niectins;- hiouses, 
churches and even Masnnic liMloe roimis Ijclim^'innr tu the nej;riii,'S, were riith- 
lessh destroyed. These race riots continucil for many year>, in fact, ahnost to 
the beginning of the war. .\ spirit id' rowihisni seemed to pervade certain 
classes of citizens, and it is surprising tliat tliis conihtion was allowed to con- 
tinue. -\t every election, riots anil fires were of certain occurrence, and it was 
indeed exceptional when a day passed without the State House hell ringing 
an alarm, calling the firemen to extinguish flames, or the mihtia t(j subdue a 
mol). 

In 1S3S occurred what is kiiciwn in history as The Ihickshot War. Tt arose 
from a political contest between the Whigs and the l)eniocraf-> in the matter 
of the election of representatives to the Le.gislature at llarri>burg. The claim- 
ants of both parties presented themselves at the oldening id' the session, and 
.demanded the right to take their seats. It looked as if there would be a clash 
of arms, and ( lovernor Ritner called out a divisiiin of tlie State militia, -\bour 
twelve hundred soldiers left this city for the capital, ami after standing on 
guard for some weeks, the Democrats were successful in seating their repre- 
sentatives. Then the militia, having marcheil up llu' liill. marched down a^.ain, 
returned to their homes without having an occasion to use their anus, or to 
fire a shot. Their presence on the scene was sufficient to keep the rebellious 
from rising. 

.\s had as the race and election riots had been, they were nothing as com- 
pared with what were known as the native American riots. The negro riots 
were confined mosth' to the southern section of the citv in the neighlxirhoods 
where the colored peo])le resided, and up to this time that portion of the cit\ 
north of ]\Iarket street was not dis.graced by scenes so riotous. 

The native .\nierican riots or the \\ea\ers' Riots, as they were xmietinies 
called, began in Kensington, the first of them as earlv as 1828. It was a manu- 
facturing district and certain localities were crowded with Irish weavers, who 
had their looms in their houses, for mills were as yet comparativelv few in 
number, and the manufacturers gave out the material to their emplo\ees to be 
taken home and wrought into shape on their individual machines. In the first 
riot, .some indiscreet rowdy, in e.x|)ressing his views in a h;ir riioni discussion, 
referred to the weavers as "those Iiloody Irish transports." The taunt was re- 
sented and a .general fi.ght took place. Ciuns and |ii^toIs were fired, --tones 
were thrown and a lunuber of persons were injured, and the man who uttered 
the original insult is said to have been kicked ti> death before the Sheritl^'s 
piisse arrived upon the scene. The prejudice .against the Irish increased as 
time ran on, and unfortunately some of the hol-he;ided forei.griers, bv their 
language and conduct only intensified it. 

.\bout this tiiue a political niovemein was set on foot lor the organization 
of a party to be called The .Native .\meric;ui. Its b,attle-cr\- was "America for 
-Americans," its su])])orters forgetting in their wild enthusiasm that this coun- 
try harl been looked upon as ;i refuge for the oppressed ot .all n.ations. 

In the .'spring of 1S44 a meeting w.as hebl in one of the w.anls of !\eil- 
singtiiu to org;inize ;i branch of the .\;iti\'e .\nu-rican parl\. The meeting 



254 UAKWKKS KI'lVSTOM-; (( IM M ( IN WI'.AI.I' 1 1 . 

was Ik-'kI ill tile npen on a vacant Int at tlu- cnriU'i" of Second ami Master 
streets, when siuldenK a number ol men armed witli clul)-> made an attack 
ii])on the attendants at the mass meeting- and drove them awav. Another iiieet- 
inn, much larijer. was held cmi the following' Monday at the same [jlace. Again 
the Native Aniericai's were disturljed, and after a short scuttle they sought 
shelter in llie Xaniu ( ioal .Market, which was located in American street north 
of Master. The hou-e of an Irish tire company was located nearby and from 
its windows was ])oured a volley of shots. Recruits on both sides came in 
from every direction, and a general fight look place. In one of the frays, 
( leorge Shiffler. wdio, it was said, was carrying at th;it time an American flag, 
was shot down. The excitement sjiread like wild-hre through the city, and 
men hastened to the scene of action and a meeting was called for the next day 
ill the Slate House yard, where resolutions were adopted denouncing the Irish 
inhabitants of Kensington, and further resolving tha! the reading of the Bible 
in the public schools was iiece.-^sary for a faithful course of instruction. The 
crowvl was wrought u]> to great excitement b\' the harangue^ of several elo- 
i|iient speakers and in the midst of the Ciinmiolion and excitement, some one 
suggested the nmli >h(]uld jiroceed at once to Second and ^daster streets. The 
crowd increased in numbers as it advanced, and when Kensington was reached 
an effort was made to erect a jiole and raise a flag on the s|)ot where (leorge 
Shiffler had fallen. Having arrixed tltere, some men while occupied in the 
work of raising a pole, were fired upon from the Irish hose house, llie jieo- 
];le, becoming infuriated, made an attack upon the building, broke open the 
doors, and set fire to it. .Several p(.-rsons were killed and wounded in the Hght. 
.and before the fire was extingui^hed. thirty buildings had been destroyed, in- 
cluding the Xaniiy (i(jat .Market. The militia was called out. but did not seem 
lo be enthusiastic in the work of guarding and preserving the i)iiblic peace. 
The .'•oldiers having lieen witlnlrawn, pillage began at once, and the Irish fami- 
lies in the neighborhood, packed up their gotxls and made a general exodus. 

.\ot contenl with destroying homes, the mob turned with a vindictive 
spirit upon the churches. St. .Michael's, in Kensington, was set on fire and 
com].)letely destroyed. The whole city was in a state of suspense and appre- 
hension, for the rioter> ai'iiareiitU were in complete control. At .St. .\ugus- 
liiie"s Catholic (.'Inirch, on Kourth street below Nine, the M:i\or, John ^^. 
Scott, with a special posse of citizens who were sworn in for the occasion, 
stood on guard and kept the mob at ba\ , but some ruHiaii sicnring an entrance 
to the building, set it on tire, and in a moment the flames were leaiiing through 
ll'.e roof, and the entire structure was soon reduced to a heap of ashes. The 
mob in ils wild elltllu^iasm, shrieked for jow and cheered when the structure 
was enveloped in tlames. The firemen did all in their power to save adjoining 
buildings, but only ])artially succeeded, for in the conllagration was de- 
stroyed a number of houses together with the C'.itholic school, which was 
under the care of the .Sisters of t'harit\, who had so devotedly given their 
efi'orts to the relief of the sufTering in the pestilential summer of t^^2. 

I'ublic meetings were held by conservalixc and l.iw abiding citizen- .and 
addressed by inthiential men, denoinicing the conduct of the rioters, and con- 
demning theni for the destruction of church ]iro|)ert\, but tlu' religious fanatical 
spirit rose to such ;i height tha.t the X'.itive Auiericin I'arty was organized in 



WARWICK. S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



-.-ID 



every ward of the cit\'. Ihey ,t;ave a t^rand dcmon.stratioii mi the I'mirth ivf 
July, and their ranks were inereased l)y visiting" delej^ate.s from nther States. 
It was feared that the eeleliratiun wnulil result in an duthreak hut the day 
fortu.nateK passed without an\' disturhanee. 

.\ ruuKjr had .g^ne forth that in the I'hurch ni St. riiilip de Xeri, on Queen 
street above Second, in Southwark, arms had been stured and ever\- prepara- 
tion made to resist an attack by the mob. A party entered Uk- l)uildin(.;' and 
brought forth a large number of guns, pistols, axes, and a i|uanlit\ (if powder. 
This verified the report and was enough ti> dimm the building tu ilestruction. 

( ieneral Cadwalader, assisted l3v the Sheriff, Morton Mc.Michael, under- 
took to protect the property. Cannon were planted in the streets, which l<ept 
the rioters at Ijay, liut the\" hurleil their taunts at the ( ieneral and defied him to 
open his guns. Tlie (ieneral, bearing ]iatientl\ the insults for some time, at 
"ast determined upon active measures, anrl i^irdered the cannoneers to prepare to 
fire. Charles Naylor, a well known lawyer of the city, and whu at one time 
had been a Congressman, stejjjjed lioldly in front of the cannon and appealed 
to the gunners not to obe\- the order. lie was immediately placed under arrest 
and taken as a prisoner into the church. At da\-break on JuK sewnth, tim- 
bers were Ijrought up to push in and batter down the doors. The troops inside 
the church hesitated to open fire and the mob demanded the immediate release 
of Naylor. LTpon his aijpearance Ix-fore the crowd, he was cheered to the echo, 
but addressing them, he said that as citizens they should, under all circum- 
stances, preserve the [jcace. The troops inside the church were a company 
known as the Montguuiery Hibernia Greens, an Irish military organization, .-ind 
when the}' were withdrawn they marched out of the building in order, but no 
sooner were they in the street than they were attacked by the tin-owing of 
stones and other missiles and at last the\ had to tlee for tlieir liyes. Another 
body of militia that had been encamped in Independence Sipiare, ready to be 
called to action at a moment's notice, was hastened to the scene, and arrived 
in time to prevent the destruction of the building. ( )ne rowdy, in endeaxuring 
to wrest the sword from the hands of a Captain, provoked anew the attack, am! 
stones were hurled in every direction against the militia that had just arrived. 
The command was given to fire, and four or five of the mob were killed. 
Troo])s were called in from every section of the State, and at last peace was 
restored and the fair name of the cit\' saved from further -.hame and disgrace. 

The whole contest was the result of narrow bigotry ;uid intolerance, and 
strange to say men whose lives were in direct contr.adiclion in the teachings of 
religion were the most active and vindictive leaders of the mobs on both sides. 
There is nothing that creates in the minds of some men as bitter an .antagon- 
ism as religious difi'erences and yet there are no (piestious that should be so 
moderately and dispassionately discussed. 

In the vast majorit\' of instances, religious belief i> a niatltr of birth. e.irl\- 
associations and educalinn, and the intoleraiU bigoi of om- seel wmdd be jusl 
as intolerant if he had been born and bred under the other condition.-, or in the 
fold of another creed. 

It is te> be hoped that under the inlluence of general education, enlighten- 
ment and expanding civilization, such scenes as were witnessed in ;he riots 
of 1.S44 may never again be repeated. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

DllAllI (II' t IIARI.KS ( AkKol.l, (il ( AI^KI lI.I.Td.N . J Oil X UA.N DOLI'II OF KOAXOKIC. 

LAJ•■A^■lyl■•n•:. -iikimas .maksmall. aitharaxcf. of i'iiiladfli'Iiia, 
coxsi rrr I lox m' 1837. iikkmfx. act of ioxsolidaitox. 

Tl 1 1{ men wild had lakc'ii an activr |)an in tlic farl\' hist(ii"\ cif the l\i-- 
]uihlii' wxMT ])a>sin_L;' (mr 1)\' one rapidlv a\va\'. 
( )n ihe fdurtccnth of Xovcnihcr, i8_^2, Charles Carroll of Car- 
rnlhnii, ihe la>l snrvi\'in<_;" siL;ncr of the Dcelaratinn (if Inclependeiice, 
died in I'.ahinii ne. It sctnieil like the snaiipini; nf a tie that bntnid the past to 
the present, and as if the nation had entered iii)on a new eareer, freed from 
the direction and the salutary influence of the fathers and creators of the 
Republic. 

.\ pnicessioii marched solemnh' thronnh this city on the date of CarrolTs 
burial, eloquent orations were delivered by distinguished speakers, and resolu- 
tions of resjiect adopted. 

In the summer of the following;' year, John Kandol])!!, of Roanoke, that 
caustic, sarcastic, eccentric, but l.'rilliant statesman from \ ir^inia. died in the 
Citv Hotel, on North 'rhir<l street, in Philadelphia. He had come here to re- 
ceive the attention of a well known physician. He was frail and delicate in 
fimire. less than one hundred pounds in weight, but i)i that feeble l)ody beat 
the heart of a lion. His physical weakness did not impair his mental strength, 
'idle City Councils made preparations to pay respect to his memory b\' giving 
him an impressive funeral as his body passed through the city on the way to its 
.'southern home, bnl when his friends inl'orme<l the authorilie> and the puiilic 
that this was not in accord with his dying wishes, his views in this matter 
were com])lied with, ;m(l his remains were carried to his native State without 
an\' s])eciai ceremony, lie had been ;i most ])rominent tigure in Congress, noted 
for his quick repartee, and his incisive speeches. His miconipromising integ- 
rity in ]iublic and in private life had won for him the regard and admiration 
of the people, although lie had not those (|Ualities that induce<l altection. His 
voice was thin and penetrating, and a witness, standing in the lobby of the 
Ca])itoI at Washington, wdth the doors of the House closed, said, it sounded like 
the screeching of a boy, and he could not tell at first whence the smuul issued 
sujiposing that it came from children at play. He was ready at all times to 
cross swords with the ablest orators, and he was feared by most of them be- 
cause he spared no one when he was irritated or aroust'd. 

He il was that designated the coiupromisers of the .Xortli as doughfaces. 
In docribing Clay, whom he considered corru])t but brilliant, he declared in 
his own ch.iracteristic style that "he stinks and stinks and shines and shines 
like a rotten mackerel in the moonlight." In commenting upon the fact th;ii 
many men of local reputation sank into insignificance when they came to \\ a>h- 



256 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE CO.M MO.N WHAI.T H. 



-'57 



iiiijtun. he wiscU- obsi-rvfil that it was (hu' to the fact lliat iIicn were >wall"\vi,-il 
U]) in the iltinie of the I'apitni. 

In the snninier of 1834, ne\v> reached this C(iunlr\ tliat Lafaxelte dieil 1 in 
tlie twcntietli nf Ma\' in Paris. rril)ntes of respect were slmw n t.i the nieni- 
(iry (if the man who had dune sn nuich fur the }'"nnL;" l\e|iuhlic in tlie lr\ni^ 
ihus i>f the Revohitiiin. 

1" I'^.^S' John AlarsliaH, the Ihief jnstice of ilie Snprenie tourt of llie 
L'nited States, passed awa\ at tlie ad- 
vanced asje of eighty year'-, at a lioani- 
ing hnnse in ^^'ahlnt street between 
h'onrth and i'ifth streets. He was 
here at the time under tlie care of the 
faniiius phwsician, l)r. I'ln^ick. Ii 
was upon the occasion nl .\Iarshair> 
funer.al, while the hell in the Stale 
House was solemnh tolling his re- 
quiem, that it cracked, its \dice never 
again to be heard. 

A convention was held at 1 lar- 
risburg in 1837 to amend the Consti- 
tution of 1700. John Sargent, one of 
the leading nieniliers of the Rar of 
Philadelphia, was elected to preside 
over tile deliberations of the bocU. 
Its first meeting wa> hehl on Ala\ 
second, and its sessions were contin- 
ued until Xo\-ember twenty-third, 
when it adjourned to meet at Musi 
cal I-"und 1 fall, in I'hiladelphia, on 
Xovemher twent\ -eighth. After care- 
ful con-.ideration and discussion, the 
new Constitutiiiu was signed by the 
delegates on Washington's l'.irthda\', 
Februar\ tweiitv-second. iN.i'"'- and in 
the following ( )ctober, at the general 
state election, the instrument was adopted liy the people. 

In the 1 'roideiitial \ear of 1840. the Whigs brought forw.ard a> iheir can- 
didate, (lener.al William I lenry Harrison, against .Martin \'an I'.nren, wdio h.id 
served one term as the direct successor of ( ieneral j.'ickson. It was an excit- 
ing canvass from the beginning to the end, and all the methods that created 
enthusiasm were inlioduced. "( )ld Tippecanoe," as Harrison was called, h.id 
all tile features that go to make up ;i |)ictures(|ue candidate and he becauK- a 
popular idol among bis followers. .\s ;i frontiersman, an Indi.in fighter and ;i 
heroic soldier, he had those (|ualities that induce great .ailmir.ation, e\'en if lhe\ 
did not (|ualify him as a statesman. The (ieneral had visited litis cit\- in 183^1, 
and upon his arrival the horses were taken out of his carriage, a ro|)e was at- 
tached, and eeen re]int;ible ,nid distinguished citizens belpi-d lo haul the can- 





-'L-aX^ 



d^\^ 



I'liicf .liistitc .MmisIkiII. Iiiiiii :i I'aintiii;; oil 
Dnlcr fniiii \\w I'lii hi<lc-l|ilii;i Itai'. 



2~,S, warwuk's keystone commonwealth. 

didaU- in slate tlirdiii;!! the streets. So s^i-cat wa.-. llu- crowd that the rope did 
not suffice and it was Icns^theni'd out that all men niii;ht have an o])p()ftiniity to 
join the line. Ilic cry was t(ir "ninre rupe" which hccanie the shibboleth of the 
Whites, but it was tiu'neil into a tainit liy their enemies, who declared that if 
the\- onh had more rope they would liau;;- tl'.emselves. Din'iiii^ the Presidential 
camiiaign, after Harrison was nominated, mass meetings and processions were 
of nightlv occurrence. The sky was so reddened with the glare from number- 
less bonfires that it looked from the distance as if J'hiladel]5hia were in iine 
grand conflagration. In e\ery street proce^>ion th^■ conspicuous object was a 
log cabin on wheels, with its live coon fastened i}n the rotjf, and its barrel of 
hard cider >tanding by the door, with the latch string always hanging on the 
outside. The battle cries were "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too." "Kee]) the ball 
rolling, boys," and so wild at times was the excitement that sedate and sober 
men ^eemed almost te> have lost thiir reason, as they joined in pushing through 
the street--- of the city, a large ball, iiulicating the rolling up of a great ma- 
jority. The campaign resulted in the election of Harrison. He swept the 
whole country: but he died only a month after his inauguration. 

Philadelphia, as she approached the middle of the centtu'y, began to as- 
sume the proportions of a real metropolis. Commerce still lingered at her 
port, and the harbor was filled with vessels of all kinds and classes. Her mer- 
chants were progressive, and her sbojis with the display of fabrics of all kinds 
wert' most attractive, and unequalled in the country. Her streets were fairly 
well paved, and quite a number of them lighted, making them comparatively 
safe from accidents and the assaults of footpads. Her homes were neat and 
tidy, many of them large and sumptuous. Captain Alexander, about this time 
a visitor to the cit\' wrote, "1 was surprised to see the luxurious living and the 
expensive fm-niture of the best classes in I'hiladelphia. T thought that a 
Quaker simplicity would haw prevailed, but in their lofty rooms the eye was 
feasted with silken curtains and velvet covered chairs, gilded walls and ceil- 
ings, mirrors an<l i)ictures in costlv frames, and at snjiper. in particular, the 
viands were delicious and the wines unexcei)tionable." Tyrone Power, the 
actor, who had traveled extensively in the old world a^ well as in the new, 
said thai Philadelphi.a was "one of the most attractive looking towns" he "had 
ever beheld." •' ■ * " "']"he people were well housed anil the pavements 
were evenlv and neatU laid with bricks. .Many of the streets were shaded 
with o\-erhanging trees." .Another writer said. "I'he exterior of the liouses 
as well as the side pavements are kei)t remarkably cU-.m." Charles Lyell, the 
ISritish geologist, said, "The streets of Philadelphia riv.al the finest Dutch 
towns for cleanlinos, ;md the be.iutilul a\'enues of \arious kinds of trees 
afiforded a most welcome shade in summer." Captain Marryat declared that 
"Philadelphia is certainly, in ai)])earance, the most wealthy and imjiosing city 
in the Cnion." In fact, all the visitors who came to Pbil.-idelphia — and no 
.\inerican tour was complete without coming to the Uiiaker City — joined in 
speaking of her as being the most attractive city in the country. The houses 
mainlv were built of bricks and the trimmings were oi white marble. The 
pavements were scrubbed b\ the housekcejiers and wen- ke]it ;is clean as a 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 259 

kitchen floor, the marhle was as white as snow, while the dndr kimhs and 
knockers were burnished as hri.c;ht as gold. 

Many visiting ti>tirists also referred to the well dressed jteople upon the 
streets, and especially tn the lieauty nf the women. Tyrone I'ower, gi\-ing his 
testimony upon this point, wrote, "About niid-dav. Chestnut street assumed 
(|uite a livel\' and ver_\' attractive appearance, for it wa.s tilled with shopping 
]jarties of well-dressed people, and presented a sprinkling of carriages neatly 
appointed and exceedinglv wi-H horsed. .Satisfied that 1 am correct in my 
judgment when 1 assert thai this population has the hapiiine.ss to possess an 
unusual sliare of handsome girK. ThcN' walk with a freer air and more clastic 
step than their fair rivals in .\ew York." 

The majorit\ of the visitors complained of the heat <luring the summer 
months, and designated the city as about the hottest [ilace in the country. 

The markets still retained their preeminence, and the hotels had a wide 
re])utation. The Mansion Idousc, on Third street near Spruce, was among 
the best, and somewhat imiipie in character in the way of its management. 
It was conducted b\' a man named Joseph, or as he \\'as familiarl\ called, "Joe" 
Head. He had known better days, having been at one time in atlhtent cir- 
cumstances. In truth, he was a high tlyer and drove his tandem ;mil his coach 
and four, but meeting with nhsfortune, he was compelled to turn his atten- 
tion to hotel keeping. His chef was called Augustine, a name fanuli.ir to 
epicures even to the present da)'. IMrs. Head and her daughter took ,ui .ictive 
part in the management of the house, and with their own hands made the 
puddings and pastr\. TIil- proprietor l>ought the best that the uKirket af- 
forded, and it was prepared for the table wdih the greatest care. I"he hotel had 
accommodations for only a few guests C(jmparatively. The service was table 
d'hote. Mr. Head, sitting at the head of tht- board, carved the meats and the 
fowl and everything was so homelike that the guests seemed to be dining at a 
private talile rather than in a pidjlic inn. The proprietor was a very enter- 
taining man. He had enjoyed the advantages of an early education, and had 
had an opportunity of meeting the most distmguished men of the counti-\, for 
every visitor of note, while here, endeavored, if possible, to obtain accommo- 
dations at his hotel. The bedrooms in the winter season were well heated by 
open log fires, and the bed lim-n was as clean and white as snow. .Mr. T\rone 
I'ower, in describing his chamber, saiil, "The window opened into an inner 
court" where he had "one of the nicjst attracti\e winter prospects imaginable, 
in the form of entire carcasses of several fat bucks all hanging in a comely 
row, and linked together by a festooning composeil of tuil<e\s. wood cock, 
snipe, grouse and ducks of several denominations." Mead was ,i most genial 
boniface, Init he reserved the right to close the doors of his inn ag.nnst the 
entrance of an\- person, wdio for some reason or other of his own he did not 
wish to admit. 

'J'he I'nited States Motel, on the north side of (hesinut street, above 
I'^ourth, Congress Hall at d'hird and Chestnut streets, the Merchants Motel 
on Fourth below .Arch street, and Jones' Motel on the south side of Chestnut 
street between Si.xth and .SeveiUh streets, ma\' be nimibered .among the suc- 
cessful hostelries of those ila\s. and coiuinued their nian.ivenieiUs until tluw 



26o w AKW u k's KI■:^ stoxk commonw i:ai.i ii. 

wtTL" overshadowed by the openinj;- of the Girard House and the L'ontineiUal 
Hole;. 

In the past, main of the sjnests were waited ii])nn h\ their own hveried 
servants whom they bmniiht along. Especially was this the case with the visi- 
tors from the South whu were accompanied hy their slaves. Those ,q;uests 
who did not have their body servants had their wanl^ attended to. their clothes 
brushed and their boots blacked 1)\' the ser\-auts of the hotel. The breakfast 
hoiu' was eit^ht o'clock, dinner was served at three, tea at se\'en. and supper 
from nine to twelve. 

The city had been so disorderly and ridtuus fur years in the past that an 
increase and a reorganization of the pulice fnrce was deemed a nece-sity. and 
in the Spring of 1S43 ;ni Act was passed in the Legislature reipiiring the city 
of Philadelphia, and the districts of Spring ( iarden. Xorthern Lil:)eriies, Ken- 
sington, Southw.nrk and the tnwnsliip nf .Moyaniensing to establish and main- 
tain a pnlice force consisting nf nut less than one al)le-bodied man "for every 
one hundred .and fifty taxable inh;iliitants." There were superintendents ap- 
pointeil fur each district, but a Mai^lial nf I'nlicc was elected by the people for 
a term nf three \ears and be bad cliarge ami cnntrnl nf the force of the entire 
city, including its districts. I'nder this arrangement, tlu' ])olice force was in- 
creased and numbered nne himdred and si.xty-seven men. jnbn .'s. Keyser was 
selected as Al;irsli;d. and a change in the conduct of the mirnl\ classes was 
seen at once, fnr he was a man of great courage and resolution, and his name 
became :i termr tn the riotous and criminal classes, (langs of rowdies were 
broken up .and arrested, fires were less frei|uent :ind inci-ndiaries were nni 
dnwn .ind captured. 

At this time the pnlicemeii were w ithnnt mnfnrm-^. r]ie\ patrolled tlieir 
beats in civilian dress and sn far as their attire was cnncerned, it bnre no dis- 
tingiusbing mark, save a star which was worn on the breast nf the coat, and 
fre(|uentl\ this insignia of office was cijncealed frnm the public view b\- behig 
wnrn t>u the vest. Tliere was a growing dem.iud. lli.it the fnrce. while nn 
duty, sliotdd wear a uniform, for it was contended that it would carry with it 
respect and give to the officer an authority with which the ])lain garb of .1 citi- 
zen did nnt clnthe Inm. Strange tn sa\ , however, thi~ iunnvatinu met with the 
greatest np])nsitinn. nnt nnly on the jjart of the ])olicemen themselves, but alsn 
from many citizens and it recpiired some years of agitation before even the 
semblance of a imifnrm was wnrn li\ the guardians of the law. .M.any nf the 
citizens o]Jiiosed the uniform nn the ground th;it it was sini])l\ mocking an 
I'jiglish custom anil was nnt in kee])ing with nur Kepuljlican institutions, and 
further, th.at the l.aw-breaker would be given an nppnrtunil\ tn esca])e, being 
able to distinguish the officer by his garb. Mven after the antlmrities gave 
orders for the wearing of unifnrms, lhe\' were not n1)eyed, sniiie nf the officers 
going so far as to threaten tliat the\ wnuld U'a\a' the force if compelled to wear a 
distinguishing dress. Tliex alsn cnntended tliat they would l>e subjected tn the 
ridicule nf hoys njinn tile public streets, and to violence at the hands of the 
firiMuen and rowdies. 

The fire companies h;id originall}' been comjiosed of public-spirited citi- 
zens, who united themselves with the different organizations in order that thcv 



Warwick's kevstoxe cu.\1-muxwi:aliii. 261 

iniglit iK-rfunii a useful ci\ic service, l)Ut as years ran nn the fire house he- 
came the rendezvuus fur tlie uurul\ and rintnus and a s])irit nf n>\vd\i>ui grad- 
ually sprang- up and jiervaded the wlmle s\ stem. There was seld'iui a ni;;ht 
passed without an alarm of tire, and the engines and hose carriages, the latter 
with their clanging hells, made the night hidecms a,-> they rattled over the coh- 
ble stones drawn h\' a crowd of men as wdd as howling and dancing dervishes. 
while in advance of the carriage, a fellow tooting a Ijrass or tin horn th.at an- 
swered the inirposes of a mega]ihone. encouraged the men on the rope lo put 
more eiiort and s|ieed mto their wurk. .Many a time a false alarm was soundeil 
lor no other pur|iose than to give rival companies an opportunit\- to enjoy a 
race, which, as a rule, ended in a tight. If the alarm was not a false one, the 
companies, on reaching the tire, would indulge in a struggle o\er the posses- 
sion of a plug. Pistols, knives, iron spanners and sling shot were treely used 
and it was remarkable how few li\'es were lost when the character ol the in- 
struments empl(.i\eil is takt-n into coiisiileratiim. A false alarm \v,is worse, 
sometimes, than a true one. for. there being no fire to extinguish, the men 
had ample opportimity to indulge in free fights. While the excitement wa^ 
on, one companv after another would da^h down the streets, every vehicle 
having to turn aside and give them the right ni way. and the whole town 
would be in tumult, dread ami ap])rehension until tin; fire was extinguished, or 
the companies returned to their houses. ICx'ery visitor to the city commented 
upon this feature of om- life. ( leorge Combe, in i83<f, speaks of the engines 
"rushing, roaring" past his wintlows. Charles Lyell, the English ge(.)l(.>gist, 
says that he and his party were four da.\s in this city "and every night tliere 
was an alarm of fire, usuallv a false one, but the noise eif the firemen was tre- 
mendous. At the head of the procession came a runner, blowing a horn, with 
a deep, unearthlv sound. Xext a long line of men (for no horses are em- 
ploved I drawing a strong ro])e to which the ponderous engine w.is att.iched. 
with a large bell at the to]> ringing all the while." 

The firemen became a common nuisance. It would have been ln'tter for 
the city to have suti'ered the loss residtin.g from a few fires rather than stibmit 
to the prevailing rowilxism. The "Jake\" fireman, a coarse, brutal. ])rofane. 
blustering bully was a t\pe of the town life. In many instances, his usual 
attire was a red flannel shirt with a llowing collar and a black neck-erchief 
tied in a sailor's knot, both ends fiovving to the wind. With his hat cocked on 
one side, and a cigar in the corner of his mouth he had the appearance of a 
pirate and was proud of his ilistinctioii. lie was the admiration ot the littk' 
hoodlums who in time hoped to play the same ]iart. l^eady ;it an inst.ant lor 
a fight or a frolic, nothing was so pleasing to his ear as an .il.irm ol lire. .\s 
soon as he heard the sound of the bell, he would dash with head-long speed 
to his engine house, and if there in lime would thr<.)W (ipeii llie doors, seize 
the horn and lead his fellows to action. The securing of the hiiru iii.ade him 
for the time beiii.g. the captain of his company and as he ran ahead in advance 
of the engine it was his dutv to ascertain from b\ slanders the location of the 
fire. 

The companies were all volunteer and had to depend for tlu'ir snpi)orl 
on contributions from private sources. If the hose needed re|)airing, or the 



262 wakwuk's kkv.stone commonwealth. 

eiisjiiK- was out of service, a ball was .<;ivcii and the citizens would be black- 
mailed hy haviiiiL;' forced upon them tickets for an entertainment to which they 
never inteniled to go. Members, in C()U])les or groups, would travel through 
the bu.siness sections of the city, asking for subscriptiims from the merchants 
and shop-keepers, and those who refused to pav or hesitated to contribute 
would be apt to receive an intimation that it would be to their interest to show 
a broader spirit of liberality. 

The firemen, too, e.xerted an inllueni-e in the politics of the city, for the 
leaders of the companies could, on election day, muster a goodly arra\ of vot- 
ers, some of tile companies having a register that contained over a thousand 
names, and consequenth the i)ot-hou>e jjolitician l)ecame contem]5tibly sub- 
servient to their influence and loyal in the support of their interests. One of 
the hardest fought battles ever waged in this city was over the question of the 
introduction of a paid fire department. Members of the Councils who favored 
a change from a volunteer to a ]iaid department, were threatened, cajoled and 
insulted by bands of ruffians who attended the [lublic meetings. The firemen, 
too, had their supporters, even among the best classes of the people, for at 
times, in the face of danger, they performed thrilling deeds of heroism, saving 
not only property but the lives of the people at great personal risk. 
These brave and courageous deeds made them heroes in the opinion of the peo- 
ple, and many excuses were made for their wild and riotous conduct, compla- 
cent citizens excusing them by saying, "( )h i well, the boys must have their fun." 

The firemen's parade was a feature of our citv life. ( )ne of the first and 
most impressive celebrations of this character was held to commemorate the 
one hundredth anniversary of Washington's birth. So imposing an appear- 
ance did thev make that the\ were encouraged to hold their own exclusive 
procession the following year. In 1852 the parade was one of unusual splen- 
dor. Over five thousand men were in line and six hundred musicians. The 
hose carriages were burnished as bright as gold, and were covered wdth flow- 
ers. Marshals carried great silver horns filled with botuitiels. while every 
man in line was dressed in a regularly prescribed uniform, which consisted of 
an overcoat, buff or black in color and strapped around the waist with a broad 
belt, into which was stuck a siianner. The headgear was a stifif-brimmed 
leather hat ])ainted with figures and bearing the name of the fire company in 
])romineiit letters. Over the shoulders was worn a ca].)e decorated to corre- 
spond with the hat. White cotton gloves and black trousers com]ileted the out- 
fit. The mi.-mbers of some of the hose and hook and Ladder companies wore 
red shirts, with black neckties and hats tha: resembled in form those worn 
I)y sailors, called "nor'easters." The conqianies tried to out\ie each other in 
ap]iearance as well as in numbers. X'isiting dele.gations came from surround- 
ing towns, and it required two hours for the procession to pass a given point. 
There was another nol.able p.ar.ade in 1857. but the Civil War soon inter- 
vened, and it was not mitil i8f>5 that the next one took iilace. 

Another annoying feature in connection with the fire companies was the 
organization of gangs of voung hoodlums. They were not members of the fire 
companies but were sim]3l\- called followers, and assumed such names as 
"h'airies," "Hivers," "Killers," "I'.ut'fers," "I'.ouncers," ".S|iringers," "Himk- 



Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 263 

ers," "Spigots," "Schuylkill Ixaiii^ir--," "I'.loodtubs" ami "(luiiiL-a 1 Il-iis." They 
fought each other whenever tlie\ met. like savages, and their >t(ine tights nut 
only broke the windows in the houses hut cracked many a skull and in several 
instances iniured several innncent and inoffensive i)edestrians wlur happened to 
be passing bv. A vollev oi stones thi-own by these ycmng ruttians was almost 
like a fusillade of musketry, and fpiile as dangerous. They were a|)|irentices, as 
it were, and learning their trades in order to ])lay their parts when old enough 
to join the tire organizations. 

The cit_v was visited bv a number of tires, i.uit the nio-,t disastrous one was 
that which occurred in July, 1850. It broke out in a warehouse located in 
Water below A'ine street. It started in a (|uantity of pressed ha)' stored in one 
of the buildings and sjiread rapidly until it reached a warehouse tilled with 
explosives, and in an instant the air resounded with a rumbling noise like that 
of artillerv. Smoke rose in such volumes that it was impossible tor the tire- 
men to get close enough to the Iniildings to pour water nn the tlames and they 
devoted their efforts to sa\ing the surroiniding property. The area C(_n'ered 
by the fire extended from the river front to Second street and from ("allowhill 
to \'ine street. It soon got beyond the control of the firemen ami ajipeals were 
made to New York and Baltimore for assistance. The firemen at last got the 
flames under control, but not before twenty-eight persons were killed and 
fifty-eight injured, and three hundred and sixty-seven stores and dwelling 
houses entireh destroyed. This was a real danger and the firemen, he it said 
to their credit, met it with great courage and rendered efficient service, some 
of them even laying down their lives in the performance of duty. 

For man\- vears efforts had been made lo effect a consolidation ot the city 
with the outlying districts, but there was a vast difference of opinion upon the 
question and meetings for and against the project were held, where all the ad- 
vantages and disadvantages were carefully weighed and considered. Local 
politicians in the districts feared that their influence would be lessened if the 
consolidation was effected. It was also argued that the benefit would accrue 
to the citv rather than to the districts, and that the tax rates in the districts 
would be raised without an adeipiate return, but gradually after much conten- 
tion, the project won its way and on November 16, 1849, '-^ public meeting 
was held and man\- of those who had been [irominent in objecting to the 
scheme came forward now and advocated it. John Swift, William Rawle, 
Francis Wharton, John I'adwalader, David I'aul ISrown, Menry D. Gil|)in, 
Clement C. Biddle, William Elder. George H. Earle, William I.. Hurst, Joel 
B. Sutherland, Benjamin Harris Ikevvster, Theodore Cuyler, Passmore Wil 
lianison, George W. P.iddle, Chapman Biddle, Henry Horn, Henry j\I. Watts, 
Edward R. Cope, Eli K. Price, and some others had charge of the movement, 
and as a result of the meeting, an executive committee was ajipointed, consist- 
ing of Eli K. Price, John M. Rearl, John Cadwalader, (iideon ( i. Westcott, 
Charles L. Ingram and a number ot' men o|' like ]>romiiience. 

Still, however, nothing was accomplished until the Legislature met In 
1853-54, when a bill was passed providing fi>r consolidation and the city was 
made to include the entire county, which was divided into twe)U\-lour w.irds. 
The term of tin- Mavor was exteniled t'luni one \ ear to two \ears. The Se- 



-"u 



W AKWICK S KEVSTOXE COM M'lX \V1:A1,T1I . 



K'ct Ccjiiticil c<:)nsi>t(.'(l nf a iiKiiil)cr t'rnin each ward, whose term was for a 
period of two years, and the Common Council consisted of three members 
froni each ward — with the exception of the seventeenth and the twenty-third — 
wl)ich were ;illoiied four members for each. The term of Common Council- 
men was for one _\ear. The passas;e of the bill was celebrated by the .skiving of 
a dinner to tlie Cio\'ernor and other distinL;nished guests in the Sansom Street 
Hall, at which Morton Mc.Michail was the jjresidino- officer. The election for 

tlie tirst -Mavor muler the .\ct was 
held on the first Tuesdax' in June. 
The W'hiijs nominated as their candi- 
date Kol)ert T. Conrad against Rich- 
ard \ aii.x who was the Demt.icratic 
nominee. The election resulted in fa- 
vor of Judge Conrad, and he began 
his administration on the first Mon- 
da\- in July. .Mayor Conrad was a 
pronnncnt citizen who bad made tor 
himself a re]nitati(.)n as a playwright 
.and a journalist, and was a man who 
.always took an active ]>art in public 
aliairs- After eltecting a reorganiza- 
tion oi the city government, he began 
to enforce with vigor the temperance 
and tlie Sunday laws, which policy 
met with considerable opposition in 
some quarters, and in 1856, Richard 
\ aux was again nominated by the 
Democrats and the Whigs supported 
Henry D. ^loore. The election re- 
sulted in the election of \'aux b\ a 
substantial majority. He was re- 
no)iiinated in 1S58. but was de- 
feated by .Mexander Henry, and in 
18O0 -Ml". I K'ury wa^ reelected by a small majoril\ over the Democratic 
candidate, Jolni Robbins. Jr. Cnder the con>oli(lation. the Mayors were given 
increased ruuhority o\-ei- their predecessors, and in order to meet the prevail- 
ing rowdyism, thi- ])olice force w;is increased and its morale greatlv improved. 
Especially did \ aux deal with a strong band in his treatment of the rowdy 
desperadoes. The "Schu\lkill Rangers" who dominated the locality at the 
end of .Market street bridge, were a ruthless band of ruffians who were a law 
unto themselves. They established virtually a reign of terror. Thev looted 
b(;)ats and destroyed jirivate ])roperty at their will, held up pedestrians upon 
the jjublic streets, and defied the ])olice. \'aux was determined to break this 
gang u[), and for this purpose ])laced the locality where these desperate acts 
were committed under the surveillance of the bravest and most courageous 
men on the force. "Dick" \ aux. as he was familiarK called, was in the habit 




Uii iiAi;ii \ Ai \. 



Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 265 

of patrolling the streets after nightfall to see that the patrnjnicn did their 
duty. One night several of the "Rangers" were suddenly surprised liy the 
appearance of ]Mr. \'aux and a squad nf his police and although the night was 
stormv and hitter cold, the roughs threw themselves into the ic\- river and 
swam to a vessel moored out in the middle of the stream. Here they thought 
they were safe hut Vaux seized a hoat, pursued them, arrested and hrought 
them to shore, bound them over and saw that they were ultimately convicted 
and sent to jail. 

The main battle ground was in the district known as !\f(i\'amensing, al- 
though fights freqnentlv occurred in almost every sectinn (if the cit\'. Rowdy- 
ism was rampant and even in decent residential liicalities it was otten ini])os- 
sible to pass without suffering insult, the corners where groups of toughs and 
loungers had gathered. A resident in those da\s in commenting on this mat- 
ter said that he lived on New Market street and that stone fights between the 
followers of the "Good Intent" and the "Xorthern Liberties" fire companies 
were of frequent occurrence, and were so bitterl\ waged that they em.langered 
the lives of pedestrians. When the ammunition of stones gave out, the com- 
batants deliberately ilug up the cobbles and used them as missiles. Time and 
again the neighbors had to close their shutters to save the windows from being- 
broken and they remained closed and bulted until the rowdies ceased their 
fracas which was ended by one |)artv putting the other to rout or b\' the arrival 
of a squad of policemen. 

Upon (inc occasion when a large fire took place in Camden, the aiUhori- 
ties of that town hastily re(|uested assistance from Philadelphia. It so hap- 
pened that the AJovamensing and the Shiftier Hose Companies boarded the 
same Ijoat in crossing the ferr\. line taunt brought on another, until ;!t last 
there was a pitched liattle which resulted in one of the hose companies throw- 
ing the hose carriage of the other company into the river. 

The act of consolidation met froiu its original cipponents as time ran on 
a general commendation. The union made the city more cosmopolitan and 
of greater importance and infiuence and gave tii the executive more dignity 
and increased power, although it may be said that up to this time the .Mayor 
was but a chief of police and had but little ti.i sa\" in the management of any 
of the departments and it was not until the passage of the liullitt Hill that he 
was vested with that power that made him an executive officer in the full sense 
of the term. 



17 



CHAPTER XXV. 

WAR Willi Mi:XUii. ACITAlKlX OF SLAVERY OUKSTIOX. JAMES lU'l- 1 1 A X AX 
ELECTED TO I 1 1 1: I'Kl'.SIDEXCV. DRED SCOTl" CASE. PAXTC OF 1857. IMSCOV- 
ERY OF (III. IN I'ENNSYl.X'WI \. .STREET PASSEXCER RAILWAYS IXTRODUCED. 
JEN.NY L1X1> \1S1TS THE cri\. DR. KANE RETURNS FRO.M ARCTIC EXRLORA- 
TIOXS. VISIT OF THE I Al'AXl'.SI-: E.M1'..\SSY. \ISIT OF Till'. I'RIXIE OF \V.\LES. 

Dri\l\(i tin- |XTiod which wc ha\c hccn ciinsiderinsj the L'niuii was ex- 
U'liilin,!;- her territory in the \\'est an.l Smithwest and was assuming 
ihe proportions of a vast empire. 

In 1845 Texas was admitted as a State hut her western Ixmndary 
was a matter of dispute. It was claimed by the Te.xans that it was the Rio 
(iramle Kixer, hut the .Mexicans denied this and fixed the Nueces River, about 
one hundred miles east of the Rio Grande as the western boundary line of 
Te.xas. President I'olk conunanded General Taylor to seize the strip of land 
between the two rivers and to protect it against all invasions. Mexico re- 
sented this outrage, organized an army and immediately invaded the territory 
in controversy. .\ conflict took place in which the Mexicans were defeated. 
This was followed bv the battle nf I'alo Alto, won by the .\niericans, under the 
command of General Taylor, familiarly called "( )ld Rough and Ready." Bat- 
tle after battle succeeded in turn and every mie resulted in success for the 
.Vnierican cause. It is saiil tn he the imlv war recorded in histnrx in which all 
the victories were scured on diie side, for in every ccjiiflict the American troops 
were victorious and in every instance the battles were won against a superior 
force. 

The admission of Texas greatly increased the indnence of the South in 
Congri-ss. It was. of course, strenuously opposed liy the anti-slavery men of 
the Xorih, and the leading Abolitionists of Pennsylvania took a prominent 
part in this o]ip<isition and this State became the storm centre of the conflict. 

r.y the .Missouri Compromise f)f 1820, as we have already stated in a pre- 
vious chapter, slavery could n^ it lu' extended west of the .Mississippi, or. in 
other words, north of the parallel of 36" 30" on the ma]), but this compromise 
was repealed in 1850 at the time of the admission of California, and the dis- 
pute grew hotter and more threatening as time ran im. It was the irre|)res^i1)le 
contlict, for, in the language of .Reward, the Ke])ublic could not exist half slave 
and half free. The clouds were scu<lding before the storm and the political 
horizon was lilack with foreboding disaster. 

Whenever a movement was made to do away with slavery, or to prevent 
its entrance into the territories, the South threatened to withdraw from the 
Union, claiming that she bad the right to do this whenever, in her o|)iiiion. the 
Xatit)nal ( lovernnn-nt transcended its constitutional limits. This threat always 
frightened the Xorth, although there were many oi)]ionents of slavery that 
wouhl rather ha\e bad the system exist than see the L'nitm broken in twain 

266 



WAKW U k's keystone CO M M().\ WEALTH . 267 

and all sorts of compromises were offered, wliieli, liuwcver, oiilv temporized 
with the all-important question. 

i'lV the treaty of ]ieace siy;ned in 184S. we had ohtained from Mexico, not 
only the undisputed possession of Texas, Init also the territury of California 
and Xew Mexico. Tliis was so vast a domain that numerous States were 
carved out of it and to prevent the intniduction nf slavery in the new States, 
CongTessman W'ilmot, of Pennsylvania, a Democrat, offered a hill provid- 
ing for the prohiliition of slavery in any jiart of the territory acquired from 
Mexico, hut his proviso failed to become a law. A number of ]>emocrats, how- 
ever, supported this measure and afterwards urbanized themselves intu what 
was called the "Free Soil Party" which was ultimately swallowed up by the 
Republicans. 

In 1852 Webster and I'lay both passed awav and their great influence, 
which had done much tn |)reserve the I'nion intact, was at an end excepting so 
far as the remembrance of their teachings were concerned, and a new era 
with new leaders was inaugurated. 

During all this time the fight had lieen made b\ the .Xnrth t(i |)revent the 
e.xtension of slavery rather than its extinction. It was nnly the rampant 
Abolitionists that were willing to sacrifice even the integrit\ nf the L'nion, in 
their efforts to destroy the institutinn. 

In 1854 began the struggle for the possession of Kansas, and upim this 
bloody ground was settled for the time being, at least, the i|uestion of the ad- 
mission of slavery into the territories. 

In 1856 James I'luchanan, a resident of Pennsylvania, was nominated as 
the Democratic candidate for the Presidency. He was a man of distinction in 
national politics and he had held many offices of hi.gh station, lie had been 
elected to Congress in 1820: later Ik- was sent to the L'nited States Senate: 
was appointed Minister to Russia, then Secretary of State under Polk, and in 
1853 was accredited as Minister to luigland. He was Scoteh- Irish by tleseent, 
and no doubt had those cpialities that would have made an excellent official had 
it not been for the terrific struggle waged through his administration on the all- 
absorbing question of slavery. 

The campaign of 1856 was one of ihe most exciting that had ever taken 
place in this country. P-very orator was called into requisition, mass-meetings 
were held in all of the cross roads and in Philadelphia the camjiaign was one 
of imnsual interest: m_arching clubs were formed, called "W'ide-.Vwakes." The 
men bore torches and were dressed in leather caps and ca])es. This was the 
organization that led to the formation of the " Invincibles." The whole country 
indeed was wrought up to excessive enthusiasm and "the wooly horse of h're 
niont" was used as the mascot for the Rei>ublieans. J'>ucli;inan was elected 
to the presidenc\- and entered upon the discharge of his duties, although a 
Xortherner and a native and resident of Pennsylvania, he was a Southern sym- 
pathizer and was willing to niake any sacrifice to eslahlish more firmly than 
ever the institution of slavery. Not long after he took the oath of office. Judge 
Tanew Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the L'nited States, handed down 
what is known as the Dred Seott Decision. .*^cott was a negro slave, born in the 
Sf.nith of slave parents. Mis master had taken him from the slave .State of .Mis- 



268 Warwick's kicvsto.nk commonwicai.tii, 

scuri lo llic free Stale of Illinois wlu-rt- he ren;ained for a jjurixl of two years. 
After a short sojourn in Minnesota, to which State he had been taken by his mas- 
ter, he fmallv returned to Missouri. There he was sold at public auction, but de- 
manded his lilierty on the ground that he had lived for a considerable time on 
free soil and that this habitation had given to him the rights and qualities of a 
free man. The case was fought bitterly from beginning to end and the argu- 
ments made were most exhaustive, the Bible itself being invoked in support of 
both sides. .\t last it was carried for final judgment to the Supreme Court of 
the L'nited States, wiiere after due consideration, the Court decided (only two 
justices dissenting) that a negro whether bond or free, who was a descendant 
of slave parentage or ancestors was not an American citizen, that he had no 
right to sue in the courts of the United States and that his entry uixjn free soil 
did nni in an\ sense emancijiate him from slavery or loosen the shackles from 
his limbs and llnally he "had no right which the white man was botmd to 
respect." The opinion culminated in the Civil War, for it shocked the senti- 
ments of the people when they saw in bold relief the hideous features of slav- 
erv and how deeplv rol^ted the inicpiitous system was in the institution of the 
country. It gave a new phase to the question, for the South contended under 
this interpretation, slavery could e.xist even in the free States if a master saw it to 
his interot tn remove his slaves from a slave State to a free one. 

.\lthough the opinion enraged and angered the Abolitionists and aroused 
the thinking people of the North it after all was a strict interpretation of the 
law. C.'hief justice Taney may have shocked the sentiments of the country, 
but he laid down the law as it existed and was established by precedent. He 
was right in his interpretation when he said a slave was a mere thing, a piece 
of property without an\- civil or political rights: he could l)e owned and sold as 
a mere chattel, and was but on a level with the cattle of the plantation, and if 
the court was right then the institution was radically wrong and there was only 
one tiling to do in the name of humanity and that was to destroy the system 
which had blinded men to justice, ecjuity and right. 

While these discussions were on, a business panic took pla^'e in 1S57. The 
Ohio Land and Trust Company, of Cincinnati, failed through the fault of its 
New "N'ork agent, in August of that year, and a financial disturbance shook the 
whole business world to its centre. .A large numlier of houses failed, nearly all 
the banks in the country suspended ])a\nients and were com|)elled to cUise their 
doors while mills and factories in every direction had to shut down. The 
crisis spread ra|)idl\' over the entire nation. Loans could not be made at any 
|)reminm and the ruin was widespread. The chief cause of this trouble re- 
sulted from the discovery of gold in California. The increased wealth of the 
countrx had induced a reckless speculation. It was a clear case of over-produc- 
tion ; the supph- exceeded the demand. Merchants and manufacturers were 
loaded with goods for which they could find no customers, while the farmer 
had no market for his grain. Philadelphia, one of the leading ct)mmcrcial and 
manufacturing cities in the country, especially ft-lt the effects of the shock and 
it took nian\- months before normal conditions were reached. 

In i85() Colonel Drake sank the first successful oil well in this State; it was 
located in Titusville, northwestern 1 V nns\ Ivania. It was not until fifteen years 
after the discovery of petroleum, that natural gas was discovered in the same 



Warwick's kevstoxe coiiiiox wealth. 269 

locality. This s;as was utilized fur the lighting' of .streets ami hnuscs, for en. iking 
anfl for fuel in manufacturing |iin-|ji >ses, and for several wars the towns in the 
gas belt were illuminated 1>\ great tnrches (jr tlame> nf light that issued uul of tall 
iron pipes which at a distance looked like beacons. Pittsburg was esi>eciallv cn- 
richeil and benefited by the discovery, but it wa^ fnunil im])ractical)le [<> carr\- ii 
into distant localities. es[iecially in view <d' the fact that the suppK was dimin- 
ishing. 

The conflict against slavery, uotwithstandiug the depression in the business 
world, still Continued, and in 1S30 John I'.rown. of ( )ssawatoune. made ,in in- 
cursion into X'irginia. seized the public buildin;_;s at ll.irper's h"err\-. and at- 
tempted to liberate the slaves in that vicinit\. I lis campaign was unsuccessful 
and he and six of his companions were hanged at Charleston, \ irginia. This 
event was followed in 1800 b\- the nomination ni .\braham Lincoln, of Illinois, 
for the Presidency of the I'nited St.ates, and the battle was now fairh' on 
which was to result either in the destruction of slaver\ or in the Lnion. 

'Phe population of the country at this period vias over 30.000,000 of people. 
In material wealth she had grown so rapidU that she was the womler and 
marvel of the world. Railroads, canals and steamships on the ri\ers. lakes and 
coasts made transportation comparatively a cheap and ea-.y matter, while the 
telegraph brought the most distant sections within immeiliate communication 
and the Atlantic cable l)ouud the old world to the new. 

Omnibuses still rumbled over the cobble stinies of Philadelphia, but efforts 
were now being made to secure charters ftir the laying of railways in the streets. 
There was strenuous opposition to this pro]iosition. for it was contended that 
they Would greatly interfere with tra\el b\ reason of having their tracks laid 
in the middle of the streets, and, further than this, that the repose of the peo]3le 
at night would be disturbed by the ringing of bells. .\ passenger railwav was 
laid from Southwark to Frankford, on h'ifth and Si-xth streets in 185S. This 
line was followed by the Tenth and Eleventh streets. Market street. Second 
and Third streets and the Race and \"ine streets lines. Municipal improve- 
ments were introduced in every direction, d'he water suppK was extendeil, 
streets were better lighted and better paved, while more ample ])olice protection 
was introduced. The city was encroaching upon the suburbs and new streets 
were being o])eued in every direction. Pittsburgh was developing into the 
greatest iron and steel centre in the country wdiile the cities and towns of Penn- 
sylvania were increasing in population and becoming prijsperous conmumities. 

In the decade preceding the Civil War, this city had two severe winters, 
those of 1854 and 185O. Alany people were out of work and the weather was 
so bitter cold that there was great suffering among the ])oor. In the liegin- 
ning of i85ri the Delaware River was frozen from bank to bank, ."^o deep 
was the ice that bonfires were made upon it around which the skaters gathered 
to warm their hands and feel. ( laiublers set up the "'l"himble-ring" and the 
"Three Canl Monte" game, while \enders hail iheir stands for the sale of 
hot viands. 1 )u the J'lth of jaiiuar\, when it was calculated tweut\ thousand 
people were enjoying themselves in winter sports on the frozen snrf;ice of the 
river, a dreadful accident took place. .\ sleighing p;irt\' containing live persons 
was speeding over the ice when suddenly the hordes disappeared b\ falling 



270 WARWUKS KF.VSTONE CCIMMOXWEAI.TH. 

into an air luilc. Ucscnt-rs rushed In the assistance, Init, notwithstanding; all 
tile eft'i>rts that were made, two women were drowned. This made the people 
more prudent in the future in indulsintj in their winter sports, hut it was not 
until late in March the ice hroke uj) and the river was cleared for navisjation. 
A ferr\' boat, while niakint;- its way thrtnigh the (Iocs of ice, suddeiil) took fire, 
and, out of one hundred passenj^ers on board, thirty were Inu'ned to death or 
drowned. 

( )ne notable event of this period was the visit of Jenny Lind, called the 
■'.'■^wedish Xii^htiui^'ale." She came to this country under a contract made by 
I'hineas T. jiarnnm. lie had been successful in introducing- I'anny EUsler 
and (ieneral Tom Thum1) and he thoui,'-ht he would ]ila\ for hiijher n;ame. He 
sent an ai^eut to see her to provide the details, and he entered into an agree- 
ment for one hundred and fiftv nights at a thousand dollars a night. All her 
hotel and traveling expenses were to be l)aid as well as the wages of her ser- 
vants and secretaries an<l she was to lie provided with horses and carriages 
wherever she went. She was also to be acconi])anied by Jidian J'.euedict, a well 
known )nusic director, and .Seiior lleletti, an Italian liaritone. liaruum imme- 
diateU' set about raising a sum covering the amount of the contract to be de- 
posited with bankers in London on or before a specified date. After using 
everv effort he was still short $5,000 and he was afraid the nightingale would 
fly from his hand for she was being jjursuadeil at home not to place herself 
under the care of ;i man like I'.arnum who was a recognized huml)ug. Having, 
however, secured llie full amount and having complied with every letter of his 
agreement, Jennv Lind sailed from London and arrived in New York where 
she was most warmh- received, h'ver^one in sr.ciety was an.xious to entertain 
her. -Merchants named their goods after her, such as Jenny IJnd gloves, Jenny 
Lind bonnets, Jt-nn\ Lind shawls, etc. The keen showman saw there was 
more money in tlie enterprise than he had at first anticipated and generously 
increased the terms of the agreement. After visiting New York and Boston 
and arousing her audiences to the wildest enthusiasm, she came to Philadelphia, 
where she made her llrst appearance in the Chestnut Street Theatre on the 
night of ( )ctober ijlh, 1S51). .So great was the demand for tickets to admis- 
sion that it was decided to sell them at pulilic auction, and Moses Thomas was 
chosen as the auctioneer, one ticket bringing the enormous price of $625, which 
was Ijouglit by a man named M. .\. Root, a well known daguerreotypist, with 
a studio on Chestnut street. She gave several concerts in this city in .Musical 
h'und Hall and then began her southern tour. I'pon her return she appeared 
in llurton's old Xational Theatre at Ninth ,aud I'hestnut streets. It was here in 
I'hiladelpbia lli;il slie ,-isked to be released from her agreement. She saw that 
Barnum, financially, had the better end of the contract. He had so success- 
fully advertised her and had raised pid)lic expectation to such a height that his 
profits were euornious and after making so)ne concessions released her from 
the contract, retaining as his share of the profits $533,486.25 as again.st her .share 
of $176,675.00. She returned to iuiroiK- dissatisfied and with a mortal dislike 
not otdv for I'.anuun but for all .\niericans. Mme. (.'liarles Moulton, in her 
"Courts of .\lemor\" describes a |)ersonal interview she had with the great 



WARWKKS KliVSTOXE COMMON WK-Xr.TH. 2J1 

sinoer in tlic Duke de \'allombrosa',s villa at I'aniK's. In tlic course of the cmi- 
versation she expressed herself as hating- the Americans ami as ahhorrin.i; the 
very name of I'larmmi. who, she said, "exhihited me much as he did the bii;- 
giant or any other of his monstrosities." "Jlut." said her visitor, "nou must 
not forget how you were idolized and appreciated in .\merica. e\en as a child 
I can remember how they worshipped you." "Worship, or not," she answered 
sharijly, "I was nothing more than a show in a showman's hands, 1 can never 
forget that." 

In 1857 Elisha Kent Kane, a resident rif Philarlelphia and a meml)er of an 
old and respected family of that city, died in the West Indies where he had 
gone to recover his health which had been impaired by his exposure in the .\rc- 
tic regions. It was one of the most impressive funeral processions that had 
ever taken place in the city and men of the highest distinction took part in t!'.e 
ceremony. Among the |)all-bearers were Horace Binnev, Commodore Read, 
ex-Governor I'ollock, William R. Reed, Piisho]> Potter, Judge ( ireai'. Chief jus- 
tice Lewis, Dr. Dunglison and Major C. J. liiddle. The body la\- in state in 
Independence Hall, guarded by the Washington lirays. Elisha Kent Kane 
was a son of Judge Kent Kane. He graduated in medicine in the I'niversity 
of Pennsylvania in 1843, '^ut did not devote himself to an active practice, ami 
immediately began foreign explorations. He entered the Navy in 1850 as a sur- 
geon and otfered his services to the deHaven Arctic I'^xpedition, which was or- 
ganized for the purpose of rescuing Sir John I'ranklin. a r.rilisli polar tra\-eler. 
from whom nothing had been heard since he entered the polar regions in 
1S43. The exijcdition returned without finding any trace of the llritish explorer 
and Kane iinmediatelv interested Henry ( irinnell, a New York merchant, who 
had made a large contribution to the dellaven e.xpedition, to help him fit up a 
ship imder his own direction. Kane's ship left New York in iS3_^. but owing 
to the great accumulation ijf ice in the -\rctic regions, he was com|ielled to pass 
the winter north of the 78th parallel. He spent the following summer in that 
locality making scientific experiments and discoveries, but the ice would not 
release its hold of his vessel and the party was compelled to abandon it. and 
after the most frightful privations and sufferings they arrived in New \'ork in 
the Fall of 1855. after an absence (if two years and a half. It is needless to 
say that the return of the adventurers was welcomed with e\'ery expression of 
delight. 

His sojourn in the Arctic regi(}ns had so undermined Kane's health he was 
compelled to seek a warmer climate in which to recuperate. In the nieanlinie 
he wrote a work called ".\rctic Kx])lorations" which was eagerly read through- 
out the country and yielded him in royalties in I he neighborhood of $65,000, 
one of the most successful l)ooks up to tb.at time that had ever been S(jld b\ 
subscription in this coimtry. The soft and balmy air of the West Indies couhl 
not restore him to health and he died there of crmsmnption in l-'ebruary of 1857. 

Two events worth noticing occurred during this pt-riod. The first was the 
visit of the Jajjanese Embassy in Jime, i860. Perhaps no visiting delc.gation of 
foreigners ever created a greater excitement and curiosit)-. The streets were 
crowded with people and at every ste]) of the way the Japanese were received 
with till' warmest welcome. !'"orlnnaleI\-. the Conlinental llolel h,id been Inii't 



2/2 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMON WEAI.TII. 

and completed in all its appointments, and here was provided ample accommo- 
dations up-to-date. Commodore Perry's visit to Japan had brought about this 
event. It was the uniting of the far East with the modern West and an opening 
of a new era in commerce and enterprise. 

Tn Octiiher of that year, the I'rince of Wales, afterwards King Edward 
\'ll.. came ti) the cit\- and was handsomely entertained. 



CHAP'FKR XXVI. 



ANDKI-IW CURTIN Ef-ECTEn GOVEKXCIU. LINCOLN ELECTED TO 1 11 E PRESIDENCY. 

()I'i:XI.\(i OF THE CIVIL WAR. (iKl , A N IZ.\TION OF THE UNION LEAGUE. 

Il.\riLli OF GETrVSIUIRC. lAlU (IF THE SANITARY COMMISSION. 

ASSASSIN.MION Ol- I'K1{SII )ENT LINCOLN. 



TME rrcsidential c;ini|)ai.;;n nf i,S()o was fought with extreme Ijitteniess. 
Alarching chihs were assailed bv showers of stones as they passed 
thrijug-h the streets while sometimes factions would meet each other 
face ti) face and indulge in a rough and tuml)le rint. 
In the October election .\ndrew Curtin, candidate for (iuvernor on the Re- 
publican ticket in Pennsylvania, was given a majority of mure than 30,000. 

in the Presidential election in No- 
vember the total vote in this State 
was 470,442; Lincoln's vote w'as 268,- 
030: I'.reckinridge, 178,871; Douglas, 
io,7r)5, and Hell, candidate of the Con- 
stitutional Phiiim Party, 12,776. This 
gave Linciiln a majority over all of 
30.508. In the city, Lincoln polled 
3<),233 ; Douglas and ilreckinridge 
polled together ,30,053, while Bell had 
but 7131. 

When the returns came in and the 
election of Mr. Lincoln was announced 
the country a]>])recialed the fact that 
it was to meet a crisis and men girded 
themselves for the fray. 

The attitude of the .South was 
threatening in the extreme. South 
Carolina already declared it was her 
intention to withdraw from the LTnion 
and in order to counteract this pur- 
pose, man\' meetings were held in 
Philadelphia to give an assurance to 
the Southern States that there was no 
intention uj^on the part of the North 
to deprive them oi any constitutional 
rights, or e\-en to destrov the svstt-m of slavery which was recognized as an insti- 
tution. ( )n Januarv 3, 1861, in resi)onse to a call signed by a number of prominent 
citizens, among wliom were Henry C. Carey, Morton McMichael, \\'illiam D. 
Lewis, Daniel Dougherty, F.llis Lewis. Lewis C. Cassidy .-md Charles (iilpin, a 
meeting of citizens, irrespective of i)art\-. assembled to consider the questions of 
the hour and to api)eal to the South not to act impulsively nor to take any step 




(icA LKNOli AXIMII.W i'.. (IKON. 



273 



274 WARWICK S KICVSTOXE COM M( IX WICAI. T 1 1 . 

that wiiuld lead to a civil war; liiit. ii. itwitlistaiidiini' tlu-sc a])peals. South Carolina 
did not cliaiiyx' lit-r licllii;eri-iit attitudi' while her i)ai>ers teemed with treasonable 
utterances and her |)roniinent men defiantly assailed the jjolicy of the new 
fl'overnment and that L'nion Avhich had cost so much blood and treasure in her 
creation and preservatiim was at last threatened with disinle,G:ratiiin at the 
hands of her own sons. 

The time was rapidh- approachint,^ when Lincoln was to be inan^iirated and 
he set out frcmi his home t<i make a tnur of the I'.astern States on his way to 
A\'ashin,i;ton. lie reached Philadel])hia on ['"ebruary 2ist. He had been met by 
a cnmmittee of citizens at Trenton who escorted him ti.i the city. i'ublic excite- 
ment was so .<;-reat and part\- sjiirit ran so hiiih that i1 was feared the president- 
elect might be assassinated and ever_\ precaution was taken tn guard against so 
unfortunate an event. The very moment he entered the |)recincts of the city he 
was welcomed warmly, for Philadelphia was loyal to the core. The city was 
decorated with flags and bunting and an arch was thrown over Chestnut street 
which bore the words ■".Abraham Lincoln and the Wlmle Union." At night the 
houses were illuminated. The next day he was accompanied to the State House 
and rode in a liarouche drawn liy fniir wdiite horses which was preceded by a 
cavalcade. The sidew^alks were thronged with jieople who cheered him to the 
echo. 

.May 1 digress for a moment to give a little personal reminiscence? I was 
but a boy when Abraham Lincoln passed through this city on his way to the 
Cajiitol. 1 had endeavored to go to Independence Hall where he was to raise the 
Stars and Stripes, but. unfortunately, the streets were so crowded that I was 
unable to reach that localitv and 1 took mv place at the corner of Twelfth and 
Chestnut streets and waited for the i)rocession. I had never seen a President, 
and in anticipation was wrought up to a state of anxious curiosity. I had 
formed in my youthful mind an iilea of his a])pearance. Of course, it was all 
in imagination, but I exjiectecl to see a man of magnificent presence, something 
entirely out of the i>rdinary. In time, however, the procession reached our cor- 
ner and in a barouche stood a tall, black-haired, Ijlack-wdiiskered man, avvk- 
wardlv bowing to the cheering crowds that lined both sides of the street. He 
was so dilTcrent i)i appearance from what 1 had expected to see that I stood be- 
wildered and astonished in my disappointment, but when he turned in our direc- 
tion I was instantly impressed by the gentle, kindly face wdiich seemed so fath- 
erly and affectionate. Thank (lod. niy little cap was in the air and my voice 
helped in its childish strength to swell the chorus of his welcome. 

.After remaining for a sliort time in this city arrangements were made for 
him to contimie his journe}' to Washington. Information had been received that 
it was not safe to pass through lialtimore. for there was a conspiracy on foot 
against his life. Instead of taking the cars at the annoimced hour he secretly 
boarded a train on the niglit of the 2_'d. at I'.road and Prime streets, and. arriv- 
ing in Washington the next morning, took nj> his cpiarlers at Willard's Hotel. 

The South still continued defiant in its opposition and was deaf to every 
patriotic appeal. 'I'he temper of the North, too, began to change and aban- 
doned its spirit of conciliation. The question liad jiassed lieyond the limits of 
compromise. 



w Ain\ K k's keystone co.mmoxwealtii. 27s 

The Inauguration took place on .March the fnurth, and Lincohi's words 
rang through the nation when he pleaded fur the preservati< m of the L'nion. 
'''My countrvmen." he said, "one and all, thini< calmly and well upon this whole 
subject. Nothing valnahle can be lost by taking time. If there be any object 
to hurrv any of you in hot haste to a step which you would never take delib- 
erately, that object will be frustrated by taking time, but no good object can be 
frustrated hv it. * * * * In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, ami 
not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not 
assail \ou, \-ou can ha\-e no conflict without being y(jurselves aggressors. You 
have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the (iovermnent while I shall 
have the most solemn one to preserve, to protect and defend it. I am loath to 
close. \\'e are not enemies Ijut friends. \\"e must not he enemies. Tliough 
passion mav have strained it must nut break nur bijnds of affection. The 
mvstic chords of memor}' stretching from e\'ery battle field and patriot grave 
to every living heart and hearth-stone, all over this broad land, will yet swell 
the chorus of the l'nion when again ti.iuched, as snrel\- the\ will be, by the Iiet- 
ter angels of our nature." 

But this earnest appeal found no response but jeer■^ and derision. 

On April iJth fire was opened on Fort .^umter, which was in c<innnan(l of 
Major Anderson, and the first shells that flew across the harbor of Charleston, 
announced to the world that the war was fairly on. The President immedi- 
ateh' made a call for 75,000 troops for three mrmths' service and convened an 
e.xtra session of Congress. It was the general oi)inion of the people that the 
conflict would be of short duration. No one at that time thought it would ex- 
tend its drearv length to four long >ears of agonizing war, and. in fact, many 
of the enlisted troops entered upon the campaign as if it were a frolic, lint the 
people were soon brought to a realizing sense of what confronted them. The 
South seemed to have a contempt for the fighting (|ualities iif her brothers of 
the North and claimed that one .Southerner was worth three Yankees, and 
there was at the beginning of the ci)nflict, |xrhaps some reason for this pmud 
boast, because the .South was composed of farms and plantations and every 
bov was brought u]) to horseback riding and to the use of firearms. ("lame o'f 
all kinds abounded and field sports were indulged in from boyhood. In the 
North the employees in the factories, mills and shops were afforded no such 
training and most men knew about as nuich of a gun as the\- did id' a fiddle. 

When the news reached Philadelphia of the firing up<:)n Fort Sumter, the 
city was thrown into the greatest excitement, the streets were crowded with 
people and the bulletin boards were surrounded by .anxious inquirers, eager to 
receive everv piece of news. Crowds of men and bo\s. bearing the American 
flag, paraded through the streets and compelled all sns|)ected |)ersons to hang 
out the star> and strijjes. F.nlislment booths were soon opened in every sec- 
lion and the drum roll resounding through llu' streets made the cit\ sound like a 
military encam|)ment. Major ( ieneral I'.alterson was put in command o! all 
tin- i'enns\Iv;inia troojis while the 1 'hiladelphia brigailes were undi,-r the direc- 
tion of (ieneral C'ailwalader. .\s the trooj)s from other States arrived, an op- 
])ortunit\- was given for the kind offices of wijmen and there were estalilished 
two great refreshment saloons: one, "The I 'mon Volunteer," was situated at 



2-jt\ WARWICK S KEVSTONK COMMON' WEAI.TIJ. 

the C(iriKT of W'asliins^toii ami Delaware avenues, and the nther was the well 
kiKiwn "C.'ooiier Shop." Here many thousand soldiers during- the war were en- 
tertained and refreshed, and they had every reason tn remeniher with gratitude 
the kind attention they received from the women of i'hiladelphia who were as- 
sidnnn- in their eft'orts to pnn-ide refreshments for tired, hun.i^ry and dusty sol- 
diers. 

( )n the mornino; of April n^th. the .Sixth Massachusetts Regiment and 
.several companies of Philadelphia troops left this city for Washington. In all 
tlie\ numhered ahout i,8oo men. The train was composed of several sections 
and the Sixth i\Iassachusetts Regiment was the first to reach ISaltimorc. 
which citv was filled with Southern sympathizers. They were well uni- 
formed and i'(pii|>ped and in an aft'ray with the mob four of them were 
killed and thirt\ or forty wdund.ed. The soldiers returned fire and killed 
a inunher of citizens, then forcing their way at the point of the bayo- 
net, at last hoarded the train and started on their way South. The Penn- 
svlvania troops that were in the rear were not well uniformed or equipped, 
nianv of them being without arms of any kind. The mob which had grown 
greater in numbers opened fire and hurled volleys of stones against the un- 
armed Pennsylvania soldiers and it looked as if the latter would be over- 
whelmed. 'i"he authorities pleaded with them not to continue on their way, and 
after consultation it was decided to return to Philadelphia, which city they 
reached on the night of April 19th. This treatment of the soldiers who were 
ha.stening on their way to save the Capital, greatly exasperated the citizens and 
resulted in making many doubting men loyal to the L'nion cause. All sorts of 
rumors were put into circulation and it was said that an army of Baltimoreans 
were making preparations to invade Pennsylvania and to attempt the capture 
of this citv. The Councils at once appropriated a sum of money for the organ- 
ization of a home guard in order to avoid a recurrence of the Baltimore riot, 
tracks were laid around the city and the troops of the North after this were 
conveyed direct to Washington without being compelled to change cars and to 
pass on foot through the streets of ilaltimore. 

The assassination of Colonel Ellsworth, of the Xew York Zouaves, at 
Alexandria in N'irginia, was another e\ent that stirred the North to the very 
centre. When his body reached this city, it was carried through the streets 
from the P.altimore station to the Kensington depot and every head was uncov- 
ered as the cortege jjassed. 

Lieutenant (ireble, a member of the well known family of this city, was 
killed at the Battle of Big Bethel, and on June 12th his remains reached Phila- 
delphia, lie was given a state fimeral and impressive ceremonies took jjlace in 
Indejjendence Hall. 

The next step upon the part of the C.overninent was to raise money for 
the prosecuti<jn of the war and the authorities found in I'hiladelphia :i man 
who in evcrv wa\ was e(|ual to the emergency and whose name is as closely 
identified with the War of the Rebellion as was that of Robert Morris with the 
War of the ivevolution. During those day> when men's hearts failed and the 
future looked dark with disaster. Jay Cooke never for a moment despaired of 
the Republic and it w;i> due to the energy and confidence he inspired that the 



WARWICK S KKYSTONE COimOXWEALTH. 277 

loans were quickl\ marketed. The Drexel firm must also come in fur a sliare 
of this glor\'. 

While the armies were L^atherinu; in the field anil preparing fur the con- 
flict, great anxiety was felt in the North as to the outcome of the first liattle 
and the efifect it wiiuld have upim the issue. The hot-heads constaiith ur'^ed a 
fnrward movement and 1 m June 21st was fiaight the disastmus I'.altle nf Hull 
Run, in wdiich the Union Army was put to rout. Soldiers in a state of panic 
came pouring into Washington with all sorts of wild stories of the dreadful 
slaughter and disaster. The defeat, hnwcver, instead of disheartening the 
Xorth only aroused it to greater exertion, frir they now saw he lore them a task 
that would require all the efforts that eould lie made and all the resources upon 
which they could draw to bring it to an end. The Battle of liull Run taught 
the ( iovernment that the soldiers nnrst be better drilled, made UK.ire efficient, 
and placed under the command of more experienced iifficers. (ieneral Geo. 
r>. McClellan was urged by his friemls as the man for the hour. He was a son 
of the distinguished physician, Mr. ( ieorge AfcClellan, and was born in I'liila- 
delphia in 1826. He was educated at West Point, but abandoning a nulitary 
career, devoted himself to civil and railroad engineering. ,\t the outbreak of 
the Civil War he ofTered his services to the National Government and was 
given a connnand in western \'irginia, where he distinguished himself in sev- 
eral minor battles, for some reason or other he had obtained the reputati(Tn 
among his friends of being a great military officer, although he had never 
given any proof of his s|)ecial ability and had not shown an\- particular genius 
on tile field, in fact, he never bad had an opijortunity in actual warfare to show 
his prowess. Upon assuming his command ijf the Armv of the Potomac he 
endeared himself to the soUHers and they affectionately hailed him as "Little 
Afac." He too bad those cpialities that made him a popular idol among the 
])eople and he insjiireil great conlidetice throughout the countr\'. llis admirers 
lauded him to the skies, ranked him with the genius of Xapoleon and predicted 
for him an unijaralleled success. Upon bis arrixal in this cit\ .m his way ti:> 
Washington, be received a perfect ovation. Assuming command of the army 
he soon proved himself an able tactician and a great militarv engineer, but 
when it came to the (piestion of aggressive fighting qualities, he did not meet 
public expectations. The camj) was |iut in trim order ami in a samtrr.w coikH- 
tion. The soldiers were hourly drilled, defensive fortifications were erected, 
but no forward mo\eiiieiit was made. "All quiet on the Potomac" was the 
news that came from the ,-irni\ until it grew almost monotonous, "i )ii lo Rich- 
mond" was the cry, and the people, because of the long delay were growing iin- 
])atient and impetuous. Lincoln and .Stanton, the latter having sueceeded Cam- 
eron as Secretary of War, urged McClellan with all their might to go forth to 
battle, but his excuses were that his forces were insufficient and his suiiplies in- 
adequate and that under the circumstances it would be disastrous to begin an 
offensive movement. I)a\- by day, wt'ek li\ week, nioiitb li\ iiionih \Miit 1)\ .nid 
the eamj) was always busy in making jjreparations but seemed never readv to 
march, and at last I,incohi gave the command to the arm\ to move forward. 
I ln'U followed the nnsuccesslul peninsular campaign. Disease attacked the 
army and most of .McClellan's time was spent in fighting iii;daria rather th:m 



2/1^ wauwick's ki:vst()M'; (■o^r^ro^'\v^■.AI.TIl. 

tlu- enemy. Heavy rains cuniix'llcd the I'nidn Army to wade thrcniiih miicl and 
water. The Chickolioniine\' had overfiowed it> hanks and as the arm\ was on 
both si<k>s of the river it cnnkl not act to advantage. Lee and AlcClcUan en- 
gaged in a mnnljer of desperate liattk-s around i-vichmond which battles resn'.ted 
in the kiss to the L'nion troojjs of a great mnnher of guns and ])risoners. Tlie 
L'nion forces had l)een in the sight of Richmond but they were at last com- 
pelled to retreat to the James River and tu the defense of W'a.shington. The 
cam])aign h;id resulteil without any advantage to the Union cause. In .\ugnst. 
1862, Pope was defeated at the second Battle of I'till Rim. It was not a rejie- 
tition of the scenes incident to the first disastrous battle of that name for the 
Soldiers fell hack in com])arativel_\' good order. 

It was aboiU this time when the oinlook was so dark and ominou.s that the 
l'nion League was organized. It was a period of general gloom when even 
l)rave nien"s hearts failed. A niniiber of prominent citizens met at the resi- 
dence of lienjamin (ierhard. 22(1 South k'ourth street, on Xovember 15th. 1862. 
for the ])urpose of considering the (piestion a> to the organization of a loyal 
club Composed of ])rominent citizens to u])Iiold the hands of the Ciovernment at 
Washington. A week later the same gentlemen met at the home of George H. 
Ro'ker, 1720 \\'alnut street, and formed what was called a L'nion Club. The 
original nieml)ers were: Morton McMichael, Adolph E. .liorie. joint Meredith 
Read, Henry L'. Carey, William Henry Rawle, I'rederick Frale\. E. Spencer 
Miller, John Ashurst, Daniel Dougherty, I'airman R'igers, l-'erdinand J. Dreer, 
Clarence H. Clark, Ivlwin AI. Lewis, James L. Claghorn, William D. Lewis, J. 
1'.. Lip])incott, J. (lillingham Fell, A. J. .\ntelo, Thomas A. liiddle, John Rus- 
sell ^'oung, S. \". Merrick, Ceneral (jeorge Cadwalader, J. I. Clark Hare, Wil- 
liam .tellers, .\ljraham I'.arker, Dr. John 1". .Meigs, Horace P>inney, Jr., Jeiseph 
Harrison, Jr., and James W. i'aul. fhe next meeting was held at Dr. Meigs's 
house, 1 20 1 Walnut street, wdiere it was decided on December 27th, i8fi2, to 
call the club the "l'nion League" of Philadel])hia. i'he house at 11 18 Chotnnt 
street, foriiierly the residence of Mr. Kuhn, was selected as the headquarters 
for the clni), and William AL Meredith was chosen President, George H. P.oker, 
Secretar\', and George H. Claghorn, Treasurer. It was in no sense of the word 
a partisan organization for all men were called upon who were kjyal to the 
L'nion to become members of the organization. The only qualifications were 
lovaltx to the ( iovernment of the I'nited States and unwavering su])port of its 
efiforts for the suppressi(jn of the rebellion. It soon had on its roll a thousand 
members and sent oiu into the held no less than nine regiments, fully equipped. 
Following its exanii)le a ntnnber of like assneiations were formed throughout 
the coimtry. 

( )n September 17th, 18O2, wa^ fought the I'.attle of Anlietam. After a 
dreadful carnage Lee was com])elleil to withdraw, but McClellan, who was in 
command of the L'nion forces, did not follow (|uickly enough to satisfy the au- 
thorities at Washington and he was removed from his ctimmand. He was suc- 
ceeded by General I'lUrnside who suffered a signal defeat at the l'..-ittle of I'red- 
ericksburg on the Rai)paliannock and was comjielled to fall back on Washing- 
ton, (^iencral I looker was assigned the command, but after two days" liard 
fisrhtine at Chancellorsville was badlv beaten. k'ncouragcd bv his successes. 



WARWICK S KE\'ST(;)XK CUM >[0\ WKAI.T II. 2/9 

Lec endeavored to invade I'ennsslvania. He came dciwn tlie Slicnandriali val- 
lev with alidiit sevent\' tlinusand nun, cnissed tlie Potuniac in |une, il^'>,v i^nd 
it was liis intention to caiitnre I larrislinrj;, tlien. if successfnl, to march on to 
Philadelphia, but before these plans could be carried out he bad to meet the 
Union forces at Gettysburg;, under ( leneral .Meade, a native I Vim^x Kanian. 
and there was foUL,dit virtuallv the decisive battle of the war. The L'nion 
troops heretofore bad foujjbt on the soil of \'irginia : they were now on their 
native heath and in defense of their own hearthstones. The battle lasted for 
three davs. juh ist, _'d and 3d. In the lirst day of the battle the L'oiilederates 
sustained a repulse, on the second day Lee endeavored to cajjtnre "Little Round 
Top" but was driven back with heavy loss. This was followed by an attack on 
Gulp's Hill which the Gon federates succeeded in capturing; but which they were 
compelled soon to relinquish. So the battle raided, when, a^ a rtnal etiort. Lee 
ordered General I'ickett with a force of fifteen thousand nun to attack Gen- 
eral Hancock on Gemeter\ Rid^e. It was a bold, desperate coup and if it had 
been successful, no doubt the Gnion lines would have been broken and the army 
compelled to retreat. To reach the point of attack, Pickett had t(T march under 
a terrible fire, over a mile of open j^round. The Gnion cannon cut iL^reat 
gaps into the column of the advancing troops but the .gaps were immediatelx' 
filled up and the soldiers in close order held their line until they reached the 
Ridge. Silently, boldly the\- moved forward, depending upon the use of the 
bayonet when they shtiuld reach the enemy. Shot and shell |)lowe(l through 
their ranks, for the Gnion troops from ever}' direction centered their artillery 
upon the advancing C(jlunui. .\t last under this storm of terrible hre they 
reached the rising ground in front of the L'nion forces. Their column was 
still mtact and with fixed bayonet the\- charged up the slope and part of the 
Federal lines gave way InU the rest held their ground and hurled back the Gon- 
federate troops, defeated and dismayed. The charge had failed, the victory 
was won and from this point may be dated the preservation <if the Lbiion and 
the GonstitutifHi. The battle was fought on Pennsylvania soil, under the com- 
mand of a native Pentisylvanian, (leneral ( ieorge G. Meade, and Pickett's charge 
was repulsed by the corps under (leneral Hancock, another eminent Pennsyl- 
vania soldier. 

During the continuance of this battle, Philadelphia, as well may be imag- 
ined, w^as in a state of panic and excitement. Merchants packed up their goods 
for removal into the interior and those peo]ile who had places of refuge, made 
preparations to leave the town. The streets were crowded with the excited 
mobs and the bulletin boards gave out the news every hour of the day, for if 
any special information was received it was issued in the fm-m (jf an extra, 
and newsboys on1\ ,-idded to the general terror by crying out the "Latest." 
When at last official information reached this city that the Confederates bad 
met wdth defeat and were on a retreat to \'irginia, the peopK- could not coinain 
themselves. It was hard to realize after three da\s of such susjieusc that the 
enemy bad been finally re])ulsed, for indeed the people bad been so wrought up 
by the information from the field of battle, that they would not h;ive been sur- 
prised to bear that tln' arnu' of Lee was on its wa\ to 1 'biladelphi;i. It was the 
last :Utem]it to invade the Xorth and from this Ljreal cruci.al battle, fought 



28o WARWIClv's KEVSTOXE C(1M M().\ WlCAl. Til. 

on tlic siiil of I'c'iinsx Ivaiiia, nia\- be dated the hcginiiin;^ of ihc end of the- con- 
flict. I lad I.cc won that battle there is no telling what the resnlt niis^ht have 
ln-en. 

The next day was the I'ourth of Jnly. the nalional anniversarv nf Amer- 
ica's independence and it Sfoes without saying that the ennntry north of Ma- 
son's and Dixon's line snrrendered itself to general jubilation. 

Following this day of thanksgiving came a jieriod of sorrow and mourn- 
ing, for when the lists of dead and wounded were scanned there was hardly a 
household that had not sustained a loss. Thousands of wounded soldiers were 
hurried to the citv, and em[)iy halls, engine houses, churches, warehouses and 
other buildings were turned, temporarily, into hospitals. 

The glorious news of the capture of \'icksburg by (leneral (Irani, on tlie 
fourth of Jnly. reached this city on the "th. and the people once more W'ere 
wrought up to the highest state of enthusiasm notwithstanding the terrible loss 
that had been sustained in the Tnion armies. When the news reached the city 
of the fall of N'icksbnrg. the State House bell called the citizens to a meeting 
in Independence S(iuare. In .nnswer to this call, five hundred members of the 
I'niou League, preceded by a band, marehe<l to the State House. Here the 
Rev. Dr. Boardman made a prayer while all heads were uncovered, and at its 
conclusion, the band that had been placed o\erhead in the steeple of Indepen- 
dence Hall i)la\ed "( )1(| lliuidred." It was a most impressive scene; every 
heart was touched and a^ the voices joined in the singing of the old hymn 
there was hardly a dry eye to be seen. 

Peace was some distance ofT, for there were two more years yet to follow 
of terrible strife and the contest was to ebb and flow but t!ie decisive strokes 
at Gettvsburg and \'icksburg had been made and the result seemetl now to be 
oulv a question of time and endurance. 

The Presidential election in iSf>4 residted in the success of .\braham Lin- 
coln. He was nominated in June in the Reimblican Convention in I'.altimore. 
McClellan became a candidate of the Democratic ])arty in the Chicago Con- 
vention that was held in .\ugust and on a platform antagonistic to the policies 
of Lincoln's administration. ( Irant had been transferred from the West and 
had been given the command of the Army of the Potomac and had been pound- 
ing awav at Lee with his characteristic determination and resolution. In the 
summer of 1X04. the C(jnfederates made another effort to carry the war into 
Pennsylvania and bands of guerillas came so far north that they tore up rail- 
roads and cut the wires between Philadelphia and Washington. The fact 
was soon appreciated, however, that these were simply Ijands who were not act- 
ing with Lee's arm\- but were only sent North to induce CJrant to withdraw his 
pressure from the main body of the Confederates. During all this time the po- 
litical cam|)aign was bitterly contested and gave great anxiety to ihe loyal sup- 
l)orters of the Lincoln administration, but the result, ftjrtunately. was such as 
to encoiu-age the friends of the Luion, and the administration was urgeil to 
carry the war to an end. (irant's contest in X'irgiuia and Sheriuan's "March 
to the Sea" broke down the whole Ceinfederate deti.nse and at eleven o'clock 
on the morning of .\pril ,^1- i''^'^\S. ;i siui|)le di>i>aich reached Philadelphia an- 
nouncing th.e glad news that "Uichmond is ( )m-s." It was the end. The news 



Warwick's keystone commo.wveaeth. 281 

was placed in the form (jf a bulletin at a newspaper otfice nn Third >treet and 
spread like wild-tire thrdugh the city. Business was suspende<l. cheers rent 
the air, workmen threw down their tools and the children were dismissed from 
the schools: judges adjourned the courts, jurymen, witnesses and attorneys 
could imt restrain their exuberance and even the court rooms resounded with 
applause: flags were Hung to the breeze, processions of men and boys formed 
in line and paraded through the streets all directing their step,-, into the centre 
of the city and fire companies dashed ti) the scene, clanging their bells and 
blowing their whistles: the State House bell rang out the glad tidings and 
above all could be heard the booming of cannon. There had been exciting 
scenes in the past but the\' were as nothing cijmpared with the scenes incident 
to the fall of Richmond. The town went wild with, delight, strangers clasped 
hands and congratulated each other and men danced in the public highways. 
In a few days following, on Sunday, .\pril i;th, came the news of the surren- 
der of Lee's army and the scenes just descrilied were again repeated. 

(Jne of the most influential organizations created during the war was the 
Sanitarv Commission, which was founded in the year iSOi and did most impor- 
tant work in providing the biispital service. It was a national liody and had 
branches throughout the Xorthern States and raised large suni.> of money for 
the (iovernment to provide for the comfort of sick and woundcil soldiers. In 
Jinie, 1864, in Logan Square rd' this city, a great Central hair w.as held to aid 
the Commission in its work. Large buildings were erected covering the square 
in which articles of all kinds and descriptions were ofieretl for sale. Patriotic 
citizens gave contributions and all benevolent institutions aided in one way or 
another by gifts to make the fair a success. The ]irincipal liuilding was 540 
feet long and 60 feet wide. The ground covered liy all the buildings was about 
6,500 feet, making altogether a mile in length by 60 feet in width. The open- 
ing dav was a great event. The (governors of New Ierse\ and Delaware as 
well as Justices of the .'supreme Court, an<l the .Mayor of the city, took part in 
the opening ceremonies. John I'. Cresson, chairman of the committee on ar- 
rangements, formally transferred the buildings to the lion. John Welsh, chair- 
man of the E-xecutive Committee, which buildings were accepted in a most 
thoughtful and eloquent speech on behalf of the committee by one of the most 
distinguished lawyers of the countrv, Theodore Cuvler. llishop .Simpson had 
been delegated by Abraham Lincoln as his personal representati\"e. and to his 
care in turn the buildings were transferred to the National ( iovennnent. Mr. 
Lincoln with Mrs. Lincoln made a personal visit to the fair and upon that occa- 
sion the buildings were so crowded with enthusiastic citizens that the President 
had but little (jpixirtunity to examine the exhibits. The hair was most suc- 
cessfully conducted and yiebled in return over one million dollars. 

Just as daylight was beginning to break and people began to look into the 
future with hope, the countrv was siiddenh' shocked b\ the news of the death 
of President Lincoln, li was on the morning of Saturda\, .\pril 1 sih, that news 
of the assassination reached ibis city and the citizens were thi'own into ;i state 
(>{ consternation. I Living guided the vessel safely through llu' stoi'm, ,ind 
just as it was reaching port, the great captain was stricken down. No one who 
did not witness the scenes of that day can have any conception of the .sorrow 

18 



282 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 

expressed by the people. Men seemed to speak in a whisper, there was no feel- 
ing of anger or vindictiveness but only that depth of woe that could not find 
utterance nor expression in words. I\Ien upon the public streets who knew 
each other, would sti*]). clasp hands and while tears shushed from their eyes not 
being able to utter a word, would shake hands, part and go on their different 
ways. 

On Saturday afternoon, April 22d, the remains of Lincoln reached Phila- 
delphia on their way to Springfield. They were met at the Baltimore depot by 
military bodies and by a great procession of citizens. The tolling of bells and 
the booming of camion announced the arrival of the train and the hearse was 
escorted through the city to Independence Hall which it reached about eight 
o'clock. l'"rom ten o'clock until midnight those persons who were given tickets 
of admission were allowed to view the remains which lay in state in that his- 
toric building. The next day was Sunday and the hall was thrown open to the 
general public. As early as four o'clock in the morning the streets were crowded 
and the line extended almost to the Schuylkill River. The doors, however, 
were not opened until six o'clock and it was midnight before they were closed. 
I remember distinctly the event and took my place in the line at an early hour 
in the morning in the neighborhood of Broad street and it was long past noon 
before I reached the hall. The streets on all sides were crowded with people 
anxious to get an entrance to look upon the face of the man whom they now all 
loved. Early the next morning before daylight, the body was again carried to 
the funeral car and the cortege proceeded on its way to New York. 

Troops now began to pour into the city on their way home and the scenes 
at times were most exciting and the welcome given most sincere. The "Cooper 
Sho]i," the refreshment saloon, which was still conducted by patriiitic women, 
furnished refreshments to the returning soldiers and, it is computed that during 
the continuance of its history it furnished food and refreshments to over 600,000 
troops. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

I'KOliRF.SS AI'lER lllE WAR. SOCIETY. SP.\RRO\VS. SillTIl's l.SLANl). N'OTED 

CHARACTERS. 

IAQIKDI.XTP-LY aftiT the wai' ^|)(_L-ulatiiin ran rife in cvcrx direction. 
Railroads were built and enterprises of all kinds were fostere<l and the 
country entered upun what it sn])])osed was to be a great era (jf pros- 
perity. 

.Andrew Jiihnson, whn was President bv reason of the death of Lincoln, 
had fallen out with the leaders of his jiarty and had undertaken to carry out a 
canipaisjn of conciliation which gave great offense to the radical men of the 
country. 

After the declaration of peace, a million men who composed the armies 
of the rebellion, threw down their arms and returned to their former pursuits 
and many timid people feared that this vast bodv of men suddenh- released from 
military service would bring about perilous times, but without an_\- shock or dis- 
turbance, men returned to their vocations without creating a crisis. 

In 1869 Grant came to the Presidency. He was not a statesman in the 
broad sense of the term and was apt to place too much contidence in men who 
were not worthy of his trust. A uu.mber of scandals, notably the Credit AIo- 
bilier and ISelknap's disgrace, subjected his administration to severe condemna- 
tion. The great soldier, however, had won the love and confidence of the peo- 
ple by his great accomplishments and they overli;>oke'l and forgave his mistakes 
and relieved him, personally, of any responsibilities. The disastrous failure of 
Jay Cooke & Coni])any threw the money market into a jjanic. I lank- closed 
their doors and firm after firm was compelled to suspend. The .\ew N'ork 
Stock Exchange remained closed for upwards of a week and it was sometime 
before confidence was again restored. 

Philadelphia, immediately after the war, returned to the rowdxism thai 
prevailed jjrior to i860. Ahmicipal offices were doled (Jiit b\- the bosses and 
elections were scenes of the wildest disrrrder. Party spirit ran high and it was 
bitter. Daniel M. Fox was elected Mayor of the cit\-, and the police foiw be- 
came a scandal. Xow appeared u|)on the scene men who .-irrogated unto them- 
selves great political ])ower. It was believed by .all C(.inser\-;Uive citizens that 
the time had come when ]>o!itical reforms had to be in.auguratt'd, anil ;imong 
these reforms, the first was the re-organization of the tire dep.arimenl. \ olun- 
tear firemen opposed the mo\emenl with all their might, for the tire house in 
every section of the city had Ijeconie an iustitnliou ; it was in ilie n.iture of a 
club house, a general rendezvous where nun met .and loungi-d and enjo\ed 
their leisure. Many of the lire house- had liandsoineK' fm-nished sitting rooms 
on the second floor, where cards and other games of chance were indidged in, 
and on the third floor were the binik rooms, so called, where beds were pro- 
vided for those wlio desirerl to stay on guard to answer a call of fire during 

283 



284 wakwk'k's Ki:\srnxE co.mmoxwkai.tii. 

the night. In many IncaHtics tlic intlucncc <>{ llie tirf-liousL- was dcniorahzing. 
When the liill came np in L'onnciis, W'ilham S. Stoi<lL-y was the i)rcsiding offi- 
cer of the common chamber and he anmrnnced hianself strongly in favor of the 
estabhshnient of a paid tire tleiiartnient. lie was threatened with all sorts of 
violence, bnt he never hesitated in urging the passage of the bill, and on the ilay 
of its consideration the galleries of the Cdimcil chamber were crowded with 
roughs, who in every way endeavored to intimidate those members who were 
in favor of the reform. The pavements in front of the State House, where 
Councils met at that time, were aKo crowded and it required great courage to 
meet .so foriiuidable an op[)ositi(_)n. When the vote was ])ut it was carried in 
favor of a i)aid hre dei)artment and the days of a \dluntecT fireman were at an 
end. 

We have traced the history of I'hiladelpliia through her varied career. 
As a settlement she had been tolerant and liberal and in many resjjccts had out- 
strippid, in ])rogress, her sister colonies. h"or many years she had been the 
leading commercial city on the continent: her merchants had a world-wide 
reptttation ; for some titne she had been the largest in ])o]julation. and by all 
o(hN the wealthiest. Her merchant marine whitened every sea and rode at 
anchor in everv port. l"or soiue tijne she had been not oidy the leading city 
but the capital of the Ke])ublic. L'n fortunately, however, she did not main- 
tain her supremacy, and allhough one of the principal cities of the nation to- 
dav, she is not the first as she was once in commerce, wealth and ])opulation. 
She lost her prestige and supremacy in these particulars and to-day is the 
third in po])nlation and far in the rear in coiumerce. it is hard to account 
for these changes for while she ha^ lost her suiiremacy in .some directions she 
has won and gained it in others and is at this time the leading manufacturing 
citv on the continent. Philadelphia is fre(|uently com|)ared with other cities 
and is criticised because of her slowness. These reflection.- upon her are not 
true and we do an injustice to our own when we admit without argument the 
verit\- of these statements. We lack in this city, in a great tueasiire, civic pride 
and we ])alientlv submit to aiherse criticism, in iilher words we do not boom 
our town as do the citizens of other large muiucipalities. .\'ew York, Chicago 
and Boston never tire of dwi-Uing u|)oii their advantages. There was a time 
when we were all getting into a fault-finding condition, bm I am glad to .see 
that there is a change in this matter and that the citizens Itave l;iken on a new 
lease of life. Chicagoans often ajjpear almost groti'si|ue in their e-xaggera- 
tioiis and boastfulness, while .liostonians never tire of lauding their own. If 
thev have a librar\- it is the best: if they have a building of historical ititerest, it 
is the greatest in their o])inion ; tlieir colleges, their preachers, their orators, 
their men of letters, surpass all others. .\ow, this is the proper s])irit to evince. 
( )ur cit\' needs no apologists and when defamed she should not want for brave 
defenders. We are not a slow or non-progressive peopli", although half the 
time we admit the truth of the assertion by a cowardly silence in the presence 
of those cheaj) wits who delight to slur its. It is singularly true that we are 
lacking in adecpiate ap])reciation of oiu' city. There must be a rea.-on for our 
luodest}' in tin- matter, and it cinues no doubt froiu the Quaker intluence that 
])revaik-(l in the early days of the city and state. The Ouaker was a non-resis- 



wauwick's keystone C0M^^o^'\vl■;ALT^. 285 

tent : he avoided antagonisms ; lu- was silent under criticism and did not have 
those fighting- qualities that draw the sword in defense. The (Quaker was not 
given til show, to vain hriastings. to arrogance or tn self assertion and these 
influences permeated our lives and it is owing to this feature of our character, 
that patiently having suliniitted to abuse, the assailant takes it for granted that 
there is no answer to hi> comment. ( )ur own smug self-satisfaction, has been 
taken as an acknowledgment of the truth of the criticisms. 

No history of Philadeli)hia would be complete without a consideration of 
her social life, or what may he called her fashionable life. Society is e.xclusive 
in the extreme. So exclusive is it that its votaries live in a prescribed section 
and n.ever venture beyond its limits in the discharge of anv social dut\-. The 
fashionable social locality is bound on the east by "Hell's Half Acre." on the 
west by a locality' bordering on the .Schuylkill Kiver known as the "(_iut," on 
the north by .Market street and on the south b\- Lombard. There arc a few 
localities extending to the eastward where the votaries of society may still 
linger, for instance among the old homesteads on Tbinl and l'"(nn'th streets, 
but the above locality virtually contains the social circle, although it nuist not 
be ciinsidered for a moment that all within this exclusive circle belongs to the 
social set. A fashionable lady found outside these limits cm a visiting ti:>ur 
would, no doubt, lie subjected to investigation or at least, to an inquirx-. No 
fashionable lady's visiting circle extends beyond these limits. The chosen spot 
of this social circle is Rittenhouse Square, one of the lieautifnl and picturesque 
places of the city. Philadelphia has not a residentird quarter like the .Back 
Bay in I'.oston. Fifth -\veiuie in New York. luiclid or Prospect .\venue in 
Cleveland or Rhode Island Avenue in Washington. Here all fashionables are 
crowded within the limits described but in these other cities a man may change 
or occupy a location other than within a prescribed limit without losing his 
social prominence. Philailelphia i> not wanting in beautiful residences but 
they are to be found, not within the city limits, but in the suburbs, and in this 
respect she will compare favorably with an\- city in the world, liroad Street 
is the natural Fifth A\enue of Philadelphia, and not mau\- vears ago. Mr. 
Widener and Mr. Elkins. two wealthy citizens, built at Proad street and (lirard 
avenue two magnificent, palatial residences of brown stone, no doubt hoping 
to make Proad street a leading residential highway, but. if that was their pur- 
I)ose they met with no success for the two houses which they built are to-day 
use<l. one as a library and the other as a hotel. Not long since wdien Mr. 
llamnierstein built the .Metropolitan ( )pera House at the corner of liroad and 
Po])lar streets, it was a grave question beloi\> the opening night whether the 
fashionables would stray so far from home. The attraction was too great, 
however, and they crowded the o])era in nmnbers. .Man\ of iheni who had 
never been north of .Market street no doubt were sur|)rised to find tb.it the 
opera bouse was not in the woods and tlie I'itizens who resided in thai localit\' 
li\ed in subst.autial and baiKpomi' homes. 

Philadelphia is the greatest city in the counir\ in so far as historical recol- 
lections and associations are ciincerned. It is here the second t'onlineiital Con- 
gress met. the Declaration of Indc-peudeuci' w.is signed and the Constitution 
of the Culled Stales was established. It was the centre of the conllici wlien 



286 Warwick's kevstcine commoxwealtii. 

llic AnuTican Iroujis weru (|uarti.-r(.-(l in \':illcy Forge. It was licre llie l\c]mb- 
lic was established. It was here Washington was inaugurated and took the 
oath of office as President of the I'nited States. It was witliin her borders at 
(iettysburg that the hosts of the rebellinn were turned baci< and i,ee compelled 
ti> abandon his project of northern invasion. .Mthough one of the \i>ungest of 
the Colonies in the matter of the date of settlement, she was the most tolerant 
and liberal in her rule. Religious liberty was the law of the land and at a 
tinif when .Massachusetts and several other colonies had statutes on their 
b(K)ks wdiich [nmished heres}' with death ; at a time wlien in b'ngland there 
were over two hundred capital offenses and when the books of Massachusetts 
bore about the same number of cases. 

Prison reforms were early considered and humane care given to the in- 
mates of hospitals. Roger Williams and .\nn Hutchinson who suffered perse- 
cution w<iul(l have found an atmosphere of toleration ami a refuge in I'emisyl- 
vania. 

Science, loo, furnished at an early date I'ranklin and Ritlenlinuse, two 
of the leading ])hilosiii)hers of their age. and in their rank we m;iy place Thunias 
(jodfre>-. l'enns\lvania may claim Alexander Wilson, John I'.artram, and al- 
though .\udubou was liorn in Louisiana, his best work was done in Pennsyl- 
vania and nuich of the work done by Thomas Xuttall in his study of .X'ortli 
American silva was compiled in this city. Joseph Priestly, tlu- discoverer of 
oxygen, who was compelled to flee from persecution, found a refuge here in 
Penns\lvania. Philadelphia, too, was the centre of medical science and Dr. 
Kane, the great Arctic explorer, was a native of Philadelphia and made this 
alwa\s his home. Institutions of science and learning were early established, 
notably the I'ranklin Institution. Ship building early became a leading indus- 
trv and Roach's \ards at Chester and Craui]i's at Philadelphia turned out 
some of the largest vessels of the day, and tlie Baldwin Locomotive Works, es- 
tablished in 1829, gradually grew to l)e the largest locomotive works of its 
kind in the world. 

Phila<lel]')hia is one of the greatC'^t industrial centres in the world and the 
greatest home connnunit\. In no city are the people so well housed, not in 
tenement houses but in dwellings that truly may be called homes, where a man 
after his dav's labor will close the door of his house on the world antl retire 
within its sacred precincts to enjoy the seclusion, comforts and convenience 
of a home. It has no East Side with its clumsy and filthy tenements. F.very 
opportunitv is given to the thrifty, indu--tric)us man to be the owner of his 
dwelling. Puilding and loan associations help to house him anil give him thai 
independence that a man enjoys who has a title to his dwelling. 

A great annoxance amounting almost to a i>est, was the annual appear- 
ance, in the summer time, of what was called the measuring worm. There 
were m.anv trees in Philadelphia in the streets and ])ublic s(|u;ires and they 
were all filled with these worms. They would average about an inch in 
length and in their bodies they are about the width of an angle worm. The\ 
were filled with a green li(|uid. They descended upon a web which reached 
from the branches of the trees to the pavement below. There were millions 
and millions in number and when crushed under foot by passers-by, formed a 



Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 287 

slippery surface and at times it was ditticult for pedestrians to avoid falling. 
They would alight in their descent upon the hat or clothing of the i)assers-by 
and nianv men as well as women carried umbrellas as a protection against 
them. Everv device and remedy was resorted to, to get rid of them and at 
last it was suggested that the English sparrow be introduced, which sugges- 
tion was adopted and in a short time the worn.is entirely disappeared. It was 
a case of clear extermination. Some people have regretted that sncli a remedy 
was introduced, for the belligerent English birds have driven out all the songs- 
ters and beautiful little birds that swarmed in our Squares ; Imt as l)et\\ecn the 
absence of the song birds and the presence of the worms, those |>eojilc who 
knew what a pest the latter had become, would gladly favor the change. 

In the late si.xties Philadelphia hail not thoroughly awakeneil to her com- 
mercial and industrial possibilities and the city still preserved the old-time 
quiet atmosphere which has since been replaced by the bustle and activity of an 
aroused determination. The streets lying adjacent to the Delaware River, in 
the district between \"ine and South streets were still occupied with stores and 
warehouses of merchants who were contemporaneous with Stephen Ciirard ; 
and Walnut street wharf was yet the docking place of the famous Cope line of 
huge wooden vessels that plied between Philadelphia and foreign ports, while 
the entire river front was filled with brigs and barques whose conspicuous 
figure heads faced the roadway while their huge bowsprits extended across 
the street, almost to the house line on the western side. This gave to the city 
an appearance of great maritime activity and the superseding of this style of 
water craft was a source of keen regret to the people of that period. The old 
East Indian merchant in the dark office of his huge warehouse, was still exist- 
ent and the musty, tar-smelling stores of the ship chandler were largely in 
evidence. The Pennsylvania Railroad had not at that time absorbed the New 
Jersey railroads and at the foot of Walnut street stood liloodgood's Hotel, at 
which the passengers of the Camden and .\niboy Railroad, a corporation that 
was said at the time to rule New Jersey's Legislature and Courts with an iron 
hand, were landed from the ferry boats "States Rights" and "Fashion." 

Smith's Island, a famous resort in those days, was in the middle of the 
river off Market and Chestnut streets, and two cockle-shell steamers of small 
capacity and with the wheels in the centre, bore the bibulously inclined ti) a 
spot where cool breezes and cold beer were the attractions. The winters at lliis 
time seemed much more severe than in later years and the Delaware was fre- 
quently frozen over. The ferry between Market street and I'ederal street, Cam- 
den, was of a primitive type and many a worker spent the night on the old ferry- 
boats "Dido" and "Mary," which were frequently ice bound and powerless to 
move in any direction. Many old families still occupied the residences on lower 
Walnut, Pine, Spruce, and the cross streets fr(jm Seventh street east, and it was 
years afterwards before the influx of foreigners drove them westward. I'or a 
long time the "Row," by which name the group of buildings adjoining Indepen- 
dence Hall was known, had been deemed inadequate for the needs of ihe cilv's 
official business and a movement was started to erect a suitable .Munii'ipal lluiid- 
ing. After this had been determined iq)on the (|uestion of a site caused an (almost 
endless discussion. Some wanted it erected in Independence Scjuarc while others 



288 Warwick's kkvstonk com.moxwkai.tii. 

favored Washington Square and many favored llie intersection of Broad and 
Market streets, which was known as Centre Sc|uares and was a spot of histnrical 
interest. The matter was finally submitted to popular vote and the present li ►ca- 
tion was chosen, (ironnd was broken for the new edifice August lO. 1871. and 
the cornerstone was laid July 4. 1874. .\ commission appointed by Act of the 
State Legislature superintended the construction and it was over a quarter of a 
century liefore the Hall was turned over to the city. It cost over $26,000,000 and 
at the present time manv people advocate its alteration or complete demolition, 
claiming that it was a stupendous error o( the original projectors to block ofl 
two of the most important streets in the city with the huge pile, which ha> been 
completelv dwarfed and hedged in by sky-scrapers, whose sites, they contend, 
should have been acipiired \ears ago as a jtlaza in order that the costly building 
could have a proper setting. 

( )n the same day that the cornerstone of the City Hall was laid, 
ground was l>roken for the Imildings of the Centennial Exposition. This 
was the first exhibition of magnitude ever attempted in this country and 
the citizens of I'hiladeliihia assvmied the responsibility and ])ledged the money 
necessarv to erect the buildings and ])ay the running expenses. Congress ajjpro- 
priated $1,500,000. but the Supreme Court decided this was only a loan and it 
had to be returned. The Exposition was o])ened by President Grant on May 10, 
1876. Over 100.000 people witnessed the oi)ening exercises. Theodore Thomas' 
Orchestra rendered Richard Wagner's "Centennial Inauguration March." and a 
grand chorus sang Whittier's "Centennial Hymn." During the six months of the 
Exposition's continuance, the city presented a decidedl\ gala ajipearance. \'isi- 
tors from every quarter of the globe were present and the many-colored cos- 
tmnes of the dift'erent nationalities were a constant source of interest and gave 
the cit\- a decided cosmopolitan aj^pearance. Many conventions were held in the 
city during this period and "State Days" were inaugurated to swell the attend- 
ance at the Exposition. "I'ennsylvania Day" was the largest of these, the attend- 
ance being 275.000. The eft'ect of the Exposition was to greatly increase our ex- 
])ort trade and to give a wonderful impetus to the study of the arts of design. 

The State House liell which took the place of the l.ibertx liell. was hung in 
t'.ie tower of Independence Hall in 1875 and was tir-t rung on January 1. 1876. to 
usher in tlu' Centennial year. It was cast from cojjper and tin fused with metal 
from four historic cannon, tw<i that had been used in the battle of ."Saratoga 
b\- the opposing forces and two used by tlie conllicting armies at the l)att!e of 
( leltNsburg. ( )n .May 15. 1877. ['resident (Irant left I 'liiladelphia on his famous 
tri|) around the world and was .given a farewell reception in Independence Hall. 
On December 16, 187Q, he returned and a procession that mnubered 40,000 met 
and escorted him to his hotel. In the summer of 1877. labor disturbances 
among railroad em]ilovees began in dift'erent parts of the .State and these cul- 
minated in scenes of riot and bloodshed in I'ittsburgh and Philadelphia. Promjjt 
action b\ the militia su|>i)ressed those in the western section of the State and 
the police, aided b\ a detail of marines and regulars, restored peace in Phila- 
deli)hia. b'ollowing the Centennial, Philadeliihia made rapid progress in trans- 
jiorlation, manufacturing and building. The P.altimore and ( )hio Railroad se- 
cured entrance into tlie city and the Philadelphia and Reading l^ailroad ac- 



Warwick's K^:^•ST()^•I^ com-Mun'wi^vlth. 289 

(|nirc(l the IhhiikI llrook road which gave it a direct route to New York ('ity. 
Tile rennsvlvania Raih'oad Company purchased a cnntrolhng interest in the 
riiiladelphia, W'ilniingtnn and Baltimore line and the liandsonie terminals of 
the twii last named C(im])anies were erected. In iJ^S^, the "lUilhtt Hill" was 
passed by the Legislature and became etTective April i, 1887. V>\ this charter 
the Ma\or's term was exteniled U> Imu- years and the office was endowed with 
mure power and dignitv. Re-election was proliiljited. The twenty-five separ- 
ate bureaus existing befure the passage ni the bill, were consolidated and nine 
new departments were created. The new liill legislated the Gas Trustees out of 
office and placed the lighting of the cit\ in the han<ls of the Department of 
Public Works. The Sinking h'tuid remained as it was and councils continued 
in two branches as before, Imt with much diminislie<i powers, i )n January k^, 
1886, the Committee of 1 )ne llund.red, which had lieen organized to opjiose the 
re-election of Mayor Stokle\ , was disbandeil. It liad succeeded in electing 
Samuel C,. King, .M.ivor and John Hunter to the office of Receiver ot Taxes, 
and belie\ing that the "Ihillitt Ihll" would remedy the conditions for which it 
had bien fighting, it ceased to exist. ihe spirit of progress that had com- 
menced with the starting of the new Cit\' Hall and the launching of the Cen- 
teiniial K-\position, continued. \'ast improvements along all lines were started. 
Chrysalis-like the city was emerging and the change was marked. Xew Ijuild- 
ings were .going up in every section. The "sky-scraper" had made its appear- 
ance and tlie lawyers wh(.) had offices in pri\-ate dwellings adjacent to the State 
House and the old Courts, were pre|iaring to mo\e westward. I'.road and 
Cliestnut, Walnut and .\rcli streets w^ere looke<l u|)ii)i as the future centres of 
Inisiness activit\- and a scramble for offices in incompleted buildings ensued. 
The city was changing and the metamorphosis was great. In the outer sec- 
tions the staid brick dwellings with white marble stejjs, that had given Riiila- 
delphia the name of the "red belt" were being supplanted 1)V houses of fawn- 
colored liricks and limestone, with porches of ornate design, which in addition 
to furnishing slieltered breatliing spots, were made beautiful by box-gardens 
of attractive plants. The University of I'eiinsylvania had removed to West 
Philadelphia and its former site was occupied by the imiiosing Post C)ffice Iniild- 
ing. Numerous churches of the various denominations were built in ever\ 
section while mills were erected on the vacant acreage from the n()rtli city line 
to Darby Creek. It was an era of pros])erit\ and it was hard to recognize the 
old cit\, not only architecturali)". but in the man\ characteristics for which it 
had been famous. 

The old "Hot-corn" woman hail departed along with the \ender of 
" I 'e])per\-i)ot." The old fish wnman who carried a green tray upon her 
lie.id and cried her wares in a shrill falsetto voice was missing as was the 
itinerant seller of tea-berries and the antii|uated negro who \-ended clanis from 
tin cans, carried in each hand, .\notlier class that had dis;i]i])i'ared from the 
.Ur.ets were the mildly insane men and w nuen ;uid tliosi- with exaggerated ec- 
centricities who attracted the .altenliou of all \isitoi-s. These were cliaracters 
like "Crazv .\'or;ih" and "Crazy K.ite." The latter carried :i |)ortfolio of 
scraps of paper which she ima.giiied were deeds of the entire city and ;il stated 
intervals she a])pearcd at the various city offices and denianikd her rights. 



290 WAKWKK S KKVSTONK COM M OX WKALTl I . 

Then there was "Steamboat Frank" who threshed his arms Uke a paddle wheel 
as he walked and latterly the "Corn Doctor," whose dress was made conspicu- 
()us bv a variet\- of colors and iinineruus buttons which were sewn on his hat, 
across the front of his coat, upon his cuffs and pants bottoms, givin<^ him the 
appearance of a Coster of the most prominent type. All of these have t:;one and 
those who have endeavored to emulate them have been cared for in retreats 
provided for that purpose. Tlie city had come into its own. It was a place of 
bustling- activity and had not time or inclination to stand among gazing crowds 
and be amused l.)v the eccentricities of these characters. 



CHAPTER XXVIIl. 

INTRODUCTION OV ELECTRIC I.ICHl AND TELEPHONE. BI-CENTENNIAL OF THE 
FOUNDING OF GERMANTOWX. T.LIZZARD OF l8S8. VISIT OF LI HUNG CHANG. 
ERECTION OF PHlLAUELrlHA BOURSE. DICDICAITON OF \VASHINGT(JN MONU- 
MENT. I'EAli-: JUl'.lLEE Cin.I'.r.RATIOX. (ITV GOVERNMENT'S REMOX'AL TO 
NEW CITY HALL. 

Till", introduction of electricity was a great aid in the development of 
the city where over a century before Ilenjamin Franklin had de- 
monstrated its existence without realizing its possibilities. The first 
telephone was demonstrated at the Centennial Exhibition and the 
first exchange was ojiened in 1878, but it was a long time before the telephone 
became a business and social necessity. People regarded it as a t<iy and were 
hard to crin\ince that it had large ciniiniercial possibilities. As its value became 
known several companies entered the local field and long litigatirm followed be- 
fore the Hell patents were upheld by the courts and the i>ther companies com- 
pelled to quit operations. A year later the first deninnstration of electric light- 
ing was given in the store of John Wananiaker. and, in 1881, Chestnut street 
was lighted from the Delaware River to the Schuylkill by Thomas Dolan, who 
had til agree to remove tlie lights if unsatisfactor\' after a test, before he was 
allowed to install them. In 1884, an electrical exhibition was held under the 
auspices of the Franklin Institute and the value of electricity being thoroug'hly 
demonstrated, the people welcomed any project where the energy was used anil 
the electrification of the street railways scuim followed. The application of elec- 
tricity to street car propulsion brought opposition from the same class of ]>eo- 
ple who opposed the introduction of gas. They were man\- who contended that 
the overhead trolley wires would be a constant menace. They thought the 
snow and sleet would break them in winter and constantly jeopardize life. 
CHhers contended that the w-ires would never stand the climatic changes and 
would snap through contraction in cold weather. Many of the older people 
claimed that the attempt to utilize electricity was harnessing an energ\- in oppo- 
sition to nature and that a general disturbance of weather conditions would re- 
sult in all manner of terrible horrors. When the\- eventualK found what an 
obedient and helpful force electricity had come to be, all opi)osition was with- 
drawn. 

The bi-centennial <if the founding of ( lermaiUmvn was celebrated October 
6th, 1882, with elaborate ceremonies, and during the week of C)ctiiber 22-27 ''^^ 
bi-centcnnial celebration of the landing of William I 'enn was held. The active 
particiiiants who represented thr fonnder .-uid other celebrated men of that d:i\- 
came up the Delaware from Chester and landing at the I'lliie Anchoi- t.i\ern 
gave an interesting' jXirtrayal of the scenes that marked renn's first arrival. .\ 
noteworthy (Kirt of the proeeedings \v;is the reniii\al of tlic Willi.uu I'enn's 

291 



292 U AKWK k's KICVSTONE COM MON WKALl II. 

cottage, the first brick house built in this state, from its original location on 
Letitia street, near Second and Market streets to i*"airnionnt I'ark. 

.Manv of the business an<l ci ininiercial interests were L;raihially working west- 
ward frinn the Delaware l\iver and the government recognizing this change 
reniDNcd the ( leneral I'ostoflice in 1884 from Chestiuu street below Fitth to the 
new building at Xiiuh and L'hestuut. The Pennsylvania Railroad statiim at 
liroad and Market streets was fdrmally opened in 1883 and trains of the entire 
svsteni brought passengers from every ])oint of the country to the very heart of 
the city. 

I )u March u. 1888, i>ne "i the greatest blizzards of the century cKCurred. 
It was general in its scnpi- and did great damage throughout the entire country, 
in this cit\' business was cnmplclcly paralyzed. 1 he railrnads were tuiable to 
remove a train fur se\cr;d da\ s while the street car tratiic was ciim]>letely sto])- 
|)ed tiir a lung peiiud. 

Alwavs tlu- iiriginatcir and leadi'r in matters pertaining tn meilical science, 
I'hiladelphia wa^ the tirst Id ha\-e an lu>titule df .\natomy. This was ui.ade 
])ossil)le b\ the W'ister l-'.ndowmcnt tn the L'niver,>it\ nf I 'ennsylvaiua and in 
l8<)2. this useful and necessary school, the first of its kind in tile wnrld. was 
fiilUliled. 

In 181)3. the Reading Railmad l'(im])any. which hail fur ;i long time lieen 
endeavoring to reach the centre of the city, formally opened the Reading '["er- 
miual. .-lud the two great trunk Hues reaching the main business street, near the 
(,'it\ 1 lall. were a great convenience to travellers. 

( )ne of the noteworthy events during the year i8()5 was the visit of Li 
llnng Chang. \ iceroy of China and his suite U< 1 'hil.idelphia. As personal re])- 
resentative of the Iunper(>r of that country he had come tii .\inerica to investi- 
gate ihe institutions of the Western hemisphere with the idea of iust.alling mod- 
ern methods into ihe efi'ite ICast. He had special instructions to visit C'ramp"s 
shi]) \ard, but through some error in the plans of reception, he was unable to 
view that great industrial plant. Ualdwiu's Locomotive Works were also given 
the go b\ because the illustrious guest would not forego his afternoon tea in 
order te> visit the establishment. Thus was lost to China a personal knowledge 
of two great industrial works of the world. l)cs])itc these breaks in the pro- 
gr.-nnme Li llung (h.iug ^ri-atly enjo\ed his visit. lie was accorded v\vrv 
honor bv the cit\' otficials and the prominent gentlemen who had been selected 
to receive him, and left the city with the highest opinion of its hospitality and 
the greatest respi'Ct for its instilutions and industries. 

The s.inie \ear marki-d an epoch in the city's connnercial history. This was 
the opening of the I'hiladelphia llourse which was erected on the site of the old 
l-'ifth .Street .\l;irket. The liourse. the only one in America and the largest in 
the world, was the creation of ( ieorge L. Lai'tol. who ;ifler \isitiug all the 
I'.ourses of h'.urope organized a conipan\ for the erection ol a building to shel- 
ter all the exchanges of the city. While the original plan w;is not consum- 
mated several of the exchanges now iise the building. The upper floc)rs are 
used for otfice [)urposes and the liasemeiu for machinery displays and it has 
come to be one of the l)nsit'st m.arts in the entire country. 

The dedication of tl'e Washington Monument brought I'resiilenl McKinlev 



Warwick's ke'istuxe commonwealth. 293 

to the cit\' when that handsdiiic shaft was uineileil at tlic ( irccn street entrance 
to Fairniciunt I'ark, ami he was alsi.i present at the ileihcation cif the ( irant 
Monument, lioth tliese occasions were notable events in the city's history and 
the lar^e CTatherinq-s demonstrated the love for the President who was renomi- 
nated at the first Xatinnal Repnlilican Convention held here in anany years. That 
coiu'ention. it niis;ht he said, made Theodore Roosevelt an international charac- 
ter, lie had l)een discredited h\' the controllino;' political powers in his own 
state, but had developed a strength thai his opponents could not ignore. It was 
deemed expedient In them to give him the second place on the national ticket, 
the belief, based on pre\ious experience, being that a man consigned to the, 
\'ice-]3residency, was \irtuall\- relegated to obscurity, as few of the incumlients 
of the office were heard of during their term ami never afterwards. The un- 
fortunate death of 1 'resident Alcl\inle\ brought K(.iosevelt to the Presidency, 
however, and he ifuicklv ujiset precedent, and was nominated and elected to suc- 
ceed himself four years later. 

Speaking of the visit of President .McKinley, recalls the visit of President 
Cleveland tci this city, lie had come to Philadelphia to particijiate in a cele- 
bration and was afterwards given a reception at the Lit\ Hall. The room.s 
ihen occupied Ijy the liuilding Commission, now used by the Recorder of Deeds, 
had been set aside for the pnr|)ose and the long lir.e of people who had come to 
shake the distinguished visitor's hand entered li\- the door leading from the 
Broad street corridor and the e.xit was b\- ;i teni|)orar\' stairw;u' placed at one 
of the windows opening on South Penn Si|nare. 'fhe usual greetings, sedate and 
dignified, were given the President as each visitor grasped his hand. Init it re- 
mained for a red-haired woman of large proportions, to euliwn the otherwise 
quiet proceedings. This she did by throwing her arm-, around the President's 
neck and kissing him S{piarely in the mouth. Mr. Cleveland blushed and the 
vast throng, after it bad recovered from its surprise, broke into ap|)lause and 
laughter, while the bestower of the hearty kiss hastily departed, perha|)s in after 
years to tell her r>ffspring how she hail kissed the President of the Ignited States. 

The successful ending (jf the Spanish-American War was an occasion of 
thanksg-iving in Philadelphia. Many of her sons had entered the army and 
navy and the events of the forlunatelv short conflict was a matter of great in- 
terest in the city. Wdieii |)eace was declared it was decided to appiropriately 
observe the event and on ( )ctober 25th and 27th, iSgS, a "Peace Jubilee Cele- 
bration" was held. The following year the X'ational Export Exposition was 
held. It was the first event of its kind in the connnercial histor\- of the Cnited 
States, and accom])lishcd more for the extensidu of American trade in foreign, 
countries than h;id resulted from half ;i centr.ry of |)re\ious effort. 

The I'ity ( Icixrrninent had remo\ed. to ibe new lit) llall in l^n~,. and in 
li<')>) the building was magnificentl\- illuminated b\ ihons.-mds of electric lights, 
the occasion being the starting (.)f the great clock. The officials ;uid large corps 
of employees had by this time adjusted theuisiK cs to their li;mdsome ;md coui- 
niodions offices and the vast business of the niunicipalit\ was moving sniootliK- 
and without friction. The immense building li;is never ceased to be a sort of 
wonder to visitoi's. who daiK llock to the lower, where the magnificent \-iew of 



294 Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 

the vast city and the surnnuuhntf territory. teeiniii,sf with iiKhistrial activity 
is one of the finest in tlie entire country. 

The first nia_\or under the Rulhtt Bill was Edwin H. Fitler. a manufacturer 
who had previously taken little interest in politics. .\s the new charter made 
many changes in the city government it was deemed expedient to start the new 
regime under the direction of a man of known business ability, and Mr. I'iller 
was selected. He was succeeded by Edwin S. Stuart, afterwards Governor of 
the State. Then followed Charles F. Warwick, a lawyer who had previously 
been .\ssistant District .Attorney and City Solicitor. The ne.xt incumbent of the 
office was Samuel 11. .\shbridge who had been Coroner for several years, and he 
was followed by another lawyer, John Weaver. These were all Republicans in 
])olitics. but the ccmtml of the city government liy that party passed with the elec- 
tion of Rudolph lUankenburg. Mayor Blankenburg was a merchant who had been 
identified originally with the Commitee of One Hundred and every reform move- 
ment since. ( >f the coterie of ex-mayors under the I'.ullitt Ihll. but three survive: 
Stuart, Weaver and Reyburn. while William P.. Smith is the sole survivor of 
those who sat in the mayor's chair previous to that ])eriod. Since the adoption 
of the form of government provided by the lUillitt J'.ill. there have been some 
changes effected by legislation, but as a whole it has withstood criticism. It is. 
however, a question whether the one term it stipulates for the mayor, is a good 
feature. Of course, it is conceded that an astute jiolitician, with a control over 
all the political machinery incidental to tlie office, could remain indefinitely 'in 
power, but on the other hand, a sound and progressive official finds the four- 
year term too short to institute and carry out the reforms or changes to which 
he may have been pledged for no sooner are his policies fairly under wa\- than 
he must retire. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

ERECTION OF LOFTV BUILDINGS. CITY CLUBS. BIRTHrL.\CE OF THE FIRST BUILDING 
.■\SSOCI.\TIOX. MANUF.\CTURING INTERESTS OF PHILADELPHL\. EDUC.\TION.\L 
INTERESTS. RE-UNION OF BLUE ANn GRAY IN I913. 

STEEL coii.struction made tlie erectinii of lofty l.)uildint;s pijssible, and, 
advanced artistic taste completely changed the old st>ie of exterior dec- 
oration SO that in the decade following the closing of the Centennial, the 
appearance of the centre of the city was entirely changed. An appear- 
ance of plain solidity had previously been sought after hut the new school of 
construction was productive of buildings of great beauty and grace and what 
was more essential, better light and ventilation. In this class are the I^and Title 
and Trust Compan\- building, that nf the Real Estate Trust Company, the Ste- 
phen Ciirard, the Lafayette, the Franklin Bank, the Morris, the Commonwealth 
Trust and scores of other structures that the constantl\ increasing army of 
professional and business men has made necessary. The hotels have also under- 
gone a wonderful change, the most improved tyj)e being represented by the 
Bellevue-Stratford, tlie Ritz-Carlton, the Walton, the .\delphi and many com- 
mercial hotels, the latest of these to be erected being the \'endig. The churches 
have kejjt pace with the spirit of progress and many beautiful edifices have been 
erected in various parts of the city. The colleges, hospitals and charitable insti- 
tutions have spent large sums in erecting new buildings or adding to and remod- 
eling old ones until those essential adjuncts to a large city are as complete as it 
is possible to make them. 

The city parks are being constantly added to, either by bequest or pur- 
chase and the movement for a "cit\ beautiful" has resulted in the opening of 
several boulevards that give Philadelphia a decidedly European appearance. 

The clubs of the city are among the best and most select in the United 
States and many (if them have most lu.xurious homes. The Union League with 
its new addition, running through to Fifteenth street, is one of the largest, most 
homelike and the best patronized of any in the city, while the handsome new 
home of the Manufacturers' Club, costing ,$1,000,000, at Broad and Walnut 
streets, is possibly the most advanced in. appointments and conveniences. This 
building was erected on the site of the old Bellevue Hotel, where the Clover L'lub 
met for many years and it was at the dinners of that famous organization that 
the celebrities of the world gathered in the old building which jiassed out of 
e.xistence when the magnificent Bellevue-Stratford was erected. 

The jjroperty adjoining on the west, where the Manufactinx-rs' Cdub was 
formerly located, is now occupied by the new Stock Exchange Ihiilding, the 
advent of which is gradually chauginig the character of the localit_\-. When the 
Stock E.xchange removed from Third street on a former occasion and then 
returned to that one-time famous financial centre, it was thought it woulil ne\'er 
again depart from what was conceded a permanent home. Xo one dreametl 

295 



296 \VAU\V[CK"s KEVSTOXE COMMOXWKAl.TII. 

it would go si> far westward and when the nuive wa^ finally decided upon it 
was thoujjht many of the old financial firms and institnlions would follow, but 
there has been no general movement along that line and the district east of Fifth 
street remains the money centre, although 'I'hird street, long referred to as the 
Wall street of I'hiladelphia, gives little evidence of its once great power in the 
financial world. 

The ceaseless changes in localities lia> naturally been attended by changes 
in the character of the population. .\c\v and advanced methods have brought new 
schools of |irofcssional and business men and this is cs])ecially noticeable in the 
last score of years which ha-, witnessed an e\(>lution in ]iolitics and the passing 
of such leaders as Stokley. .Mc.Manes, Leeds, Rowan. McMnllen and Ky.m. In 
running o\er the names of some of those prominent in political life of the past 
decade. Col. William I!. .Mann is recalled. He was noted for liis wit and keen 
rejiartee and was a raconteur nf great merit. C_)n one occasion he attended a 
dinner at the House of Correction at which (leorge H. .'^tuart, an ardent tem- 
perance advocate, wa-- al>o present. The occasion was one where an ( )liio Leg- 
islative Delegation was visiting the city's iienal institutions, .nul .\lr. ."^tuart, in 
explaining the absence of any licjuor on the dinner table, stated that never within 
the history of the institution had wine or other strong drink been served. He 
conmiended the managers for this exclusion and (|Uoted ScrijJtnre to justify it. 
Aftei' Mr. .Stuart finished bis remarks. I'olonel .M;nni ai'i^e ami said that he had 
read the liible from (ienesis to Revelation and found no instance where liie Pa- 
triarchs of old asked for water. "With but one e.xception. " said Colonel Mann, 
"and that was Dives who was in hades where he ought to be." 

i'he state has also received the attention of the Grim Reaper and there are 
but ii:w survivors of its once notable men. < Hit of its list of Covernors there 
are but three living who retired after serving their terms. These are William .\. 
Stone. Samuel W. 1 'enuy|)acker and luhvin II. Stuart. 

The name "L"it_\ of Homes" as apjilied to I'hiladeljihia is no mi--n.)nu'r. The 
desire to own jiroperty which began in the days of the thrifty colonists has been 
fostered b\ the building associations which li;id their birthplace here. The first 
in the L'nited .State> was organized here in 1X31. and since that time ownership 
in 300,000 homes and other buildings has lieeu acipiired b\ inembi'rs of tlicsc co- 
operative associations. The number of these societies in the Commonwealth is 
now about 1,800. with nearU $250,000,000 assets — a wonderful aid to the 
thrifty in husbanding savings and acquiring homes. .Xaturally a city of large 
po])ulation and immense business interests. rci|uires a complete banking system 
and this 1 'hil,-idel|)hia ])ossesses. having thirt\-two banks and sixty trust com- 
jianies. 

These concerns are all prosperous, which is not wonderful wln'u it is real- 
ized that according to the last census l'hiladel|)hia had an amiual production of 
$746,076,000. The mimher of cstablish.ments were 8.37<). and the number of 
employees was 251.884. and the wages paid $1 26.381 ,000. When this is added, to 
the millions of dollars invested in stocks and outside cor|>orations. it makes a sum 
total that requires a vast amount of bank care. 

While I'hiladelijhia has Ijcen forging ahead and keeiiing p;ice with the com- 
mercial marts of the world, the trade and industrial centres thri>ughout the state 



WARWK k's KKYSTONE COMMO.N'WHAr.TU. 297 

were nut remaining inactive. 'I"lie manufacture of lace curtain^ ami ilres> laces, 
a coniparativelv new industry which was i.)nly sta''teil in iSiji. has achie\eil an 
annual output of $65,000,000, the product of lo.ooo employees in ten mills. The 
general clothing- output amounts to $40,000,000. while the state makes 80 per cent, 
of the world's hats, 'idle coal output has increased to _>44,ooo,ooo tons and 
357,740 miners find employment in tlu' induslrw 

The amount of sugar refined here makes an interesting --tudy. 1 )ne hilliou 
poimds is the annual (.)Utput, which is eleven pounds lor each man, woman and 
child in the I'nited States, dins product is valued at $4g,ooo,oon. .Much of this 
sugar goes into the $15,000,000 worth of confectionery manufactured m the 
state each \ear, which includes upwards of ()0,ooo poimds of chocolate made in 
Philadelphia each daw In the cement hclt the increase in oulpui is in proportion 
to other lines. In iSijO the prr)duction was 1.000,000 harrel.■^, and this had in- 
creased to 27,000,000 harrels at the ]iresent lime. 

In upwards of 250 textile mills manufactiuMng w(irsteds and woollens tlK' 
product is annualK" $77,447,000; in rugs $24,000,000, and hosier\' and knit go.ods 
nearlv $50,000,000. Nearly j^ per cent, of the world's proiluct of k-ather and 
glazed kid is made in I'hiladelphia, the excellence of the goods making them 
st)Ught after in e\er\' civilized part of the L^lolie. Idle railroads ha\e mcreased 
to 6,000 miles within the honlers id' the stale, wiiile 1 'ennsyl\'ania-made Ijridges 
are known and used on four continents. 

I'ennsylvaiiia started forestr\' conservation in iSjo, and the result of the eilu- 
cational work along this line has heen concerted action 1 .n the parts of huge hold- 
ing companies to restore the vast woodlands cut off for mannfactin"ing pur- 
poses or destroyed hy frequent fires. I'ennsylvani.i was the tirst state to assist in 
fish propagation and now has a department devoted to ih.at im])ortant work. 
The state svstem of puhlic eilncation has heen greath impro\cd, and it is now 
rare to find a child ahove the age of ten years who is illiterate. 

The State Hoard of Health, one of the hest in the countr\, is using ettec- 
tivel}' ever) known scientific means for protecting the puhlic health from com- 
municahle and preventive diseases, and the result has heen a two per cent, reduc- 
tion in the annual tleath rate since the advanced methods have heen adoiited. 

The lloaril of I'uhlic Iharities has supervision over 32S penal, i\-formalor\ 
and charitahle institiuions which, receive state aid, and these are models in then- 
way. 

In keeping with this progress is the increa.se in the religious ~ects which has 
heen remarkahle and cijustant. demonstrating clearK the uplifting inlluences of 
education. 

'I'he one slain on rennsylvania's name was the hnching of a negro at 
Coatesville, I'a.. in 101 i- While the crime for which he suf^'ered a horrihle death 
was a most hrutal our, the l.iw-ahiding citizens of that localitv ohjecled to the law- 
less manner in which justice was meted out and deploied the use of niethoils ih.il 
are now seldom resorted to in the Soulhern stales, where the\ origin;ited. Ac- 
cording to the rt'ligiously inclineil the nego did not die in \ain, however, as the 
lynching caused a mo\-ement against the saloons in the count \ which ri'sulled 
in the Court's refusal to grant a single license. 

dhe re-union of the lilue and the Ciray at (jett_\ shurg, I'.i., on the 3rd, 4th 

19 



298 WAKWH k's KI•:^■.sTo.\I■: commonwealth. 

and 5tli nf July, nji.^ was one of the most n(ital)k' events in the world's liistory. 
Here tlie i^rizzled veterans of two of tlie tjreatest coiitendinjj forces that ever 
met in hattle asscml)led and fraternized. They fought over the battles of half 
a century before and visited the spots where they had opposed each other valiantly 
and parlt'd at llie end of the re-nnion, friends, despite the rancor that liad lodsijed 
in their hearts half a century previously. 

In reviewini,f the improvements in I'hila(lel])hia. mention nnr-t be made of 
the water sujiply which now ranks amonjj the best in the country. The move- 
meJit to im|)rove this service started in \S<)<). and since that time sand filter beds 
have been e(|ui])ped at Uelniont, at Roxborouj^h and at Torresdale on the Dela- 
ware River. 

Jn its efforts for higher and more thorouj^Ii education the city has spent vast 
sums on new school buildings. Tliese include the William Penn High School 
for Ciirls at I'ifteenth and Mount X'ernon streets, the Xew Central High School 
for .Iioys at Broad and Green streets, the West Philadeljjhia High School at Fortv- 
seventh and Walnut streets, and manual training schools in various parts of the 
city. It has also in contemplation the erection of sectional High Schools in South 
Philadelphia, Ciermantown and l-'rankford. The llureau of Compulsory Educa- 
tion is most effective in its work and the next decade will probabl\- witness the 
I)assing of illiteracy among the children. 

I'hiladt'lphians ha\e much to boast of and should not remain ([uiescent when 
the re]jutation of their city is assailed. The best paved streets are here. The best 
homes are owned in large proportions by their occupants and other things to 
boast of are: a good and adequate water sup|)ly, well lighted thoroughfares, 
ample educational facilities ; good street railwav service : efficient fire and 
])(:)lice departments: good hospitals and charitable institutions, the best 
hotels, fine chu.rches. elegant club houses and all forms of indoor and outdoor 
annisement> ; t'xtensivc parks and nearby resorts. Can anv city claim more? 



BIOGRAPHY. 

TN preparing a history of the greatest state in the Union, it is but natural 
that more attention should be paid to the city where Penn first landed and 
established his colony. This city, commercially and industrially great, the 
financial centre and one period, and for a long time the seat 
of the Xational ( iovernnient, has always led in movements that have 
made history. The first banks, fire and life insurance companies, and 
the earliest medical college, were established here and th.e first demon- 
strations of steam for water pr^ipulsion were made i)n the Delaware. In 
fact, Philadelphia has been the leader in every scientific, commercial and social 
movement. 

-Vn attempt has. therefore, been made in this work U> give portraits and pen- 
pictures of the men who have contributed t(_i the n|)-building of the citv and made 
it famous the world over. Those who were mighty in the financial and business 
life of the last twc> centuries are given together with some of its famous physi- 
cians and lawxers. its authors of high repute, its explorers and famous scientists 
and those social leaders whr> formeil an exclusive set so select as to give it an in- 
ternational repute. 

In the la>t half-century a new imjietus has been given to l:)usiness life here. 
The city has expanded wonderfully and its institutions and factories have largely 
increased while efforts are being made to restore its lost maritime supremacy. 
The men who labor assiduously for these results are worths' of more than passing 
note and it was the author's intention to present their histories and life work in 
such form as to perpetuate them, and make their eft'i.^rts stand out as object les- 
sons to future generations. 

Of course, difficulties attaching to such a work are apparent. Man\ who 
were asked to furnish biographies did not respond in time to be included in the 
work and others may have been overlooked, but enough are given in the pages 
that follow to show the character of men who are vitallv interested in the citv's 
progress. They are from various professions and engaged in all kinds of manu- 
facturing, financial and commercial lines, and all are men who have done and are 
continuing to do things, yet they find time to respond to every call where the cit\'s 
interests can be advanced and are entitled to full credit therefor. 



299 



300 



WAKWUK s KI■:^■STO^■|■: c dm moxwicaliii. 




(UiURGE W. liLKlXS. 



'riirouiili the- ■'Ui.ucs of gradual devel- 
(ipniLMit. continuiiiL;' fmni the a,y;e of eigh- 
teen \ears when he eiUere'I husiness life, 
(leorge W. ■•".Ikins has hecome a power 
in the eorp. irate and financial world. Mr. 
l-'.Ikins wa> horn in i'hiladelphia. Se])- 
leniher J'lth. 1838. the son of the late 
W'illiani I,. l'"ll\ins, and was educated 
in ])uhlic and private schools in the cit\' 
of hi> hirth. lie was eighteen years oM 
and fresh from school when he entered 
the service of his father's firm, W'illiani 
1,. IClkins I.S; Co. In a ver\ short time he 
hecanie familiar with every iletail of the 
husiness and in iSSo was made treasurer 
of the I'^lkins .Manufactm'ing and (jas 
C"om])any. In iS8_^ lie hecame a member 
of thr firm of M. h'.hn'l. jr., & Co., ami 
l;Uer was chosen president ol the llarrett 
Manufacturing Company, which suc- 
ceedeii M. I'.hret, Jr., X: Co. in the manu- 
facture of Coal tar ])roducts. Mr. F.l- 
kins's father died in Kjo^ and the great 
responsihililv de\olving ujion the son. in 
handling- his father's many interests, led 
to his retirement from active business in 
|()04. l)Ul he still conlirued as officer and 



director in various corporations. He is 
a director of the United Lighting and 
Heating Co., vice-president and director 
of the X'ulcanite Portland Cement Co.. 
the Crew-Levick Co.. the Land Title and 
Trust Co.. Cnited Coke and Cas Co., 
Huston .Manufacturing Co., of Chester, 
Pa.. Philadelphia Traction Co., L'nion 
Traction ('(">., and is a trustee of the Hah- 
nemann Hospital. In 1881 -Mr. l-llkins 
married .Miss Stella L. Mclntire, daugh- 
ter of Col. John K. .Mclntire. of Dayton. 
( )hio, ;ind lhe\- have four children — Wil- 
liam -M. I'.lkins. Mr>. Ceo. 1'. Tyler, 
deorge \\ . l-'.lkins, Jr.. and .Mrs. Wharton 
Sinkler. .\lthough devoting the major 
])art of his time to the management of his 
large interests. Mr. Llkins finds time for 
social recreation. He is a member of the 
Cnion League, .\rt, Racipiet, Corinthian 
^'acln. Phihidelp'.^ia Country, Philadel- 
pliia L'ricket and the iluntingdon X'alley 
clubs of Philadelphia, and tlie .Metropoli- 
tan, .Xew ^'ork \\"hist, Xew York ^'acllt 
and Lanibs clubs of Xew York City. He 
is a member of the .Masonic fraternity and 
is an honorarv member of the .\cacia 
I-'raternily (d" Philadelphia. 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MOXWF.ALTH. 



301 




(lEORGE n. \VIUKN]-:U. 



302 



WARWKKS Ki:VSTO.\E COMMONWEALTH. 



GEORGE D. WIDEXER. 



Georj^c D. W'ideiu-r. whu with his son 
Marry I'.lkins \\'idoiu-r. was iuiiii1)ere(l 
amoiif^ ihf hcnu-s, who on Ajjril 15th, 
11)^2. .sacrificed their hves that the w'o- 
iiieii and children of the ill-fated Titanic 
niii^'ht he saved, exhibited in death the in- 
hnni chivalry of his nature. To the 
world he was known as the successful 
financier hut his intimates knew him as a 
man who, wdien called upon, would enact 
ilic hero's role and welcome death in pre- 
ference to dishonor. This knowledge 
was conifortint;- to his relatives and large 
circle of friends, who although shocked 
by his imtimely fate, knew that he died as 
he had lived — brave and self-sacrificing. 
Mr. W'idener W'as born in Philadelphia, 
June loth, iSfii, the son of Peter A. B. 
and Josephine \\ idener. Pie was educat- 
e<I in the public schools and commenced 
his active business career with a grocery 
house, shortly afterwards entering the of- 
fice of his father, where he took up the 
study of transit problems. The elder 
W'idener's large interests in passenger 
trans])orlation lines oft'ered the son unex- 
celled facilities for gratifying a taste that 
seemed inherent and he devoted his entire 
time and energy in familiarizing himself 
with (he details of traction management. 
.Step by stej) he advanced in knowledge 
and to positions of increasing res])onsi- 
bilit\-. mitil he became recognized 
throughout the entire country as a tran- 
sit exi)ert. .\t this period the father prac- 
tically placed the entire management of 
his huge intt-rests in his son's hands. 
L'nder his direction the controlled roads 
were skillfully handled and greatly im- 
proved both in eciuipment and service. 
When the old street railway system in 
Philadel]>hia was changed from hiM\se t > 
cable propulsion, it was (leorge H. W'id 
ener who mai)|)ed out the details of the 
chani>-e .anil when this svstem was suc- 



ceeded b\- the newly discovered elec- 
tric power, he in connection with 
the engineering department, worked 
out the plans for the change and 
within an incredibly .short time and 
without delay or inconvenience to 
the public, installed the trolley system 
which to-da\- is unsur])assed by that of 
an\- other city in the country. He w^as 
most active in the organization of the lo- 
cal elevated and subway systems and the 
advanced methods embodied in the con • 
struction of these lines are monuments 
to his genius. He was at this time vice- 
president of the company and a member 
of the I'oard of Directors but resigned 
upon the entrance of E. T. Stotesbury 
and the selection of Thomas E. Mitten as 
general manager, although both he and 
his father retained their holdings in the 
corporation. The active interest Mr. 
W'idener took in traction aitairs is shown 
l)v his many connections, being at the 
lime of his death president of eighteen 
lines. These were the Philadelphia Trac- 
tion Company, Catherine and Jjainbridgc 
-Streets Railway Company, Continental 
Passenger Railway, Doylestown and Wil- 
low Grove l\ailwa\-. Empire Passenger 
Railwav, l'"airniount Park Passenger 
Railway, lluntingdon Street Connecting 
Railway, Park .\venue and Carlisle Street 
Railway, Ridge .\venne Passenger Rail- 
wa\', Seventeenth and Xineteenth Streets 
Railway, Tioga and \'enango Streets 
Passenger Railway, Twenty-second 
Street and .Mlegheny .\venue Railw.ax-, 
Cnion Passenger Railway, Walnut Street 
Connecting Railwa\, West Philadelphia 
Passenger Railwa\' .and the Doylestown 
and Willow tlrove Turnj^ike Company, 
lie was a director of the Land Title and 
Trust l'om])an\. l''.lectric .Storage I'.attery 
Company, Jarden ilrick Company, \'ul- 
canite Portland Cement Comi)anv. He 



W AKWIC K S KEVSTOMC- COM MONWi: A I. T H . 



O'-'.-i 



was also one of the C. diiiniissioners of 
Cheltenham Townshi]), where he resided. 
One of the last matters in whieh Air. 
Widener was interested, was the erection 
of the Ritz-Carlton hotel, at Broad and 
Walnut streets, Pliiladeljihia. He was 
president of the eom])any that financed 
the operation and devoted considerable 
time to the plans of construction and 
equipment of the buildinpf which is the 
best-appointed and most luxurious in the 
country. Air. \\'idener was thoroughly 
democratic in his tastes and was verv 
philanthropic, being interested in various 
charities. He was a large donor to the 
Young Alen's Christian Association. .VI- 
thougb his father endowed the Widener 
Memorial Home, the son superintended 
its construction and organization and was 
greatly interesteil in the Alemorial 
Chapel. He was a welcome visi- 
tor to the little inmates of the home 
and frecpiently stopped his automobile 
while on his way to the city, for a chat 
with them. He was a member of the 
Episcopal Church, being a A'estryman 
of St. Paul's, Ogontz. He was a great 
patron of art and was the possessor of 



man) treasures li\ oM masters. lie also 
devoted much of his spare time to the 
collection of books and was the owner of 
many rare editions. His clubs were the 
Union League, Philadelphia Country, 
.Art, Racquet, Huntingdon Valley, Corin- 
thian Yacht and Cicrmantown Cricket, of 
I'hiladelphia, and the New York A'acht 
Club of New York City. Mr. Widener 
married Miss Fdeanor Elkins, daughter 
of Air. and Airs. William L. Elkins. of 
Elkins Park, and they had three children : 
Aliss Eleanor Widener, George D. Wid- 
ener, Jr., and Harry I^lkins Wiikner. 
who was lost with his father in the wreck 
of the Titanic. Airs. Widener, whii ac- 
comiianied her husband antl son on the 
fated voyage, was amrjng those saved 
through the self-sacrifice of her loved 
ones and the other l)ra\e men who met 
death unflinchingly. A celebrated local 
divine recently remarked that the biog- 
raphies of notaljle men should be a part 
of ever_\' school curricuhnn. If this were 
done, the stor\ of (lei>rge D. Widener's 
busy and useful life and heroic di'atli 
would atTord a valual)le lesson for emu- 
lation. 



3«>4 



\\ AKW UK S KEVSTOXE fOM M i ).\ \\ i; \l, I 1 1 . 




.|I)H.\ JiDWAKIi MCI \illll-..\. 



John II. .\lrl'';ul(lcn, well known in art. 
scientilic and cuinnicrcial circle.s thri.in,t;h- 
ont llif WDiid. rcsnnied his ix-^idcnce in 
Pliiladclphia in 11)04 aflfr an abscnct- nf 
twcnty-oiic \ears winch was i)rinci])all\' 
spent in {''.n^land. hnt his Iniit;- stay aliroad 
was intersperst-d with fre(|nent trips 
lhriiiiL;h all parts nf I'.nmpc and an an- 
nnal \isil Id America tn lixik alter his in- 
lere.sts here. .Mr. .Mch'adden was h. irn 
in I'iiiladelphia, l)ecinilier ,^1. 1S50, the 
sun of (leortie .Mch'adden. who founded 
the business in which his sons are still en- 
^aiicd. lie wa^ educated at the I'-iiisco- 
pal -Xcadenn and tin iri iuf;hl\- prepared 
fur a cnlletjiate Course. He g^raduated in 
iSdS, hut his father d\ini; that year caus- 
ed him to forci^o additional stud_\' and de- 
vote himself to mercantile lines. Tlis 
hrother. ( ieori;e 11. Mcl'adden. had for 



some time been connected with the busi- 
ness and three \ears after the father's 
demise, the tirm of (ieorge H. ^IcFadden 
\- llro. was organized, and John II. Mc- 
h'adden became a partner in what has 
Ljrown to be one of the i^reatest cotton 
houses in the worhl. with branches in 
everv couutr\. This was in 1871, and 
twelve years later .Mr. Mch^adden took 
up his residence in London to look after 
the firm's foreign interests, as senior 
member ol the firm ol I'rederic Zeretja iS: 
Co. The two houses, whose interests 
are collateral, are most extensive hand- 
lers of .\merican and Eofvptian cotton, 
their product ,t;:oiu<,r to every point ot the 
compass where s])indles turn. b'rom 
earh manhood .Mr. McFadden had been 
intensclv interested in art and science and 
n])ou takint^ uji his residence in Flnsjland, 



w \k\\ UK s Ki;\ s i().\ i;. lcim.mi ixw i;ai. i u. 



305 



was iiiinK'<liatt.-I\ adniittcil tn as>ociatiiin 
and companionshii) with the iimst iidtcil 
savants of the wnrlil. At this period his 
attention was called tn the alarminj; 
i^rowth of cancer and genu diseases, and 
after investigation he lounded a large 
private laljoratorw known as the "John 
Howard AIcFadden Research hund." at 
the Lister Institute of Preventative Medi- 
cine, located at Chelsea (lardens, I_^on- 
don. of which Mr. .Mcl'"adden is the sole 
patron. Here a coriis of ahle scientists 
are constantly searching for the cause of 
these dreaded maladies and the work thus 
far has been highly successful and en- 
couraging. 

The idtiniate knowledge of the produc- 
tive conditions of cancer will l.)e followed 
by an education in avoidance that will 
eventnall)' eradicate this destroyer of 
mankind. Air. Mcl'^adden's work in be- 
half of suffering humanitv has been fa- 
vorably mentioned by the medical press 
throughout the world and connuended b\ 
the profession everywhere. L'pon his re- 
turn to I 'hiladelijhia. Air. Alch'adden ])nr- 
cliased the palatial residence of Alexan- 
der lirown, the banker, at Nineteenth and 
W ahuit streets, where he has a superb 
collection of art works that is almost 
priceless. About thirt_\- years ago be 
started to collect Eighteenth ceriturv 
paintings by old English masters and his 
gallery of these works is one of the nicjst 
important in the world. ()ccup\ing a 
cons])icuons corner in Air. AIcI'"adden's 
home is a remarkable globe which he 
prizes highly. At the spot indicated as 
the North Pole on this miniatiu-e replica 
of tile world, is traced Adiuiral l'ear\'s 
r(.)iite to the location where he planted the 
.American flag and the signature of this 
intrepid explorer. The South I'ole. 



reached b\- L'aptain Roald .\nnmdsen, 
bears that discoverer's signature while 
Sir Ernest Shackleton has aftixed his 
signature to the .Antarctic magnetic |)ole, 
wdiich he reached. Tlu' s])ot where the 
wliite Eskimo were found is ni:irk-ed bv 
!^tefanson's signatiu'e. 1 luring Sir Er- 
nest .Shackleton's last \■i^it to this coun- 
try he was entertained In 1 )r. Alcl'"adden 
at his home and diu-ing his sta\ presente<l 
his host with hi> com]ilete Collection of 
specimens and Air. Alclvulden has ])re- 
sented it intact to the Pennsylvania AIu- 
seum and School ,,f Industrial Art, of 
which he is one of the Hoard of Trustees. 
The collection is the accumulation of 
several vo\-ages to the Antarctic region 
anrl is very valuable from the viewpoint 
of the naturalist and mineralogist, con- 
taining, as it di-ies, specimens not dupli- 
cated in any other known collection. 
AIoss. grass, flowers, shrubs, specimens 
of insect life, minerals and rock and mag-- 
nificent photographs of the IMS'- glacier 
tliat blocks the way to the South I'ole, are 
included in the collection. Air. AIcFad- 
den is well known in club circles and 
holds membership in some of the most 
exclusive scientific, art and social organi- 
zations in this coiuitry and abroad. 
.Among these are: The Jiniior Carlton, 
of London, England: the .Metropolitan, 
Xew^ A'ork A'acht Chdi, I'laver--, and Xew 
York clubs, of New A'ork L'it\ : llu' Cnioii 
League, Philadelphia, Racipiet and Art 
clubs of Philadelphia, being ]iiesideut of 
the last named. He is a ti'Ustee of |ef- 
ferson College and Hospital, and the 
Pennsylvania IMusenm and Scho(.il of In- 
ihistrial Art and is a member of the ( ieo- 
g")';ilihical and ili^toi-ical .Societies of 
Philadelphia. ,iud the .\alioual (ie<igra- 
phical .Societ) of \\'a>hiuglon. 1). C. 



30fl 



w \N\\ u K s Kl■;^■s KiNi-; c(i.\i mdn w i-;.\i. rii. 




.IKRK.MIAIl J. SLLLTX'A.N. 

A genuine love for hard, i-iersislent 
work — the kind that surmounts every ob- 
stacle : is tireless in its energy and unsati- 
ated until attainnient. which, although 
sonietinies uncert.iin in the begitniiiig. is 
fiualK reached, is a characteristic that has 
hel])ed make Jeremiah J. Sullivan one cf 
the most notable figures in the railway 
history of I'hiladelijhia, and a factor in 
the traction, heating, lighting and water 
power affairs in upwards of a dozen 
States of the I'nion. I lis versatility and 
power of at-compli^innenl are shown Ijy 
liis tr.-msilion from merchant to financier, 
for he handled the intricate problems that 
confront the cai>italist with as much ease 
as he did the business to which he had 
been educated b> long years of persistent 
effort. .\lr. SuUiwm was born on hi-; 
father's farm in Ireland. Januar\ 31I1. 
1838. and came lo America wii'i his wid- 
owed mother, brothers and si>ters. when 
he was lifleen years of age. His educa- 
tion was received in private schools in his 
native land, and during the winter sea- 
son a teacher was kcjit in his own home. 
His mother, who was highly cultured 
and most worthy, was devoted to the 



family, and so was his father, who died 
when the son was ten years of age. H'is 
grandfather was a member of the legal 
l)n;fession. and contributed largely to 
Mr. Sullivan's mental training. 

After arriving in Philadelphia, he at- 
tended the public schools here, and .sub- 
>e(|uentl\ entered the Crittenden Ilusiiiess 
t.'ollege, from which Ik- graduated in 
i85r;, with a thorough knowledge -of 
liookkeeping and other studies necessary 
to a business career. After graduation, 
he became connected with a wholesale 
hosierx and notion house, and his tire- 
less energv .-md ipiick absorption of de- 
tail carried him through the successive 
gradesof bookkeeper, salesman and buyer. 
He had determined to learn every phase 
of the business and become a wholesale 
merchant. 'I'his self imposed task, al- 
though sceniinglv Herculean, was accom- 
plished in just six years, for on January 
1st. 1866. the firm of Sullivan & Brother 
was launched, his partner being Mr. 
himes F. Sullivan, now president of the 
Market Street Xational Bank. The liigh 
esteem in which Mr. Sullivan was held by 
his old emplo\er was attested by the nam- 
ing of a son for him, two vears after he 
had left his service. The new firm, al- 
though starting business at the close of 
the Civil War, a period when conditions 
were 'Considerably below norm.al. was 
successful from the start. The store 
was at Xos. iiJ and 114 X. 4th street, 
and in i8()8 the Ijusiness had grown to 
such proportions that a larger building 
was leased at Xo. 236 ^farket street. Tn 
1878 the building at 410 Market street 
was purchased, and this accommodated 
the constantlv growing trade until i8()i, 
w'.en the building Xo. 621) .Market street 
was jjurchased. and the business was con- 
tinued at this location tuitil Kp*^'. when 
Mr. Sullivan and his brother retired from 
mercantile pursuits. During the tiuty- 
seven vears they had been connected 
v.'ith the business. the\' had built uji a 
reputation enjoyed by few firms. It was 
a cardinal principle i:>f the house to pay 
cash for all givxls purchased, never to 
give a note or to make settlement in 
any way except by casli payment. This 
unusual promptness gained for them the 
highest rating f.ir honorable dealing and 
strict business integritv. with the result 



WARWICK S KEVSnjMO CO.\I MMX WE AL I 11 . 



.^07 



tliat, (luriii!;- the panic year> uf 1873, 
1883 and 1893, "T^'i who had ,g;oods to sell 
aiixioiisl\ sought Sullivan & llrother, be- 
cause thc\ knew the lirni always dis- 
counted its purchases. In 1872, Air. Sul- 
livan became the owner, by jjiircliase, of 
some street railway stuck, and in 1881, he 
was chosen a directur nt the I'rankford 
and Soiithwark .Street i\ailwa\ I'ompany. 
In 1884 he was tendered the presidency 
of the company, but refused to accept 
the position, preferrin.a; to give his tm- 
divided attention to his mercantile inter- 
ests. In January, i88g, he was induced 
to reconsider his declinatinn, an<l finally 
accepted the presidency, a pusition he 
has held fur twent}-five \ ears. This was 
the parting ni the ways, and eventually 
led to his retirement as a merchant and 
his active entry into street railway af- 
fairs. In 1891 the Frankford and South- 
wark Company bought the Lehigh Ave- 
nue Passenger Railway, and the same 
year the Lombard and South Street Com- 
pany was merged with the Frankford and 
Southwark Company. In 1892 this com- 
pany leased the Citizens Passenger Rail- 
way Company, which operated the Tenth 
and Eleventh Street Line, and one vear 
later it acquired control of the Second 
and Third Street Line. At that time it 
had become api^arent that electricity was 
to be the motive power of the future for 
street car propulsion, and in order to meet 
the new conditions a charter was obtained 
from the State of Pennsylvania for the 
Electric Traction Compan\-, of which Mr. 
Sullivan became president. This new 
corporation was capitalized at $8,750.- 
000. When a lease was made of the 
Frankford and Southwark Line, and all 
of its leased companies, the entire svs- 
tem was rebuilt, streets were repaved, 
power houses erected and ecpiipped with 
iTiachinery for generating electricitv, and 
new cars purchased. In financing this 
project, the management acted most lib- 
erally, every shareholder of the leased 
lines being given the right to subscribe, 
pro rata, to the stock of the Electric 
Traction Company. Most of the stock- 
holders of the underlying companies 
availed tliemselves of this privilege. This 
put them into the Electric Traction Com- 
pany on perfect equably, with uniform 
interests, and resullerl in the stock of the 



Company always commanding a premium. 
In 1895 the Cnion Traction Compan\- 
was formed by the leasing of the Phila- 
del|)hia, the Peoples and the I'^lectric 
Traction Companies. Air. Sullivan was 
one of the incorporators, and ui)on the 
merging, he turneil over to the leasing 
company the sum of $325,000. which the 
Fllectric Traction Company had left after 
the completion of its final construction 
work. Air. Sullivan has retained an in- 
terest in the Lbiion Traction Com])any 
since its formation, and has been its 
jjresident since 1909. He is also a direc- 
tor of the Philadeliihia Rapid Transit 
Company. 

In 1899 Air. Sullivan was tendered, and 
accepted, a directorship in the American 
Railways Company. This is a holding 
company, and. as such, controls street 
railways, electric light, gas and water 
l)ower companies in ten States. In 1902 
he was made president of the company, 
and still retains that position. Under his 
wise and careful guidance, the company 
has been remarkably prosperous, and for 
the jjast eleven years has paid dividends 
of si.\- per cent, and made a good surplus 
from the earnings. In addition to these 
connections. Air. Sullivan has been one of 
the managers rif the Hencficial Savings 
I'und since 1882. and a director of tiie 
Philadelphia Electric loinpany since its 
organization. Lie is the owner of several 
parcels of valual:)le cit\' property, and is 
interested in. and a director of, about 
eighty companies. I le is an ardent mem- 
ber of the Catholic Church, and is inter- 
ested in many charities. ( )f roI)ust con- 
stitution and perfect health. Air, Sullivan 
is tireless in his routine duties, which, as 
may be imagined, are multitudinous, A'et 
in spite of this activity, he always finds 
time to di;) his fellowman a goo,] turn, 
w hen |)ossible. 

At the (jutbreak of the Civil W ,ir, in 
l8f)l, he jiiineil the ( lra\" l\eser\-e-., as 
Sergvani of t nnip:iny ( i, and was in ihe 
service ui the Ciiiu-d Slates at the time 
the liattle <\i Aniietam was fought. 
He belongs to the 1 i. A. R. In 1876 Mr. 
Sullivan married .Miss Ann \ . Patterson, 
and the union has ]tcv\\ blessed b\- nine 
children, eight of wh<in) are li\iiig. 1 lis 
eldest son is a member of ilir Phi!;idel- 
pliia r.,-ir. The Iwo smis next in age are 



3o8 



WAKWUK S KEVSTO.VK COM MUX WEAL I' 1 1 . 



in the baiikin;;- tinn of Sullivan Brothers 
& Companw and the yonnffest two are at 
ciillej^e. 'Ihere are five sons and three 
dan.i;hlers. 

1 lis eity home is at lyio Walnut street, 
lie thinks that Pennsylvania is the best 
State in the I'nion. and I'hiladelphia the 
best eit\ in \hv world. 



l-".l)W.\KIi T. DANIS. 



Mdward T. Davis, whose interests are 
manv and varied both in the West and 
East, is a native I'hiladelphian, having; 




been born in ll:e old distriet of Xorthern 
Liberties, \o\eniber ii), 1849. Jle was 
edueated in the publie schools, afterwards 
enterins; the Central High School and 
coni]>leting- his education at the Philadel- 
jihia ihisiness College, where he took a 
course in l)ookkee]jing and finance. Hi- 
entrv into business life was as clerk and 
bookkeejjer with the firm of ^'oung. 
Moore & l-"o.. and u]X)n its dissolution as 
liead bookkeeper with the succeeding 
house of llenrv C. Moore iK: Co.. where 



he remained until the business was dis- 
continued, near the close of the C ivil 
War. 

.\lr. l)a\is then enlisted in the Cu- 
ion Arni\ ;uid was made Sergeant of 
( )rdnance. under Colonel Woodward, and 
stationed at Washington. D. C. He was 
subsec|uently in charge of the Record and 
Revision division of the Surgeon (iener- 
al's office until 1X73, when he was honor- 
ably discharged and returned to Phila- 
delphia, where he entered the wholesale 
tobacco business, but was compelled to re- 
tire in iSjd du account of ill health. Two 
\ears later he entered tlie employ of Pow- 
ers & Weightman and was soon after- 
wards made secretary to Mr. Weightman, 
a positic.in he tilled for twenty-six years, 
u]} to the time of Mr. \\'eightman's death 
in August. 1894. I" this position he was 
given charge of the vast financial invest- 
ments of Mr. Weightman, and after that 
m'ntleman's death, continued in the same 
capacity with the executrix of the estate, 
until he decided to retire. January I, 
11)05. and devote his time to individual in- 
terests. .Mr. Davis had been a fortunate 
investor in real estate, mining and West- 
ern ranches and at this period he made 
a trip to Arizona wdiere the Twin Buttes 
Mining and Smelting Co.. of which he is 
president, and his ranch of 17,500 acres, 
needed his ])ersonal attention. This ranch, 
which includes some of the finest grazing 
land in thr Western country, is thirt\ 
miles from Tacoma and twelve miles dis- 
tant from Mr. Davis' mine. In addition 
to these interests he is vice-president of 
the Delaware .Storage and Freezing Co.. 
of Philadeljiliia. and is a director in sev- 
eral financial and manufacturing corpora- 
tions throughout the East. He is a ^la- 
son of high degree, a member of the Mys- 
tic .Shrine, the ( )(ld I'ellitws, and .\ncient 
Order United Workmen, He was chair- 
man of the Building Committee of the 
.Athletic Club of the Schuylkill Navy and 
is a member of the .Art, Columbia, Pliila- 
deljihia Turf, Belmont Driving, Philadel- 
phia .\utomobile. Philadelphia A'acht and 
Pen and Pencil Clubs of Philadelphia, 
;ind the .Automobile Club of .America, the 
Xation.al .Arts Club, the Lambs Club of 
New A'ork. Alilwaukee Club of Milwau- 
kee, and the old Puelilo Club of Tucson, 
.\rizona. 



WAUWICK 



KiA s II i\ i; ( (i.\i Ml i\\\ i:.\i/i II. 



30Q 




TA.MKS W. I'ALL, IK. 



( )ne of tlTc best know 11 hnancicrs nf 
Philadelphia, whose re|iut:Uion as a con- 
servative banker had become national, 
and who was locallv known tnr his piiil- 
anthropies. was James W . I'anl. Jr.. 
whose untimely death removed a forceful 
figjure from the financial world. 

Mr. Paul was born in Philadel|ihia. 
August Qth. iS5[, the son of James W. 
and Hannah L, ( I'.nnkrr) I'.inl. After a 
thorough educatio)! in the cit\'s institu- 
tions, he commenced lii-- l)usiuess career 
as an attache of a bankint; house and after 
gaining the re(|uired experience became a 
mem])er of the exchange brokera.i^c tirni 
of lame^- L. Ndiuig & ( D. < )n .\o\'e iilu-r 
6th. 1877. he married .Miss l'"rancis Cath- 
erine Hrextl. a daughter c.f .\nlhouy J. 
Drexel. fnunder nf the faninus liankiiiL; 
house of Drexel iK; Co. lie had attained 
a position of ]5roniini'nee in the financial 
world and recognition as a most conse)'- 
vative banker, when in 18X4, he Ijccanie 
identified witli the Drexel interests, being 
made .n niemlicr of the firms of Drexel tK' 



Co., Philadelpina ; |. I', .\liii-j.;an lV C'n.. 
New York I'ity, and Drexel, llarje^ tv 
Co.. Paris. He was a \alueil addition tn 
the coterie of able men whu ha\e made 
the name of Drexel Isnnwn thi-oiighout 
the entire wmld, and added .greatU- 1. 1 the 
reputation of Philadelphia bankers lor 
Milidit\ and conservatism. Mrs. Paul, 
who w;i-. ,1 sister of Mrs. .Mexander \'an 
Rensselaer, (ienrge \\". Childs Drexel. 
John k. Drexel, A. J. Drexel .and .Mrs. 
F.dward .Morrell. died in Carlsb.nl. ( ier- 
man\ . |nne Kith. iS(;j. leaving three chil 
drni', 'Mrs. Paul Denckia Mills. .\. J. 
Drexel I 'aid and .Mrs. ( h.-irli-s \. .\lnni'. 
Jr. .Mr. I'.'inl died :it Ibil .Sjiian--,. \;i.. 
.'■^eptembei' J5, H)o8. Ih'Iul; sur\i\i'd b\ 
his ihree children ,aud twn hrnlliers: 
l-'r;ink W. .-niil 1.,'iwrence J. I'anl Ills 
death was a great shock lo hi, friends 
and l)usiness associates ;nid bis funeral 
was lai'geK .altended. The honorar\' 
pall-beari-rs included the mu>l ]ironu'neut 
men in liu.nici.il ;md social circles. Thev 
were: J. I'ierponl Morg.an, I harle^ 



3IO 



\\ak\vh:k"s keystone common weal ii{. 



StL-ck-, E. 'J'. Stotcsbury, Arthur New- 
hold, Cleorge C. Thomas, Eihvard Moore 
Robinson. Effingham K. Morris. Kudulph 
l':ihs. C'hark-s letting. Anih-cw (iray. Al- 
exander Krumbhaar. Herman Uercum 
and Dr. James MacAhster. 

Mr. I'aiil was al the lime of his death 
a (hrerti.r in tlie JMdeHty Trust Company 
and the lluntington and ilroad Top Rail- 
rnad C im|)any and a member of the 
I'.dard of Trustees of Drexel Institute, 
lie was a member of the i'liiladelphia. 
Rittenhouse. ivabbit. L'nion League. 
Merion C/ricket, Rathior Hunt, Corin- 
thian Yaeht and Art Chibs. His town 
house was located at Xo. ,?8o9 I-'"-'"-' 
•Street, but in late years he spent his en- 
tire time at 'A\"oodere>t," one of the 
beautiful homes of J'hiladelphia's sub- 
urbs, which he erected in 1902. Here- 
were housed valuable paintings and an 
objects and a large quantity of rare 
stam])s. of which he was an enthusiastic 
colk'Ctor. 



( IIAKI.E.S e. pugh. 



I'rominent in that coterie of men that 
made the rennsylvania Railroad one of 
the greatest transportation companies ol 
the lime was Charles E. Pugh, at the 
lime of his retirement its second vice 
president. .Mr. I'ugh was born at Union- 
ville. Chester Co.. Pennsylvania, Eebru- 
arv 2Sth. 1841, and was educated in the 
district school of hi> native t(.)wn and at 
the ."^lale .Xornial School, at .Millersville. 
I.ancasler Co.. I'a., from which he grad- 
uated after a thorough course. Cpoii tile 
eomi)letion of his schooling, he entered 
the office of his father, Elijah Pugh, Init 
relin(|uished commercial inirsuits to be- 
come agent of the I'ennsylvania Railroail 
Com])any at .Newport. He afterwards 
served as passenger conductor for si.x 
months to familiarize hini>elf with the 
running of trains and in 18O4 he was ap- 
])oiiited train disjialcher cd' the Philadel- 
])liia Division. ( )n .August 1st, 1870, he 
was made ( ieneral Agent at I^hiladelphia. 
and .\ugust ist, 1871). he was appointed 
(ieneral Superintendent of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad Division. ( )n ( )ctober 
1st, 18S2. he was advanced to the posi- 
tion of (ieneral Manager, and on March 
isl. i8(),:^. lo ilu- Third Nice-Presidency. 



( )n b'el)riiar\ lolh. 1897. he was clioseii 
Second Nice-President, his duties in this 
position being the management of the 
( )perating Department of the railroad, 
and in this work Mr. Pugh's jiractical ex- 
])erience was of inestimable value to him. 
His advancement to the jjosition of b'irst 
X'ice-I'resident occurred on -March 24tli, 
Kjoo. and in this connection he had 
charge of the purchasing, insurance, real 




ni.Mil.KS K. PlCll. 

estate and piiision departments. .\t ihe 
time of his retirement he was Eirst \ ice- 
President of the Xorthern Central Rail- 
wa>- and the Philadeli)hia. lialtimore and 
Washington Railway companies, the West 
lersey and Seashore Railroad Com])an\. 
the .Manor Real Ivstate and Trust Com- 
])anv and a director in a score of the sub- 
sidiar\ lines. 

In addition. .Mr. I'u.gh was a director 
in the Centennial Xational .Hank and the 
Penns\lvania Eire Insurance Comi)any. 
His death occurred at Ok! Toint Com- 
fort. A'a.. -\pril 8th. ]<)]7,. 



WAKW ICK S KI•:^ SIllNB I IIM MDN W i: Al.l II. 



311 




J . 1 i;aill\ .sm I I 11. 

The commercial greatness of Philadel- 
phia is largely due to the unblemished in- 
tegrity of the old time merchant, whose 
commendable methods were the founda- 
tion of a mercantile reputation that is now 
nation wide. Of this class was J. Fraile\ 
Smith, merchant and philanthropist, who 
was for thirty years a prominent figure in 
the textile trade of the city, lie was 
born in Reading, Pa., January 10. 1834. 
the son of John Frederick !^mith. His 
.grandfather. Frederick Smith, was an 
eminent jurist and was .\ttorney General 
of Pennsylvania from 1823 until 1828. 
ten vears later being made Associate 
Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, 
which himorable position he held until the 
time i>f his death. His great grand- 
father. Rev. Joliann Frederick Smith, a 
.graduate of the l'ni\ersity of Halle, an 
astronomer, and a master of dreek, Arab- 
ic and Hebrew languages, was the first 
of this family to come to this country. 
He became eminent as a divine in the Fu- 
thcran Church of Pennsylvania, and was 
one of the pioneers of that denomination 
in America. Seventeen vears of his Ions- 



pastoral ser\icc were spent as minister of 
St. -Michael's Liuheran Church, Cerman- 
town. where his term o\ service included 
the period of the Revoluti(.inary War. 

J. I'"railey Smith received his prelimi- 
nar\' education in the public schools o^ 
Philadelphia, and graduated from the 
Central lli.gli School in 1850. when but 
sixteen years of age. Cpon leaving 
school, he secured employment with the 
mercantile house of Wyeth, Rogers & 
Co.. where he remained two years and 
then entered the dr\'-gi.io(ls house of 
.^lade, (jemmil & I'ralt, at tliat period one 
of the leading houses in this line. In the 
six years that he retained this connection, 
he gained a most thorough and compre- 
liensive knowledge of every detail of the 
business and in 1858 was admitted as a 
partner in the firm, its name being chang- 
ed to Alfred Slade & Company. Cpon 
the death of Mr. Slade, some years later, 
Mr. Smith formed an association with 
Mr. Jarvis Slade. under the firm name of 
Slade, Smith & Co., and after the disso- 
lution of this firm, he became a special 
partner in the dry-gO(ids commission 
house of Lewis, lioardman & Wharton. 
In 1866, this firm was succeeded by Lew- 
is, Wharton & Co., in which Mr. Smith 
was an active partner until he retired 
from business in 18^17. 

During the trying period of the Ci\-il 
War, he was most earnest and loyal in 
his >u])port of the (lovernment and al- 
ways responded .generously to all de- 
mands on his patriotism and charitx'. 
When the Cnion League was organized, 
.\lr. Smith's intense loyalt\' led him to 
join that famous association of patriotic 
men and he, in addition to being one of 
its first members, was on the I'oard of Di- 
rectors from an early jieriod until the 
time of his death. Tn 1871), Mr. .Smith 
was offered the pre^idenc\' of the League, 
but declined, prefo'ring to retire in favor 
of the Hon. Cieor.ge 11. Poker, Aml)assa- 
dor to Russia, who h;id receiUlx relurned 
to this countr\ . ;in oJdiT ,ind. in .Mr. 
Smith's view. ;i l)et1er (pi;difii(l in.in. Mr. 
.Smith was thereupon elected I'ii'sl \'icc- 
President. and coiuiiuied as such until 
his death. 

Upon the reorganization of llie .\orlh- 
ern Pacific R;iilwa\'. following tlie friilure 
of Ia\' Cooki' dv Co., in 1S7.;. Mi-. .Smith 



3^' 



UARW 11 K S KICVSTOMi l(IM Ml ).\ WF.ALIII. 



was elected a incmlu-r oi llie I'manl of 
Directors, ami cuiitimied in ^cr\c in tiiat 
cajiacity uiUil his death. iiis ])ersoiial 
interest in the road was trreat, and it was 
lars;ely due to his et'forts that tjie valu- 
able land tjrants of the road were saved 
to it. ( )nly a few years after his death, 
the work was completed as a transconti- 
nental road. 

.Mr. Smith was also a tlirector of tin' 
Merchants National iianU of Philadel- 
phia. 

-Mr. .Smith was strontjK nri.;ed Inr the 
position of ]jostmaster of Philadelphia, at 
the time e\-(iovernor John F. llartranfi 
was appointed, and at the e\|)iralion of 
General llartranfl's term. w,is a.t;ain 
backed fni- the succession 1>\ the com 
mercial interests of the city. Mr. Smith, 
however, declined to be a can<lidale. In 
spite of his declination, the evening be- 
fore he died, he was notified of his ap- 
pointment to ilu- posilion. .Mr. Smith 
died June _''i. i8So, a ci}mparatively 
young man, but hi> life, from early man- 
hood, teemed with activity, and his ster- 
ling (|ualities left an ineffaceable imprint 
on the city's commerce, lie was a man 
of unsullied honor .md wide poinilarity. 
and one whose acts were always guided 
liy those fini- instincts which characteri/e 
the true gentleman. 



I \.\IKS I'.. W AI.KKl^. M. ]>. 

James 1'.. \\ alkei' wa^ born in .Mont- 
gomery County. Pa., in 1X4(1, and liavin;; 
from early \outh a desire to become ,a 
physician, he, after a public school course, 
entered the I'riends' High School and 
completed his education at the I'nivei'- 
sity of Pennsylvania. lie graduated 
from the lligh School in 1S62 and from 
the I'niversity in 1872, receiving from the 
latter institution the de.gree of Ph. D.. in 
1874. .\fter graduation he served a term 
as interne in the Philadelphia ( ieneral 
Mospital and in 1880 was apjiointed visit- 
ing physician to the same institution, serv- 
ing several vears in this position. I le wa^ 
for a long time Professor of the Practice 
of Medicine in the Wonn'ii's .Medical Col- 
lege of Pennsylvania and ,ilso acted as 
consulting ])hysician at the West Phila- 
delphia llospit.al for Women and to the 



Women's Medical College Hospital uf 
Philadelphia, lie was President of the 
.Mutual .\id .Vssociation of the Philadel- 
l)hia County Medical Society and for ten 
years was secretary and treasurer of the 
American Climatological .Vssociation. 
which he helped organize in 1884. Dr. 
Walker was a direct descendant (if Lewis 




and .Mar\ W .ilker who came to America 
from Pngland in l()8(i and settled in Re- 
hoboth, in the Chester \ alley, where nine 
generations of the family have resided 
continuousl\- since. They were Quakers 
.and came to this country to escape Eng- 
lish oppression. Dr. Walker was a mem- 
ber of the Cm'on League, of wdiicli he 
was at one time a <Iirector, a h'ellow of 
tile American Academy of Medicine, 
member of the College of Physicians of 
Philadeliihia. the State lioard of Medical 
ICxaminers and president of the Medical 
Club. J le was also a member of the -Ma- 
sonic and .Mpli.a .Mii Pi Hmega fraterni- 
ties and was .-it mie lime president of the 
.Xorthern .Medical .Society of Philadel- 
phia. I le died ( )ctober _>i , kjio. 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE- COMMONWEALTH. 



313 




MATIHEVV BAIKU. 



By his personal relations through 
many years to one of the greatest loco- 
motive manufacturing establishments of 
the world, by the application of his in- 
ventive genius to tlie improvement of va- 
rious railway appliances, and by the in- 
vestment of capital for the development 
of railway enterprises, Matthew Baird, 
for years one of the honored citizens of 
Philadelphia, well earned a place among 
the prominent railroad men of America. 
He began manhood at a time when the 
steam-horse made his advent in America, 
and was one of those industrious and 
inventive young men who tonk the crude 
and cumbersome ideas of the pioneers of 
steam and developed them into the fin- 
ished and practically perfect machines 
that to-day traverse the continents, climb 
the mountains of East and West and 
perform miracles of speed and strength 
with such certainty that the wonder of it 
is lost in the ease with which it seems to 
be performed. He fully performed his 
share of the labor retjuired to jiroduce 



these wonderful results, and to him a 
portion of the honor belongs. 

Mr. Baird was born near London- 
derry, Ireland, in 1817, the son of Scotch- 
Irish parents, from whom he inherited 
the best qualities of both races. When 
he was but four years of age, the iamily 
removed to America and. coming to I'hil- 
adelphia, made their home on I.ombard 
street. The father was a skilled work- 
man, a coppersmith by trade, and benig 
desirous that the son should commence 
life with as good equipment as his means 
would allow, he was educated in the com- 
mon schools of the day. His first em- 
ployment was in a brickyard, but an 
opening of a more congenial character 
came, when he became an assistant to one 
of the professors of chemist r\ in the I'ni- 
versity of Pennsyhania. In if^34 he 
went to New C';istle, Delaware, and en- 
tered tile employ of the New Castle Man- 
ufacturing Conqiany. which owned and 
ojierated copixT and sheet iron works, 
lie was soon after made superintendent 



314 



WARWICK S KE'lSTONE COM MON WK.AI. 11 1 . 



of tlie railroad sliops located there, but in 
June, 1838, entered upon the main work 
of his life, by accepting the position of 
foreman of the sheet iron and toiler de- 
partment of the liahhvin Locomotive 
Works at Philadelphia. He remained in 
this establishment until 1850, advancing 
all the time in skill and mechanical knowl- 
edge, and ]>erforniing his important du- 
ties with a faithfulness and industry that 
won him the confidence and regard of all 
about him. While yet employed with Mr. 
Baldwin, in March, 1845, he entered into 
co-partnership with Richard French, Sr., 
Sui)erintendent of Motive Power of the 
Philadelphia, (iermantown and Norris- 
town Railroad Company, and Harry R. 
Campbell, an attorney at law, under the 
firm name of French & Paird, for the 
manufacture of locomotive spark arrest- 
ers. These were made under a combina- 
tion of three patents, issued to James 
Stimpson of Ijaltimore, Maryland, April 
17, 1837; William C. Grimes of York, 
Pennsylvania, February 12, 1842; and 
Richard l*"rcnch of Philadelphia, Penn- 
sylvania, March 28, 1845. The combina- 
tion of these patented improvements 
made a thoroughly efficient spark ar- 
rester, which was extensively used 
throughout the I'nited States, Canada 
and other countries, being of especial ser- 
vice in the cotton growing States of the 
South. The patents and business was 
sold to Radley and Hunter of New York 
in .\ugust, 1850. 

I'Yom 1850 to 1832. Mr. P)aird was en- 
gaged in the marble business with his 
brother, John llaird, in Philadelphia ; but 
in 1854, he returned to the establishment 
where he liad been so long employed, as 
])artner with Mr. .lialdwin, under the firm 
name of M. W. Baldwin & Co., Mr. Bald- 
win, from the founding of the works in 
1831 up to that time, having remained in 
business by himself. His sound business 
judgment, combined with unusual me- 
chanical skill, made him a valued mem- 
ber of the firm, and many instances might 
be related of the manner in which he 
made his presence effectively felt. One 
only will suffice: By 1854 the use of coal, 
bolb bituminous and anthracite, as a fuel 
for locomotives, had become a practical 
success. The economical combustion of 
■the bituminous, however, engaged consid- 



erable attention. It was fell that much 
remained to be accomplished in consum- 
ing the smoke and deriving the maximum 
of useful effect from the fuel. Mr. Baird 
made this matter a subject of careful 
study and investigation. An e.\])eriment 
was conducted under his direction by 
placing a sheet iron deflector in the fire- 
box of an engine on the Germantown 
and Xorristown Railroad. The success 
nf the trial was such as to show conclu- 
sively that a more complete combustion 
resulted. .As, however, a deflector form- 
ed by a single plate of iron would soon be 
destroyed by the action of the fire, Mr. 
Baird proposed to use a water-leg pro- 
jecting upward and backward from the 
front of the fire-box under the flues. 
Hrawings and a model of the device were 
]irepared, with a view of patenting it, but 
>ubsequently the intention was abandon- 
ed, Mr. Baird concluding that a fire-brick 
arch as a deflector, to accomplish the 
same object, was preferable. This was 
accordingly tried on two locomotives 
built for the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany in 1854, and was found so valuable 
an apjiliance that its use was at once es- 
tablished, and it was put on a number of 
engines built for railroads in Cul)a ami 
elsewhere. 

After the death of Mr. Baldwin, when 
Mr. Baird had become sole proprietor of 
the works, the business was reorganized 
in 1867, under the name of the lialdwin 
Pocomotivc Works, M. Baird & Co.. pro- 
l)rietors. ^fr. Baird associated with him- 
self as partners, George Piurnham and 
C'harlcs T. Parry, who had been connect- 
ed with the establishment from an early 
period, the former in charge of the fi- 
nances and the latter as general superin- 
tendent. Three years later, Messrs. V.d- 
ward H. Williams, William P. Henszey 
and Fdward I-^ongstreth also became 
members of the firm. 

Early in 1873, ^^^- I^'i'T'l *'-'l<l l''-'' •"- 
terest in the works to his five partners 
and retired from active business life, al- 
thougli still retaining his interests in nu- 
merous public and private enterprises. 
ITe was for years a member of the Board 
of Directors of the Central National 
Bank of Philadelphia, and at the time of 
his death was director of the Texas and 
Pacific Railway Comiiany. the Pennsyl- 
vania Steel Company, the Andover Iron 



WAKW'K. K S Ki:\STO.\E. COM ,\1( l.\ \\i: \1. I 1 1 . 



515 



Lijiiipaiiy, the i'hiladclphia and \\ oi 
Chester Railroad Company and the Phil- 
adelphia Academy of I'^ine Arts, lie was 
one of the incorpuratnrs and direetnrs of 
the American Steamship Company ami 
was a lartije investor in the I'ennsxlvania 
Railroad Company. He was recognized 
by all as a citizen of eminent public spirit. 
and there were few enterprises for the 
general good, or of a charitable character, 
in the cit\- of his lidme, among whose 
])romoters and supporters he was not 
numbered. He was a manager of the 
Northern Home for Friendless Children, 
and Contributed much to other benevolent 
institutions. To liorrow the language of 
one who knew him well, uttered when at 
the head of the great concern that will 
forever be associated with his name:— 
"-Mr. J'laird, by reason of long and inti 
mate connection with the trade, practic- 
al experience as a manufacturer, wealth 
and social positi(.)n, rightfully is the head 
of the establishment and referred to in all 
matters of importance, both in the prcj- 
(luction and selling of engines. He began 
his efforts in these works in their infane\ 
and his own earlv manhood, ;ui<l they 
have literallv grown with his own mental 
and bodily powers. He shared all tlie re- 
sjionsibilities and hopes ni the illustrious 
lialdwin, whose mantle has with entire 
appropriateness fallen upon his should- 
ers. Mr. Raird is a man eif large figiu-e. 
with a head in massive i)r(jportions to suit 
his ample body. His features are regular, 
and expressive of a far-reaching mind 
and of agreeable qualities of character. 
His manners are quiet and self-jiossessed. 
He is not inclined to show (jr boast ful- 
ness in any particular, but delights in the 
exhibition of honest virtues and noble 
purposes. Rising to lii> present position 
of business and social influence bv indus- 
try and an honorable life, his sympathies 
are always with the toiling masses. In 
the midst of his vast interests and the ir- 
resistible tide of business, he shows him- 
self constantly thoughtful of his arnu of 
workmen, and does much 1)\- comisel ;md 
benevolence to encourage them in llieir 
station. He is csteenied and beloved b\ 
all who know him in personal relations, 
and his mechanical labors and enterprise 
make him worthy of an enduring fame." 
His busy and useful life came to an end 
on May \<i. il^//. 




J. EI-tNEST K1CII.'\RI)S. 

In a little over a decade, J. Frnest 
Richards, vice-president and director eif 
the West End Trust Compan\, has be- 
come an important figure in the indus- 
trial, financial and social circles of I'hil- 
adelphia, Mr. Richards was born in 
I'dizabeth, X. J., in iSSi and was edu- 
cated at the L'niversit}' of Pennsylvania 
from which he graduated in 10 1.2. After 
the comjiletion (jf his education he be- 
came interested in the Ridge Avenue 
Hank, and became its cashier, a position 
he relinquished to become assistant to the 
I'resident and ;i director of the 
West I'"nd Trust Compans, C|Kin 
the organization of the Independence 
Trust Com|)any, he became the vice- 
])resi<lent and an actiw <lirector. 
Recognizing the vast possibilities of con- 
solidation and ci'ntralizalion of capital, 
he was one <if the prinu' movers in the 
sn.'cessful efi'oii to cousolid.ate the Inde- 
pendence and West I'.nd Trust comjjan- 
ies. Wdien this was Tm.ilK conipletetl, on 
May 1st, M)i.^ .Mr. Richards became 
vice-presidein of the West Ivnd 'Trust 
Company and was gr.alified to see the 



3if' 



WAKWICK S KKISTO.N'K COMMONWEALTH. 



latter ci)iii])riny become, by reason of the 
jointure, one of the important financial 
institutions of the city. Mr. Richards is 
:» son of Joseph T. Richards, Chief En- 
t^ineer of .Maintenance of Way of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company and is 
of Quaker ancestry, one of his fore- 
bears, Joseph Richards, coming to lhi> 
country from Oxford, England, and 
landing at Plymouth in i(>f)0. From that 
period the family was prominent in the 
social life of New England and active in 
the Colonial wars and all pre-Revolution- 
ary events. Subsecjuently branches ot 
the family were established in Delaware 
County, Pa., and Cecil County, Md. Mr. 
Richards's mother was Miss Martha 
Elizabeth Ernest, and she was also de- 
scended from one of the oldest families, 
her father having large iron interests in 
Maryland and being related to the Coo]i- 
ers of New Jersey. While a student at 
the University, Mr. Richards was vcr\ 
active and popular. He took part in the 
Mask and \V'ig Dramatic Club's produc- 
tions and in his Freshman year rowed on 
his class crew which won the Intercol- 
legiate races at Poughkeepsie. .\t the 
preliminary school which he attended he 
was cajitain of both the football and base- 
ball teams, but after entering college cur- 
tailed his sports to devote more time to 
stud}-. He is a member of the Zeta Psi 
Fraternity and president of the graduate 
body of the Sphinx Senior Society, an 
unusual honor as only twenty men out 
of each senior class are elected to this 
position. Mr. Richards's phenomenal 
success in the business world, in the 
short period that has ensued since at- 
taining his majoritv is attested by his 
man\- connections. He is a director of 
the .\merican Piiie and Construction 
Company, the (jeorge 1!. Newton Coal 
Company, the Central, West X'irginia and 
Southern Railroad Company, the New 
^'ork Intcrurban Water Company and the 
Buffalo and Depew Railroad Coni])any. 
in New 'N'ork State, and several other 
corporations. His clnl)> are the Cnion 
League, Rac(|uet, Marklrun, Philaiiel- 
jihia P>argc and Merion Cricket. He is 
also a member of ihc New luigland So- 
ciety and the Sons of ihr American Rev- 
olution. 




AMll-.KT i:. TlliMll. 



Al.lU-.Kr K. TUKNi;i<. 

Albert E. Turner, who has been active 
in civic affairs for over twenty years was 
born in l'hiladel|)lii;i. January 22(\. ii^(i-,. 
llu- s. m of Charles llrinckley and .Mar- 
garet ( Row- 
en ) Turner. 
I Ic was edu- 
cated in the 
public schools, 
after wards 
taking a 
C(_)urse in the 
I n ternational 
^■. M. C. A. 
I'ollege, of 
S p r i ngfield, 
Mass. He was 
general secre- 
tary for the 
Voung ^fen's 
Christian .As- 
sociation for 
several years 
and then entered the employment of the 
lialtimore and Ohio Railroad Company at 
Columbus, Ohio. He returned to Phila- 
delphia in 1892 and became a newspaper 
reporter and later was financial editor of 
one of the morning dailies. 

In 1906 he entered the banking busi- 
ness W'ith E. B. Smith & Company, 
and in 1912 he became a member of 
the Stock Exchange and of the firm 
of Harper and Turner. Mr. Turner 
was active in the old Municipal 
League, the Connnittee of Seventy and 
the City Park movement. He is presi- 
dent of the Home and School League, a 
director of the City Club, the Keswick 
Colony of Mercy, the Pastorius P>uild- 
ing and Loan .Association and the C"en- 
tral Branch of the Y. M. C. .A. His clubs 
are the Art, Overbrook Golf, City Club 
of New A'ork and the Rotary Club. He 
also holds membership in the .American 
.\cademy of Political and Social Science 
and lh(.- Civil !^cr\-ice Reform .Associa- 
tii 111. 

He has devoted much time to writ- 
ing ami has been a voluminous contribu- 
tor to canipaign literature. Mr. Turner 
married Miss Dora E. Botsford, of Lock- 
port, .\". ^'.. in 18S7 and has six children, 
ilis home is at Overbrook. 



WARWICK s KE^■s•^l^■^:• commonwealth. 



317 




H. II. HOUSTON. 



Henr\- Howard Houston came from 
an honorable and distinguished ancestry 
and traced his Hneage back to the days 
of chivalry in Scotland when the brave 
and fearless Wallace attempted to win 
independence for the Scottish people. 
The clan of Houston originated, how- 
ever, in the time of Sir Hugo de Pad- 
vinian, the laird of the lands of Kilpeter 
in Strathgrief, about the year of ii()0. 
The baronetcy is now held by George 
Ludovic Houston, of J(.)hnstone, Ren- 
frewshire, Scotland. The younger sons 
of the original family migrated from 
their n.-itivc land to the north of Ireland 
in the early part of the seventeenth cen- 
tury and their descendants are now to be 
found in the counties of .\ntrini, Tyrone 
and Londonderry. From Ireland came 
the descendants of the family in ],an- 
castcr County, Pennsylvania, where set- 
tlement was made between 1730 and 
^73S- Prom this same Irish branch was 
descended the Houstons of Tennessee 
and the famous Sam Houston, the first 



president of the Republic of Texas, 
Henry Howard Houston was born near 
Wrightsville. York County, Pa., October 
3, 1820, and was the youngest son of 
Sanuiel Nelson Houston and the last liv- 
ing grandson of Dr. John Houston, of 
Lancaster County, who after stud\'ing at 
Glasgow University in Scotland, return- 
ed to his Pennsylvania home in 1766. 
He later graduated from what is now the 
Medical Department of the L'niversity 
of Pennsylvania in i/(t') ;ind four years 
later married Susanna, daughter of 
John Wright, of York County. When 
the Colonists attempted to win indepen- 
dence from F.ngland, Dr. John Houston 
joined the arm\ as a surgeon and with 
four brothers fought thrnugh the war, 
thus aiding in establishing the Republic. 
His son, .Samuel Nelson Houston, was 
distinguished for his splendid jihysical 
manhood. After .attending llurlington 
College, he stmlied medicine and ])har- 
macy but relin(|uislied a prospective pro- 
fessional career In become an aclive 



3'8 



WARWICK S Ki:V.ST(I.NE t O.M .\1( l.\ W l-.AL I 11. 



menibiT of Captain ShippL-n's Troo]) of 
florse in Lancaster County to take jiart 
in the War of 1812. In 1817 he married 
Susan Strickler, a daughter of Colonel 
Jacob Strickler and became the father of 
John James. Henry Howard, Emily 
Strickler, l^lcanor Wright and Martha 
Mifflin Houston. At an early age Henry 
Howard Houston left school and for sev- 
eral years thereafter was connected with 
mercantile jnirsuits in his native town. 
lie was a )'oung man of twenty years 
when he went to Lucinda Furnace, Cla- 
rion Count)-, where he spent three years 
in the cmi)loy of James Buchanan, after- 
wards President of the United States. 
He then joined Edmund Evans with 
whom he went to the abandoned Horse 
Creek P'urnace on the Allegheny River, 
in Venango County, which they put in 
successful operation. Air. Houston, in 
February, 1847, entered the Philadelphia 
ofilice of D. Leech & Co., w^hich was then 
the leading canal and transportation firm 
in the State. He remained with this 
concern until the Pennsylvania Railroad 
had completed the line to Hollidaysburg 
and the State Portage road was con- 
structed over the mountains. These with 
the State canal from Johnstown to Pitts- 
burgh formed a through line from the 
eastern terminus of the road at Philadel- 
phia to the Ohio River. Mr. Houston's 
business ability had attracted the atten- 
tion of Colonel William C. Patterson, at 
that time president of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad, and he was selected to organ- 
ize the freight department of the new 
road. It was the right man in the right 
jilace. There was an intense and liitter 
rivalry and the m(.)St vigorous and unre- 
mitting etTorts were retiuired to secure 



and mauitain trade. 



Th 



e 



ennsvlvania 



Railroad was comjjleted to Pittsburgh in 
1853 and from that time until \i^f)^. Mr. 
Houston's labors were arduous and in- 
cessant. He was fortunate in possessing 
sound health and the constant strain did 
not seriously affect him. For fifteen 
vears lie managed these de|iartments witli 
satisfaction to the com])an\- and credit 
to himself. In 1865 Mr. Houston entered 
into special transportation on local and 
trans-continental railroads and in this 
enterprise was connected with se\-cral 
frcntlemen with whom he continued the 



association until death separated them, 
i'ogether they organized the first through 
freight lines, which phenomenally in- 
creased transportation and aided materi- 
ally in the development of the country. 
They were also engaged in lake and 
ocean transportation on a large scale. 
In the early days of the oil excitement, 
Mr. Houston made careful investments 
and soon became known as a prosperous 
operator in petroleum. He was a mem- 
ber of the Board of Directors of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Co., the Pitts- 
burgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad 
Co., the American Steamship Co., the 
Erie and Western Transportation Co., 
and a number of smaller corporations. 
Mr. Houston married Miss Sallie S. 
Boniiell, of Philadeljihia, in 1856 and they 
had si.x children, the first, a daughter, dy- 
ing in infancy. The eldest son, Henry 
Howard Houston, Jr., was graduated 
from the University of Pennsylvania in 
the Class of 78. While on a tour of Eu- 
rope he died in Rome, in June, 1879, at 
the age of twenty years. It was in his 
memory that Air. and Mrs. Houston built 
Houston Hall at the L'niversity of Penn- 
sylvania, which has been so eminently 
successful that the plans have been copied 
by a number of other educational institu- 
tions throughout the country. The 
fourth child, Eleanor .Anna, died at the 
age of twelve years, in January, 1875. 
The surviving children are : Sallie B., 
widow of Charles Wolcott Henry : Sam- 
uel Frederic and Gertrude, wife of Dr. 
(George \\'oodward. The family home is 
at Chestnut Hill, one of the city's most 
beautiful suburbs. Air. Houston w^as a 
member of St. Peter's Protestant Church 
of (iermantown and was Rector's Ward- 
en from the organization of the parish 
until his death. He also aided in the 
erection of St. Alartins-in-the-Fields, at 
St. Martins Station, Chestnut Hill. He 
was a man of forceful character and was 
quick in his estimate of men and meas- 
ures. He was of robust physi(|ue and 
very actiw mentally and physically. Ik- 
took great interest in developing and 
improving the historic parts of German- 
town and Chestnut Hill and was munifi- 
cent in his benevolence and charities. 
He was a trustee of the L'niversity of 
I'eiinsx lv;inia and of Washington and 



WARWICK S KEVSTOXB COMMONWEALTH. 



319 



Lee University, Lexington, \'irginia. 
The Houston family is identitieil with 
the Mifflins of Pennsylvania, whose an- 
cestors came over with William Penn, 
and who have become famous in the po- 
litical and judicial history of the State, 
Joseph Mifflin having married Martha 
Houston, an aunt of Henry Howard 
Houston. Mr. Houston died June 21, 
1895, 'i''"^' '^'^'^ best eulogy that could be 
written of him would be that he was the 
worthy descendant of an illustrious and 
hiinorable ancestry. 




( i.i;.\ii:.\ I 



(.KLSCOM. 



Clement A. ( iriscom, who was a ijromi- 
nent figure in trans-Atlantic ship])ing and 
interested in nian\' industrial corpora- 
tions, was burn in Philadelphia, ALarch 
15, 1841, and was educated in the jiublic 
schools and at the Friends' Academy. 
His ancestors were Friends and Thomas 
Lloyd, a maternal forebear, was at one 
time Deputy Governor of the Common- 
wealth and President of the Pennsylvania 
Council from 1684 until i6f)8. His fath- 
er. Dr. John f Iriscom. was a prominent 
ijhvsician. 



After leaving school, Mr. (Iriscom nli- 
tained a clerkship in the office of Peter 
Wright & Sons, and in 1863, when but 
twenty-two years of age, he had won 
admission to the firm and gradually as- 
sumed entire direction of the business. 

The firm was ;i]>pointeil agent of 
the old American Line and subse- 
quently, after direct negotiations with 
King Leopold, of .Belgium, Mr. Griscom 
organized the Liternational Navigation 
Company which absorbed the American 
Line. He was elected vice-president of 
the new company and became its presi- 
dent January 4, 1888, the fleet then com- 
jirising twenty-six ocean steamships. The 
Inman Line was then purchased and the 
steamships Xew York and Paris adde<l 
to the line. These were the first twin 
screw steamships used in passenger traf- 
fic and were unsinkable. They sailed un- 
der American registry by special Act of 
Congress. Mr. Griscom awarded the 
contracts to Cranips for the steamships 
St. Louis anil St. Paul and during the 
Spanish-American War these and several 
other of the liners were used by the Gov- 
ernment and figured in various naval en- 
gagements. In i<j02, the name of the 
company was clianged to the Interna- 
tional ■Mercantile Marine Company and 
tile White ."^tar, the .\tlantic Transport, 
the Le^-land and ' )ld I>iminion Lines 
were acquired. .Mr. ( iriscom was elected 
to the presidency of the company but re- 
signed in 1004 to become chairman of 
the Hoard of Directors. 

In 1S89 Mr. (IrisC(.)m was a dele- 
gate to the International -Marine Con- 
gress for revising the "Rules of the 
Roads at Sea," at which twenty-eight 
nations were represented. In recog- 
nitirm of the perfect discipline main- 
tained on the shi])s of the International 
Xavigation Ccjmpany, Uueen Wilhelmina, 
of Holland, made Mr. Griscom a Knight 
of the ( )rder of ( )range-Nassau, her at- 
tention Ijeing directed to the line by the 
rescue of two hundred men, women and 
children from the disabled Dutch liner 
X'eendam, b\' the steamship St. Louis, 
the V'eendam sinking immediately after 
tlte last rescue boat had lid't the wri'ck. 
The Frcncli (nivernment made him a 
( hevalier of the Legion of Honor, and 



320 



W AKW U K S KKVSTONE COM MUX WEALl 11. 



the British instiiuti.' of Xaval Architects 
made him an h(iiiiirar> member. Mr. 
(Iriscom was one of the organizer.s of the 
.National Transit Company, which was 
formed to pnmp oil from the wells to 
the refinery. He was a director of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Cumpany, the 
I'oiirth Street National Hank, the L'nited 
(jas Tm])rovement Compan\ and the 
I'nited States Steel C'orporation. He was 
one of the managers of the Western Sav- 
ini,'s Fund Society of Philadelphia, a trus- 
tee of the Atlantic Mutual Insurance 
Com])any, ;ind director of the Mercantile 
Trust C onipany, of Xew York City, He 
was a member of the Union League. 
I'hiladelphia, Rittenhouse, Merion Crick- 
et, Rabljit, Philadelphia Country. Corin- 
thian 'S'acht and I'armers" Clubs of Phila- 
deljjhia, the Union, Metroi)olitan, City 
.Middav and Xew York Yacht clubs, of 
Xew ^'ork City, the .Metropolitan Clul) 
of \\'asliinn;ton, D. C, and the Marlbor- 
ou.y:h and St. James clulis of London, 
Knsj'land. Mr. (irisconi died Xovember 
I2th. 11)12. 




I HAM IS li. Hi.b\ I'.: 



FRAXCLS K. KEI-:\i:S. 

For years a prominent fiijure in the 
commercial life of Philadel])hia and since 
early manhood interested in every move- 
ment for civic betterment. I'rancis I!. 
Reeves has rendered effiicent service both 
to the city and state. He was born in 
Piridgeton, Xew Jersey, October lo, 1836, 
the son of Johnson and Elizabeth I Riley) 
Reeves, who were of English ancestry, 
the American branch being founded on 
Long Island in the early part of the eigh- 
teenth centin\\'. Mr. Reeves's immediate 
forebears afterward removing to Cum- 
berland County, Xew Jersev. He was 
educated in j)rivate schools and after the 
completion of his education entered the 
em])loy of his father, who conducted a 
general store at I'ridgeton, and subse- 
ipiently for about two years worked in a 
jewelry shop in the same town. In March. 
1S54, ;\Ir. Reeves was called from the 
bench and counter of the jewelry shop to 
a clerkship in the Ciirard Bank of Phila- 
delphia, in whose affairs he was destined 
to jilay an important part a half century 
later. .\t this period his thou.ghts turned 
10 commercial pursuits and he resigned 
liis clerkship in the bank to enter the em- 
ploy of X. P.. Thompson & Co., a whole- 
sale grocery firm that had been in exist- 
ence since 1828. He was familiar with 
I his line by reason of his experience in his 
father's store and within a year he was 
admitted to partnership. One inonth 
liter the firm was dissolved by reason of 
Mr. Thiimpson's death, and -Mr. Reeves, 
althongh but twenty-two years of a.ge, 
was made executor of the estate, which 
in those days was considered a large one. 
Mr. Reeves proceeded at once to organize 
,\ new firm to carry on the old business, so 
ihat since i85(; he has continued a mem- 
lier of the original firm and its successors, 
now. — and since 1863, known as Reeves, 
Parvin S: Co. In 1881, Mr. Reeves was 
elected a director of the Cirard Xational 
Bank, which he had entered as an inex- 
]ierienced clerk twenty-seven years pre- 
viously. He was re-elected to this im- 
linrtani positinu for seventeen consecu- 
tive \ears and on Januarv 3, 181/), he was 
made vice-president of the institution, 
( )n lulv 18, l8i)i). he w;is un;inimouslv 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



.S^I 



elected preMileiit and lia> Cdiiliiiucd in 
that position since. .Mr. Reeves lias lont; 
been active in the commercial and public 
affairs of Philadelphia, lie is the presi- 
dent of the Philadeliiliia Pelt Line Rail- 
road Compan\ , first vice-|)resident nf the 
Philadelphia I'.ourse. a director of the 
Phila<lelphia ^lortgage and Trust Cuni- 
panv, the Bell Telephone Compan\ nl 
Pennsvlvania. one of the manag'ers of the 
Merchants' h'luid and the Mercantile 
I'eneficial Association and of the (ier- 
mantown Saving Fund Society. He is 
also a member of the Advisory lioard of 
the Germantown Trust Company, one of 
the trusteees of the ( ieneral .\ssembly of 
the Presbyterian Church in the United 
States of America and treasurer of the 
Thomas \\'. Evans Museum and Dental 
Institute Societ}-, which is no-vv affiliated 
with the University of Pennsylvania. He 
was chairman of the Executive Commit- 
tee of the ■'Committee of (Jne Hundred" 
which was so active in correcting muni- 
cipal irregularities from 1881 to 188,5 
and in 1888 he was appointed by the 
Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas, 
to membership in the Board of Educa- 
tion. In 1889 he was appointed by the 
Mayor a member of the "Citizens" Per- 
manent Relief Committee" on the occa- 
sion of the Johnstown flood and by a])- 
pointnient of Governor Beaver, he be- 
came the chairman of the "Committee on 
Annuities to Johnstown Flood Orphans" 
of the State Relief Committee. In 1892, 
as representative of the City of Phila- 
delphia and the Permanent Relief Com- 
mittee, he visited Russia to deliver and 
distribute a cargo of food supplies sent 
on the steamship "Conemaugh" for the 
relief of the sufferers by famine in that 
country. For that service Emperor Al- 
exander HI. presented to Mr. Reeves a 
costly silver and gold punch set of seven 
pieces. Mr. Reeves is fond o( literature 
and devotes much of his spare time to 
this pursuit. He is the author of "The 
Reeves (lenealogy" and the "I'lvoluliou of 
Our Christian Hymnology." The latter 
work has a wide circulation and recei\ed 
favorable comment from news and relig- 
ious ]iapers throughout the cotnitry. 




EDWARD A. sell MU)!. 

Edward A. Schmidt, president of the 
Xorthwestern National Bank, was born in 
Philadelphia, July 6, 18' 13, the son of 
Christian and Anna Margaret ((irubler) 
Schmidt and was educated in the public 
schools. His first employment was in 
the brewery established by his father, 
the firm being C. Schmidt & Sons, when 
he and his two brothers, Henry C.. and 
h'rederick "W., were admitted to uartner- 
sliip. After the death of the fatlier, the 
business was incorporated under the 
name of C. Schmidt tV- .^ons Brewing 
Company, with Edward A. Schmidt as 
president. The company later ]>urchased 
the Robert Smith Brewery, which was 
established in 1774, and incorporated it 
imder the name of the Robert Smith Ale 
r.rewing Com])any. The product of this 
concern has had a Xational reputation 
for over one himdred yt'ar>. .\lr. 
.'^chniidt is ;i]so y>residenl of this com- 
pany, wbicli in |i)()8. purchased the Peter 
Schemni lV Son brewery. The combined 
outpnl of ilic^e |)lanls is over three bun- 



322 



WAUWllKS KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



(Ired thousand barrels anmiallv. Mr. 
Schmidt is also a director of the Polh 
Brewiny Coni])any, being elected to that 
IX)sition after the death of Frederick .\. 
Poth, who was his father-in-law. In 
1905 he was elected president of the 
Northwestern National Bank, and nnder 
his management that institution ha^ 
been very sccessful. He is also a di- 
rector of the Commonwealth Trusi 
Company. Mr. Schmidt is well known 
in clubdom, being a member of the Union 
I.eague. the Manufactiu-ers' Club, the 
Philadelphia Country Club and the Mer 
inn Cricket Club. 



EKEDERU K 1. C 1 1 A \l if.EU. 

Frederick T. Chandler, who is pronii 
nent in financial, social and political cir- 
cles, was born in the Friends" settlement 
of llaniorton, near Kennett Square. 
Pennsylvania, December 5, 1863. Init was 
taken to Philadelphia when a child and 
educated in the i^ublic schools of that city. 
.\t the age of fifteen years he ol)tained a 
position in the brokerage house of Thom- 
as L. Lawson & Sons, where he remained 
tmtil 1883 at which time he became asso- 
ciated with the firm of L. H. Taylor & Co. 
Upon the retirement from business of this 
firm Mr. Chandler organized the broker- 
age firm of Chandler Brothers and Com- 
pany, with offices at Fifth and Chestnut 
streets, but afterwards removed to their 
present handsome cpiarters at No. 1338 
Chestnut street. Mr. Chandler has been 
a member of the Stock Fxchange since 
1892, was its president from 1905 imtil 
1907. He was re-elected in 1912 and is 
at the present time its President, and a 
member of the Governing Commit- 
tee. He also holds membership in 
the New York Stock Exchange, llu- 
Chica.go Board of Trade and tlic 
.New York Cotton E.xchangc. Me 
formerly resided in Delaware County 
during which time he was active in Re- 
publican politics, rendering efiicient aid to 
John 1'.. Robinson and the late William P. 
Mathues during their regimes as ]K)litical 
directors in that locality. In 1904 he rep- 




lTii:iii:iui K T. ( ll.WUl 1-H. 

resented the district as a delegate to the 
Republican National Convention which 
nominated Col. Theodore Roosevelt for 
the Presidency. Upon taking up resi- 
dence in Philadelphia he continued his po- 
litical activit\- and was a member of the 
Connuittee of Twenty-one which helped 
secure the nomination and election of 
Samuel P. Rotan to the position of Dis- 
trict .\ttorney. He was also a Presiden- 
tial elector in it)o8. .Mr. Chandler has 
been active in the Masonic fraternity for 
nianv years, being a member of Corinth- 
ian I.odge, Corinthian Chapter and Cor- 
inthian Chasseur Commander}'. He is a 
member of the Union League, Racquet, 
I 'liiladeli)hia. Country, Clover. I'hiladel- 
pliia Ciun, Huntingdon A'alley Country. 
Rumson Country. Manufacturers and 
.Merion Cricket clubs: Rose Tree Hunt, 
Bachelor's Barge of Philadel]>hia, Penn- 
sylvania Society, Historical -Society of 
Pennsylvania, National {ie()gra[)hic So- 
ciety. American Institute of Banking and 
others, and the Lambs Club of Xrw ^'ork 
City. 



WARWICK S KEVSION'i;. C0.\1 Md N W KALTH. 



3-3 



EFFINGHAM I!. MOKKIS. 

In assuiniui;' the presidency of the liir- 
ard Trust Company in 18S7, Effingham 
B. Morris brought to that office the legal 
training which is essential in the man- 
agement of a trust company, and also 
exhibited an executive and business abil- 
ity which has made the company success- 
ful under his direction. Dividends have 
increased from ten per cent, in 1S87 to 
thirty-six per cent, in ic)i_>. .Mr. Mor- 
ris, who is the fourth president of the 
Girard Trust Company since its incor- 
poration in 1836, was born in Philadel- 
phia, August 23d, 1856, and receiveil 
his preliminary training at l)r. jnhn W. 
Faires Classical School, afterwards en- 
tering the University of Pennsylvania. 
He graduated from the Department ni" 
Arts in 1875 and from the Departmenl 
of Law in 1878. .\fter admission to the 
Bar he was associated with P. Pember- 
ton Alorris, LL. D., professor of practice 
and pleading at law and equity at the 
University if Pennsylvania, and upon 
Professor Morris's retirement he suc- 
ceeded to his practice. He was general 
attorney for the Lehigh \'alley Railroad 
from 1881 to 1887 and comisel for the 
Girard Trust Company. He was chosen 
President of the (urard 'I'rust Com- 
pany to succeed John I!. ( larrett, 
who resigned to become vice-i3resident 
of the Lehigh \'alley Railroad. During 
Mr. Morris's term as president, the l:)uild- 
ing at the northeast corner of Broad and 
Chestnut streets, the first modern high 
office Iniilding in that localitw was erect- 
ed and occupied, and the rapid growth of 
finance and business interests there veri- 
fied his judgment. In 1905 the present 
lc)cation at the northwest corner was 
purchased and the magnificent structure 
designed from Mr. Morris's suggestions 
and devoted entirely to the company'> 
own use. was erected and occupied in 
1908. The business has greatly increased 
in the last few years, especially the testa- 
mentary and corporate trusts and funds 
on deposit subject to check. In addi- 
tion to the presidency of the Girard Trust 
Company, Mr. Morris is a director of tlu' 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and its 
allied lines, of the Philadelphia Xational 
i'ank-, Fom-th Street Xational Bank, 
Franklin Xational Bank. I'hiladel))hia 
Saving Fimd Societv, Penns\lvania Fire 




Insurance Cumpan}. l\e\sliine Watch 
Case Company, Mutual Assurance Com- 
pany, Pennsvlvania-Maryland Coal Com- 
pany, Spanish-.Vmerican Iron Company, 
Cambria Iron Company, Maryland Steel 
Company, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chica- 
go and St. Louis Kail\va\, Mahoning- 
Iron and Steel Company, chairman of the 
Executive Committees of both the Cam- 
bria Steel Company and Pennsylvania 
.Steel Company, trustee of the Instate of 
.\nthonv J. Drexel, deceased, and other 
corporations. lie is a trustee of the L'ni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. Mr. .Morris is 
an Independent Republican in p(.)litics 
and represented the lughtli Ward in 
Common Councils as the candidate of the 
"Committee of 100" in 1880 and 1881. 
He was trustee of Citv Bonds secured on 
the City Gas Works from 1882 to 1887, 
defeating Mr. David IT. Lane for that of- 
fice ; and wa> n'ceivcr of ihe .Schuylkill 
Navigation C'ompany, b\' a])pointment of 
the I'nited States Court in i88f), arrang- 
ing for a settlement of its affairs in the 
reorganization nf the Reading i^ailroad 
in 1888. Mr. Morris is ;i member of the 
Union League Club, and of the Philadel- 
nhia, Rittenhouse, University I\;iC(|uet, 
Merion Cricket, l!r\n Mawr Polo. R;id- 
nor I lunt and other clubs. 



324 



WAKWKK.S KEVSTU.Nli COM MON WKALTIl. 



KDVVARI) M. SMIJII. 

Mdward ]!. Smith, bead nf the firm of 
I'"d\vard J?. Smith & Company, i'hiladel- 
jihia and New Vori<. has been in the bank- 
insj 1)nsiness for twenty-six years. Mr. 
Smith was born in I'iiiladelphia, Septem- 
ber 2,vl. ii>(>i- llis father was Dr. .\\- 
1)ert 11. ."^niith. one of the leading physi- 
cians oi the city, who for many years 
resided at Rroad and Wahnit streets. 

ICdward 11. Smith was educated in the 
William I'enn Charter School and the 
I'niversitv of Pennsylvania. After a pre- 
liminarx tr;iining in a bankin;;- hduse. he 
became a partner oi Thomas R. Tunis, 
under the firm name of Tunis & Smith, 
in ]8<S6, .Mr. Smith becoming a member 
of the I'hiladelpha Stock Exchange. In 
1892 the present htiuse of Edward l'>. 
Smith & Company was established, the 
tlnii tbi-n consisting of Edward I!. Smith. 




i:in\.\ui) 1;. .^.Miiii. 



Erancis K. Bond and George W. Norris. 
The two latter have since retired. Tlie 
firm now consists of three resident I'hila- 
del])liia ])artners. and two resident \ew 
N'ork partners. 

Mr. Smith has been engaged in many 
])roniin(,'nt financial undertakings. He 
was among those who was deeply inter- 
ested in the rehabilitation of the Choctaw, 
( )kla]ioma & Gulf Railroad, which became 
one of the most successful properties in 
the Southwest. He later became identi- 
fied with the Lehigh Valley Railroad, en- 
tering the Board of Directors some years 
ago. He is a member of the Board of 
Directors of numerous banking and 
financial institutions, including the Frank- 
hn X'ational Bank, (iirard Eire & Marine 
Insurance Company, American Gas 
Companv, Ix'high \alley Transit Com- 
panv and other C(.irporations. He was 
named by the Board of Judges a member 
.jf the lioard of City Trusts in 190^), and 
has taken a deep interest in its work ever 
since. Mr. Smith has from time to time 
participated in movements for civic bet- 
terment, notably in 1905. He was re- 
cently apijoinied by Mavor Blankenburg 
a member of an Advisory Committee on 
Citv Finance, the committee including 
leading bankers of the city. 

Mr. Smith is a member of most of the 
leading clubs of the city, including the 
I'iiiladelphia, Rittenhousc, Union 
League,, Rac(|uet and other clubs, and 
the Radnor, Rose Tree, and White 
M.-irsli \alley Hunt Club. He is ]>resi- 
deut of the I'hiladelpbia b'our-in-Hand 
Club, having f<ir many years been a lead- 
er in sustaining the traditional tnur-in- 
b.and coach. 

I'rom 1882 to ]8()0 he was a member 
of the First City Troo]). Mr. Smith's 
town house is at 30(^) S. njth street, and 
his country home at Gwynedd \'alley, 
.ilthough he usually spends the greater 
liart of his summers yachting. In addi- 



WAKW U k's KEVSTONli COM MOXWEALTIT . 



325 



ticiii til various I'.oanU and Clu1)s with 
which -Mr. Smith is idcntitiL-il. he has al- 
ways given a large >hare of attention as 
a citizen to philanthropic undertakings 
and devotes a large part of his time t. > 
charitable enterprises. 




G. COLESliERRY I'URVlvS. 

Retiring from the practice of law to 
take u]) financial pursuits. ( i. Colesl)err\ 
Purves has become a notable figure in the 
moneyed affairs of the city. He was Ixirn 
in i'hiladelphia, December iSth, iS4_:5. the 
son of William and Anna (Kennedv) 
Purves. The father was secretary ami 
treasurer and afterwards vice-president 
of the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, 
of which tlie son is now the executive 
head. Mr. I'urves attendeil schouls in his 
native city and after carefid ])reparati(in 
entered Yale from which he graduated in 
1864 with the ISachelor of Arts degree. 



'i"he Master of Arts degree was conferred 
upon him in 1867 and the .same year he 
graduated from the L'niversity of Penn- 
sylvania with the LL. B. degree. P.eing 
admitted to the liar he cnmmenced prac- 
tice and continued active in his profession 
until January ist, 1885, when he acce])ted 
the position of assistant secretary and 
treasurer of the Philadelphia Savings 
I'und Societ\-. Three years later he was 
ailvanced to secretary and treasurer and 
in i()02 was elected vice-jiresident. In 
1 1 10^^, wdien the office of President l)ecame 
vacant, he was unanininuslx elected ti 1 the 
pii^itiiin, which he still holds, ami the wis- 
dom I if his selection is shown by the con- 
tinued prosperitv o( the Society, which is 
recognized as one of the most stable finan- 
cial institutions in the country. In addi- 
tion to his activity as a lawyer and finan- 
cier, Mr. Purves is interested in philan- 
thropy and church work and has also been 
active in local politics. He is an ardent 
Democrat in national affairs, Init locally 
lie is an aggressive reformer. 1 le was at 
' me time president of the Seventh Ward 
School Board and since his rtnirenient 
from that position has continued to be in- 
terested in the intellectual progress of the 
city. He has always refused to be a can- 
didate for another office but is always 
read}- to aid any movement that will im- 
prove civic conditions. In addition to his 
connection with the Philadelphia Savings 
I'lnid Societv, Mr. Purves is a director of 
the Farmers and Mechanics National 
Bank, the Insurance Company of North 
America and the Mortgage Trust Com- 
pany of Pennsylvania. He is president of 
the Union Benevolent Society and the 
Philadelphia Lying-in t'harity ami .a trus- 
tee of the Jeft"erson Hospital, lie is a 
member of several college fraternities, 
the Uittenhduse ;nid I'niversitv clubs and 
i> president of the Board of Trustees of 
C'alvar\' Pre>byterian Church. Mr. Pur- 
ves was married at Dobbs I'errv, New 



326 



W AKW U K S KICVSroNE COMMONWEALTH. 



York, to Miss Elizabeth Cowan, a dautjii- 
tt-r of Anthony and I'anny ( lulwards) 
(iilkison of Ilrooklxn. Xew "S'ork. '{"he 
mother was a direct descendant of Jona- 
than l'"dwards. the eminent Xew l-'ngland 
(hvine. 




TiiJ-.onoUK i:i)\\ AKli W ll'IDKRSIiKIM. 

deneral Theodore E. Wiedersheini 
who for nearly half a ccntnry has heen 
prominent in financial and military cir- 
cles, was Imni in Petershnrg, Ohio, hnl 
was brought In Philadelphia h\- his pa- 
rents when a cliild. 1 li' attended the 
public schools here and afterwards .q;rad- 
iiated from the Central llip:h Schodl. 
ITpon the completion of his education he 
entered the eniploy of a mercantile house 
but in iSOj Ik- responded to President 
Lincoln's call for tmops and entered the 
L'nion Aruiv a-- ;i private in Coni])an\- h" 
of the Gray l-Jeserves and rose through 
the intermetliate grades to a captaincy. 
.■\s a member of the .^_'d Regiment he 



participated in the campaig'n in the Cum- 
berland \'alle\' and was present at the 
shellint,' of Carlisle, Pa., by General 
I''itzhut:h Lee, on July i, i.Sf)3. .\fter 
the war he became a member of Com- 
ixmy D, I^irst Regiment and served con- 
tinuously in the National (iuard for 
iwenty-five years. He w-as a Secoiul 
Lieutenant durint^ the riots at Susque- 
hanna l^epot in 1874 and was in com- 
mand of liis company during the labor 
disturbances at Eckley, Pa., in 1S75 ; also 
acting as Provost ALarshal during the 
riots and strikes in Luzerne County. He 
was elected to a cajjtaincy in 1876 and 
with his company took an active part in 
the restoration of ])eace at Scranton and 
Pittsburgh in 1877. He was chosen Col- 
onel of the Eirst Regiment in 1878 and 
was re-elected in 1883. General Wieder- 
sheini was a member of the Eirst Bri- 
gade I^)Oard wdiich examined all the offi- 
cers commissioned at the time of its cre- 
ation and those subse(|uently elected. 
I fe was also active in the preliminary 
work which led to the building of the 
regiment's new armory and was a mem- 
ber of the military committee of fifty that 
arranged for the P>i-Centennial parade in 
iSSj. lie was secretary of the Citizens' 
I ommittee having in charge the Consti- 
unional Centennial Celebration in 1887, 
dui\ was .Adjutant-General on the staff 
>f General Nelson .-\. ^Miles, l\ S. .\., in 
the Peace Jubilee Parade in 1898. Gen- 
eral Wiedersheini was for many years a 
member ot the well known banking and 
stock brokerage firm of I^'ell. Wrav & 
Co., and retired from this connection to 
become cashier of the Indeiiendence Xa- 
tiourd liank. When that institution was 
merged with the (lirard Xational P>ank, 
he becaine one of ihe vice-presidents of 
the last n;wiied concern and ^till occui-iies 
ihal position. He was elected a director 
of the l'nion I,eague in 1880 and was 
vice-president and chairman of its House 
Committee from i88() to 1903. Business 
duties le(l to ( leneral Wiedersheim's res- 
ignation from the .Xational Guard some 
years ago, but he still retained his inter- 
est in his old command, and in 1893 was 
electefl commander of the b'irst Regiment 
\ eteran Corps. 



w \K\\ K K s Kl•:^•s•|■|>.\E■ ( i).\i M(i.\\\ i: \i. Ill 



327 



DI.MNER I'.EEnHR. 

rroniincnt fi.ir \ears in tlir public af- 
fairs of hi> native State, the career of 
Dimner Beeher has been characterized 
bv an unswervinsj adherence to the hit^h- 
est ideals ot citizenship. He was burn 
at Muncy, Lycoming County, I^a.. March 
Sth, 1854, the son of Tcter 1). and Alary 
Jane ( Artley ) l'>eeber, whd were of ( ler- 
man ancestr\ . I lis great grand-father. 
Juhn Lieeber, whu had settled in I'.erks 
County, Pa., in 1768. fought in the .\.nier- 
ican ranks during the War of the Revolu- 
tion. His services were rewarded b\' 
a grant of land in the valley of the West 
Branch nf the Sus(|uehanna Ri\er, in 
what is now Lycoming Count\. Lpmi 
this tract he established his home after the 
war, and for three generations his de- 
scendants lived there. Mr. Beeber at- 
tended the Selinsgrovc Academy and then 
entered Pennsylvania College, (jett\s- 
burg, from which he graduated in 1874 
with the B. A. degree. While a student 
he developed a taste for the study of 
English classics and became interested in 
history and biography, making special 
study of the lives of great lawyers anrl 
public men. U])on graduatinn in 1874, 
he began the studv of law with his 
brother. J. Artley lieeber, at Williams- 
port, Pa., and was admitted to the Bar 
in 1S76. He ni(]\ed to Philadelphia al- 
most immediately and began practice. In 
1884 he became a member of the law firm 
of Jones, Carson & Beeber — his partners 
being Hampton L. Car.son, afterwards 
Attorney General of the State, and J. 
I-evering Jones, a well known jui'ist. 

The firm was sul)se(|uently dissolved 
and Mr. Beelier practiced alone. He was 
appointed Judge of the Sui)erior Court to 
fill a vacancy by (iovernor Hastings in 
i8()(; and served until the office was filled 
l)y election. Judge Beeber is a Republican 
in |)nlitics, but has iml hesitated ti 1 act in- 
de|)endentlv, when, in his judgment, such 




hi \l M 1; 1:1 I 111 1:. 

a course wnuld best serve the public good. 
He is an elocpient speaker and has been 
prominent in every political campaign 
since the. election of Carfield in 1880. 
Princetdii I'niversity conferred the de- 
gree ni A. M. upon him in ig(>2 and he 
has been honured with the LI.. 1 ). de- 
gree bv his Alma Mater. In l88() he was 
urged for the nomination of District Ai- 
tornev and the testimonial urging his can- 
didacy was signetl by seven hundred law- 
\ers. He is president of the Common- 
wealth Trust Company and a director of 
the Tradesmen's Naticmal Pank and the 
I-'ire Association of J 'hiladelphia. He has 
been a memlier of the linard of lulucation 
since l()l(). Judge I'.eeber is a mem- 
ber (if the American liar Association, 
the .^late ll;ir ,\ssociation and is 
an hdiKiraiN member of the Phi llela 
Kaiina Society, He is also a member of 
the ITnion League, of which he was presi- 
dent fmni ii|o() t(i ii)()8, and nf the Ril- 
lenhouse and Philadelphia Cnuntry Clubs, 



328 



WAKWRKs KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



SYDNEY r.. WRICHT. 

'I'hc SLMiiiir niL'nil)cr of one of Phila- 
(leli)hia's most conservative banking 
tirnis. Sydney Longstrect Wright, has 
l)een identified with some very important 
financial transactions throughout the 
countrw Mr. Wright, wlio is a nienilier 
of the firm of S. 1.. and W. K. Wright, 
was horn in (lermantown. Philadelphia. 
August 4th, 1852, and w;is educated in 
the public schools and at Calvary Church 
Acadenu'. Wdien eighteen years of age 
he entered the employ of William P. 
CUde & Co., steaniship agents, as a clerk 
in the Philadelphia office. This was in 
1870, and nine years later he had so fa- 
miliarized himself with every detail of 
steamship transportation, that Peter 
Wright & Sons made him their iSalti- 
more luanager. This firm was the largest 
in its line in the country and the position 
was one of great responsibilit\'. In 1883 
Mr. W'right resigned the position to ac- 
cept the ])residency of a ndning and 
smelting enterprise in Idah<i in which 
large sums of Philadelphia money had 
been invested. For eight sears he han- 
dled the western company in a most suc- 
cessfid manner and in i8(jo entered the 
banking business, specializing in and giv- 
ing jiarticidar attention to bonds and 
other investiuent securities and becoming 
a niemlier of the Philadelphia Stock F,x- 
change in 1895. For years Mr. Wright 
has been interested in the organization 
and management of public utility cor- 
]iorations and has been eminently success- 
ful along this line of endeavor. He was 
president of the Heaver \'alle\ Traction 
Companw now part of the I'ilt^lnirgh 
System of Railways and the Baltimore 
Electric Light Comjiany which was 
merged in the formation of the Consoli- 
dated Electric Light and Power I'om- 
pany of lialtiniore, Maryland, lie was 



also vice-president and treasurer of the 
Philadelphia E.xport E.xpositiou in i8()() 
and held the same position with the Phil- 
adelphia Commercial Museum of which 
he is still a trustee. Mr. Wright is of 
luiglish ancestry and numbers among his 
forebears, Stephen Bachiler and Christo- 
l>her Hussey, who were among the orig- 
inal founders of the Commonwealth of 
Xew Hampshire ; Richard Borden, one 
of the first settlers of Portsmouth. Rhode 
Island, and John iMsher, who came to 
Philadelphia in the ship "Welcome" in 
1682, and who figured prominently in the 
founding and subsequent history of the 
colonv of which I'enn was the directing 
head and spirit. Mr. Wright is a Repub- 
lican in politics. He is a memlier of the 
Rittenhouse and the Cerniantown Cricket 
Clubs and the Welcome Society of Phila- 
delphia, the Maryland Club of Baltimore. 
Md., and the Lotus Club of New York 
City. His home is on Carpenter Lane. 
Germantown, a beautiful section of Phil- 
adelphia's ideal suburb. 



ROLAND LESLIE TAYLOR. 

As a banker and public-spirited citi- 
zen, Roland L. Taylor stands high among 
Philadelphia's notable meiL He has been 
active in financial afifairs all his life, hav- 
ing grown up in the banking business and 
has been identified with several of the 
largest institutions in I'ennsylvania. In 
addition to his v.arieil liusiness interests, 
he has found time io do his share in for- 
warding the cause of good governnient. 
llis advice is sought in connection with 
nearly every important moxement and 
his attitude of unswerving probity has 
made his influence felt. He was born in 
Philadelphia, Jidy 3. 1868. the son of L 
j. and Anne l''lizabeth (Alkins) Taylor, 
both of whom were of English ancestrv. 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



329 



His education was received in the piil)lic 
scliools and the Central High School, 
and when nineteen years of age he com- 
nicnceil his active Ijusincss career, in 
the employ of Barker Bros. cS; Co., bank- 
ers and brokers, with whom he remained 
until h\^l)ruary. i8i)l, spending the ue.xt 




Rill. AMI I.. T.WIIlll. 



five \ears with the Trust Department of 
the Real Instate Trust Company, serving 
the latter [)art of this time as assistant 
secretary. (_)n June 12. 1906, he was 
elected vice-president and a member of 
the Board of Directors of the Philadel- 
phia Trust, Safe Deposit and Insm-ance 
Company, succeeding to the presidencv 
(in Jime 13, 1910, and retaining the posi- 
tion until December, 191 1, when he re- 
tired to become a memljer of the banking 
firm of WMlliam .\. Read & Co., of New 
York City, I'hiladelphia, Boston, Chicago 
and I.ondiiu. In addition to this connec- 



tion, Mr. Taylor is a director of the In- 
dependence Insurance Company and di- 
rector and ch.Tirnian of the Finance Com- 
mittee of the Young, Smyth, b'ield Com- 
panv. He has served as a member of the 
lixeciitive Committee of the Trust Com- 
pany Section of tin.' \nierican liankers' 
.\ssociation and has always taken a deejj 
interest in the affairs of that organiza- 
tion. He alsiii served as a mendjer of tlie 
b'.xecutive Committee of the Pennsyl- 
vania Bankers" .Association. In National 
.ift'airs, Mr. Taylor is a I\epid)lican, but 
in State and City politics he is thon>ughly 
independent and strongi\" advocates any 
needed reform. He ser\ed as an officer 
of the First Battalion of the Xaval Re- 
serves for eleven year^. I le is a member 
of the Episcopal Church and is deeply in- 
terested in the I'hildren's Seashore 
Home, Atlantic City, N. J., being one of 
the managers and treasurer of that most 
worthy charity. He is devoted to out- 
door sports and is a member of the (jer- 
mantown Cricket Club, of which he is 
one of the Governors: the lluntingdt.)n 
X'alley Country Clid), the W bite Marsii 
N'alley Country Clid), the Racquet Club 
and the City Cluli. He was married Jan- 
uary 2-], 1897, to Miss Anita -M. Stein- 
metz and they have three children. He 
resides in (lermantown, ;i beautiful sub- 
urb of the cit\-, and his office is in the 
Morris Biiildina:. 



G. VV.-\LL.\CE SIMPSON. 

.\ knowledge gained 1)\ ni;uiy years of 
practical experience, has made C. Wal- 
lace .Simpson an expert in i'hiladelphia 
real estate values. .Mr. Simpson was 
l)orn in I'liiladelpbi.i, Jul\- 12, 1877, ;uid 
was educated .at the l.auterl)ach .\cade- 
my, from which he gniduated in 181)7. 
Immediatel\- afler the completion of his 
schooling, he entered ibe em])loyment of 
Simp.son & Catnnach. of which firm his 



330 



WARWICK s Kl•:^•s■|•|>^•l•: ((immuxw-kai. i ii. 




I,. W Al.l. \( I, >l M I'Si I.N . 



father. L. 1\ Simpsun. was senidr mem- 
ber, and upon tlir (lissnlntiDii nf tlii-; 
firm, became a |)artiier i>f his father in 
L. 1'. Simpson S: Son. The father had 
started thr real estate bnsiness in 1870 
in the lower section of the cit\ and bcinc; 
impressed with tin- possibilities in soutji- 
ern realty, accphrcd lart;e tracts of va- 
cant territory and commenced buildine;. 
soon beinij recognized as the pioneer 
creator of small homes of a better (pial- 
ity than had been built in that section 
jireviously. These were intended for 
families of moderate nu-ans and were as 
handsomely appointed a-, the lart;er ones 
in more expensive localities. In all. 
abont 6,000 dwellings were erected and 
when L. 1'. Simpson died, .\pril 22. iijoS. 
the Son. ("i. Wallace -Simpson, became the 
.sole directing head of the Inisiness. In 
addition to its large building o])erations. 
till' firm had a large rental list, but in 
the last few \ears Mr. Simpson li;is de- 



voted nearly ;dl of his time and energy 
to the ])lacing of mortgages. His ex- 
|)erience as a builder and as the agent of 
large realt\- interests has made him an 
ex])ert in the determination of values 
throughout the city and country and his 
opinions are seldom disputed. His busi- 
ness in this one line alone amounts to 
about $6,000,000 per year and extends 
throughout the entire I'nited States, one 
of his latest negotiations being as far 
a\va> as Salt Lake City, L'tah. while a 
large portion comes from Xew Yr)rk 
City and the .Middle West, and Mr. 
.Simpson makes frequent trips to these 
|)oints to [lersonally look after the busi- 
ness. He married, in IQOO. .Miss Char- 
lotte \i. l.ivers. of I'oston. .Mass., a 
daughter of Captain John Livers, of the 
I'nited States .Army, and tliey reside in 
Ciermantown, l'hiladel]jhia. 1 ie is a Re- 
pu]}lic;in in politics and holds member- 
sliip in the .-\rl Club. 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MCiX WEALTH. 



331 



Wir.LIAM POWEIT, WIl.SIIX. 

The eminence ubtained 1)_\' years nf ac- 
tivity in scientific anil educational fields 
is but a small part c)f the life work of Dr. 
William I'. Wilson, who as organizer 
and director of the Philadelphia C<:im- 
niercial Museum has imparted tn the en- 
tire world a knowledge (if tlie excellence 
of American manufactures and largely in- 
creased the export trade <if the cnunlry. 

Dr. Wilson was born in Oxford. .Michi- 
gan, (Jctober 17, 1844. He graduated 
from the High Scho(jl at I'.attle L'rcek, 
Michigan, and began teaching in public 
schools in the \\'e>t abnut 1803; about 
two years later, entered the .Michigan 
State Agricultural College, and from 
there entered Harvard University from 
which institution he graduated in 1878, 
receiving the degree of i!. S. While at 
Harvard he acted as instructor in botany 
under Professor George L. Goodale, and 
was tutor in zoology, paleontology, com- 
])arative anatomy and geograjili)-. IK' 
then went to Germany, etitering the I'ni- 
versity of Tubingen, and graduated in 
1880, receiving the degree uf Sc. D. .\ftei- 
taking this degree, opportunitx' was 01- 
fered for original investigation in line- 
of plant physiology which he was already 
conducting and he sj)ent two years in 
this work, the result of which was pub- 
lished in Germany. 

Upon his return frijm ( ierniany, he was 
appointed Professor of Plant Physiology 
in the University of Pennsylvania, ;iud 
after the death of Dr. Leid\'. became Di- 
rector of the School of P.iology in that in- 
stitution. 

His sjjccial study has been i)i v,Trion> 
lines of natural historv and work in plant 
anatomy, ]3hysiology, and fiber work, and 
in economic botany and zoology. Fov 
two years, while occupying a professor- 
ship at the I'niversity of I'ennsylvania, 



he made a series of investigati(.)ns on the 
effect of climate on plant> in the tropics, 
for Professor Harrington, then Chief of 
the \\'eather Bureau. He has alwavs 
been interested in social and e<lucational 
subjects, and with Dr. Alary J. Safiford 
and Air. Hvde, he established the first 




charity kindergartens in Poston, which 
were adopted by the city in 1876. 

Dr. Wilson's life has been replete with 
effort and accomplishment in the line of 
research but the niiist |-emai'k;d>le work 
in his career is the organization, develop- 
ment and entire building up of the Phila- 
delphia Commercial .Museum. 34th street 
bi-low Spruce. The idea ])resenled in the 
Commercial Alusenm, which is the i-\hi- 
biliou of all kinds ol products ,-nid ma- 
terials from a gi\en countr\, to show uj) 
its presciU condilioii, resources, ]n"ogress 
and ethnographic de\elopuu'nl. is nniipie 
in itsi'lf. \'o other instilnlioii in llie 



33^ 



\VARV\1LK S KI'.V.STOMC COM .\U.).\ WEAI. I II. 



United States covers this ground. The 
Museum. ])ossessing a collection of ex- 
hibits valued at $2,000,000. is carried on 
practical!}- under three divisions : 

First. A large museum with collec- 
tions from more than fifty foreign coun- 
tries, which attempts in each country to 
show- up the habits and customs of the 
people, progress and resources of the 
comitry and raw materials of use to our 
manufacturers. This division is support- 
ed by the cit\-. 

Second. A department of education, 
in wdiich lectures are given daily, except 
Sunday, to anv of the schools of the city. 
])rivatc or public, on subjects selected b\ 
the teachers in a line with the work of 
the classes. These lectures are beauti- 
fully illustrated wdth lantern slides. After 
the lecture, the children are taken in 
groups to the exhibits from the countries 
studied and the actual objects shown and 
explained to them. Lectures, carefully 
written, illustrated by lantern slides w-ith 
screen and lantern, are being circulated 
all over the State of Pennsylvania to the 
remote and small schools. 

Small museums are sent to thousands 
of schools, without cost to them, through- 
out the State of I^ennsylvania and writ- 
ten lectures illustrated with lantern slides 
are sent free to all the remote district 
schools in the state. This educational 
w-ork is su])ported by the State. 

'{"bird. The Foreign Trade Bureau, 
w-ith thirt\-five, often more, employes, is 
working to aid .American manufacturers 
to secure foreign trade. This work is 
not limited to I'ennsylvania or Philadel- 
]-)hia, but extends all over the ITiited 
States. This llureau has ])ut hundreds of 
manufacturers into foreign trade. \\h<> 
had none before its skillful work aided 
them. The l-'(_)reign Trade liureau has 
been copied by Japan and a number <it' 
other countries. It stands alone in it^ 
methods over any similar institution in 
the w-orld. This work is sujiported 1)y the 
nominal fees i)aid b\ the maim fact ui-ers 
whom it is aiding. 

In 1897, Dr. Wilson (M-g;uiized an<l car- 
ried through the First International Com- 
mercial Congress. The Congress waN 
outlined and subjects suggested to dele 
gates from foreign chambers of com- 
merce and others from each of the coun- 
tries of South and Central America and 



-Mexico, which delegates, fifty-one in 
number, came together for a ten-dav dis- 
cussion and conference in Philadelphia 
and were afterward taken by s])ecial train 
to twenty of the largest cities of the 
L'nited States. In 1899-1900, a Second 
International Ciimmercial Congress was 
organized and carried through. This 
largely exceeded the first, being attended 
by about three himdred foreign delegates 
and between four and five hundred repre- 
sentatives from the L'nited States. This 
Congress was accompanied by the Na- 
tional Export Exposition, of which Dr. 
W'ilscju was Director-General, and which 
brought together from all parts of the 
L'nited States, for the information of 
these foreign delegates, the manufactur- 
ed materials which were or might be ex- 
pijrted from the L'nited States. This 
was the largest commercial Congress, 
and second of its kind, both stimulated 
and carried through under Dr. Wilson's 
direction. 

In 1902, President Roosevelt appointed 
Dr. Wilson Commercial .Vttache to the 
Pan American Congress held in Mexico 
City. He was also appointed by the Phil- 
ijipine Comniissioners, Chairman of the 
Philippine Government Board for the St. 
Louis Fair in 1904. and had entire charge 
of the exhibit made by this insular i)os- 
session. L'nder the direction of William 
H. Taft. then Commissioner General of 
the Islands, Dr. Wilson constructed the 
necessary buildings for the exhibit wdiich 
covered seventy acres of ground, with 
full)- 100 buildings, including one for ag- 
riculture, one for comnierce, one for art, 
one for education, one for a .general ex- 
hibit, and full representation of more 
than twentv tribes fron-i the Phili])pines, 
many of which constructed their own vil- 
lages in native style. Dr. Wilson w-ent to 
the Philippines in 1903. and organized 
connnittees and machinery to ])roduce this 
exhibit, perhaps the greatest single coun- 
try exhibit which has ever been brought 
together in a fcireign or domestic exhibi- 
tion. 

Dr. Wilson is a member of the .\cade- 
mv of .Vatural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
Die Botanischen Gesellschaft, Germany, 
The llotanical Society of .\nierica, The 
Washington .\cademy of Sciences. The 
Citv Club of Philadelphia. National (Geo- 
graphical Society, (ieographical Society, 



wAKW'icK s ki-:nstone commonwealth. 



333 



I'liiladL-lphia, AiiK'rican Acailcniy of Po- 
litical and Social Science, The American 
Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, and 
corresponding' member of more than lifty 
foreign societies and chambers of com- 
merce in Europe and various ])arts of the 
world. 




S.VMUEL .M.VTIIEWS VAL'CLAIX. 

Possessed of a natural bent for me- 
chanics and having had a lon.g ]3ractical 
experience in railroad shops, Mr. Samuel 
M. \'auclain entered the field of loco- 
motive manufacture equipped with a 
comprehensive knowledge of every de- 
tail and requirement of locomotive con- 
struction. -As the result of this thor- 
ough grounding and the executive ability 
which he has displayed, he has risen from 
foreman of shops of The llaldwin Loco- 
motive Works to hi> prrsent position of 
vice-president, in wliicli capacity he is 
the efficient bead of the manufacturing 
and engineering departments of the cor- 
poration, and occupies an important place 
in the industrial world of the period. 

Samuel Mathews N'auclain was born 
May i8, 1S56, at Port Richmond, Phila- 
delphia, P'ennsylvania, the son of .Andrew 



C. and Mary ( Campbell ) \auclain. 
Through the paternal line of bis ancestry 
lie is of I'Tench, and through tlie maternal 
line, of Scotch-Irish descent. 

Mis education was obtaine<l in the pub- 
lic schools of his native place, and he has 
since been honored by receiving the de- 
gree of Doctor of Science from the L'ni- 
\ersit\- of Pennsylvania. 

.Mr. \ auclain began hi-^ active career at 
an early age, starting to work in 1S72 in 
the shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad at 
Altoona, Pennsylvania. His coiuiectii.m 
with the firm of Purnbam, Williams and 
I'ompanw of Philadelphia, then proprie- 
tors of the lialdwin Locomotive Works, 
began July I, 1883, when he took the po- 
sition of foreman of the Seventeenth 
street shop. In November, 1885. he was 
]iromoted to be superintendent of ecjuip- 
ment of plant, and on February 10, 1 880, 
was advanced to the position of general 
sui)erintendent of plant. He became a 
member of the firm on |anuar\ 1, 181)5, 
and remained a partner until tlie reor- 
ganization of Ijurnham. \\'illiams and 
Company, which, in 1909, was incorpor- 
ated as The Baldwin I^ocomotive Works. 
.Mr. \'auclain was made vice-president of 
the latter corporation July I, 1911, hav- 
ing charge of engineering and manufac- 
turing, and in this office he has since con- 
tinued to serve. 

In afldition to being vice-];)resident and 
a director of The Baldwin Locomotive 
Works, Mr. N'auclain has many other 
corporation interests. He is a director of 
the Standard Steel Works, the llncyrus 
Company, director and half owner of the 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Com- 
pany, director of the Pbiladel|)liia Trust, 
Safe Deposit and Insurance Company 
and of the Philadelphia Manufacturers' 
Mutual Fire Insurance Company. 

He is a member of the .American Philo- 
sophical Society, Cieogra|)bical .Society, 
Historical Societ\" of 1 'emis\lvania, 
.American .Society oi Mechanical Engi- 
neers, .American Society of Civil Engi- 
neers, .American Soriet\- of Mining Engi- 
neers, InstitutiiDi of (ivil l'",nginet'rs of 
London, I'Vanklin Institute, Concrete in- 
stitute, .Aiuerican R;iilwa\' Master .Me- 
chanics' .Association. Tia\-eling E.ugi- 
neers' .\ssociation and l-'aii-mount Park 
Art Association. 

His clubs include the I'liion League. 



334 



WARWICK S KKVSTOXE COM M n\ WlCALl 1 1 . 



Miiiiiiu'ccrs. Manufacturers' antl the 
Morion Cricket Clubs, of Philadelphia: 
the Railroad Club of Xew York, and the 
Western Uailrnad L'lub. of Chicago. 

Mr. N'auclain was married April i". 
1871), to .Miss .\iniie Kearney and has a 
fauiilv consistint;' nf two sons and three 
dantrhlers. 



IIIO.M.N.S M\^■ PKIKCE, .\. M., PII. L). 

The number of men throughout the 
cnuntr\. wild owe their commercial suc- 
cess 111 the carefid business training im- 
parted by Thomas May Peirce, are le- 
gion; those who were the recipients of 
his generous bounty are innumerable and 
the young men and women who were in- 
fluenced ijy his wise counsel and examjile 
are many. Every moment that could be 
spared from his business interests, was 
devoted to the alleviation of suffering 
and the uplift (if mankind and his death 
on May i(), i8yO, was the occasion of 
genuine grief by thousands whom Mr. 
Peirce had befriended. He was born at 
Chester, Pa., December 10, 1837, of Eng- 
lish ancestry and was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of Philadelphia, graduating 
from the Central High School wdien but 
si.xteen years of age with the A. B. de- 
gree and receiving the Master of Arts de- 
gree from his .\lma Mater five vears 
later. CpdU attaining his niajurity lie 
taught school in Montgnmery County. 
Pa., and the al)ility dis])layed brought him 
the a])])ointnient of principal of the High 
School at Xiirristown. He filled similar 
jjositiiiiis in several Philadelphia schools 
and ill iS()5 he established the Peirce 
."^chniil. which from a --inall beginning 
has. according to the Cnited States Com- 
missioner of Ivlucation. grown to be the 
largest private school in the Cnited 
States, with an annual enrolment of up- 
wards of 3.(K)() students. The course of 
the Peirce School includes everything 
necessary to a thorough business training, 
and it is estimated that more than 3.^.000 
students have been benefited b\ the Peirce 
inethnd. Dr. Peirce was, earlv in his 
career, .a bank exaniiiu'r and was also re- 
garded as a handwriting expert, his 
knowledge in these connections bringing 
him as a witness in main- im[i(irtaiit 
cases of a civil and criminal character. 
He served as president nf the Ihisiness 



Educators' Association and in recogni- 
tion of the service rendered in the cause 
nf edneatiDH, Dickinson College made 
him a Doctor of Philosophy. He was 
president of the Philadelphia Tract So- 
ciety, a trustee of the Methodist Ej^isco- 
pal Hospital, treasurer of the Philadel- 
lihia .Sabbath .Association, a trustee of 
Temple College and a manager of the 
Home Missionary Society and the Evan- 
gelical Alliance of America. Ele was a 
Democrat in politics and his marked ora- 
torical al)ility led, on many occasions, to 
his selection for important campaign 
work in ( )hio, Indiana and Maryland. 
Dr. Peirce married in 1861, Miss Emma 
Eouise Bisbing, wdio died in 1870, leaving 
three children. His second marriage w^as 
to Miss Ruth Stong. The children living 
at the time of Dr. Peirce's death were 
Marv .B.. Eda May. Ruth, Thomas May 
and Caleb C. Peirce. Dr. Peirce's com- 
])aratively brief life was filled with good 
deeds, and his death was deplored by 
hundreds of individuals and by his as- 
sociations in everv charitable and church 
organization with which he was connect- 
ed. His unblemished life and the school 
that he founded are enduring monuments. 




■M \V I'KUtc r. 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MON WEAI/H I . 



335 




i;|l(,AK 1 Alls SM I I 11. 

Called tc_> the I'roVDstship of the L'ni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, after many years 
of educational work in various collegiate 
institutions throughout the country, Ed- 
gar F. Smith is a worthy successor to the 
noted men who previousl\- held that hdii- 
orable position. His scholarly attain- 
ments and executive abilitx' in university 
administration, have made him most pop- 
ular with the students and added greatly 
to the reputation and usefulness of the 
1/niversity. Dr. Smith was born in York, 
I'a.. May 23, 1854. and was prepared 
for college at the York County Academy, 
in which he subsef|uently taught. He en- 
tered Pennsylvania College, Cettysburg, 
Pa., in 1872, and graduated from that in- 
stitution in 1874 with the degree i)f liach- 
elor of Science. The same vcar he went 
abroad to further stnd\ aiiil matriciilateil 
at the Universitv of ( ioeltin.m'ii. ( ier- 
many, where he dex'oted two years to the 
studv of chemistry under W'oehler and 
Tluebner. lie also look a course in min 
eralogy under \dn VValters-hausen and 
receiving the Doctor's degree in 1876, re- 
turned to the Cnited States, tie was im- 



mediateh- made assistant to Professor F. 
.\. (ieiUh. of tlie Towne Scientific School 
of the Cniversit\ of Pennsylvania and in 
1881, was called to Allcntown, Pa., to fill 
the Asa Packer Professorship in chemis- 
try in Aluhlenburg College. He was 
made Professor of Chemistry iji Witten- 
berg College. Springfield, C)hio, in 18S3, 
and in 1888 returned to the University of 
Pennsylvania to fill the chair of Analy- 
tical Chemistry, vacated by Professor 
Genth. In i8i)2 he became heail of the 
whole Chemistry Department, which he 
thoroughly reorganized. He was made 
\'ice-Provost of the University in 1808 
and tlie following year that institution 
Conferred upon him the degree of Doctor 
of .Science. In 1006. he was further hon- 
ored 1)\ recei\ing tlie degree of Doctor 
of Laws from the Lhii versify and the 
same year a like honor was received from 
the Pennsylvania College. Gettysburg, 
Pa., and the Universitv of Wisconsin 
made him a Doctor of Laws in 1904. The 
same degree was received from Franklin 
and .Marshall College, from Rutgers Col- 
lege, from the University of Pittsburgh, 
from the University of North Carolina, 
and from Cincinnati ( 11)13 ) : while from 
.Muhlenberg College came the L. H. D. 
degree and from Diivlin, .'^. t'. 1)., in 
10[2. He filled the office of \ ice- Provost 
at the L'niversity of Pennsylvania until 
the resignation of Provost Harrison in 
H)i<'. when he was elected to fill the va- 
cancy. In i8qq he was elected to member- 
ship in the National .Academy of Science. 
He is a member of the American Chemic- 
al Society and was its president in i8(j8, 
the same year being honored by the vice- 
presidency of the .Association for the 
.Advancement of Science. He was a 
member of the Chemical Jury of Award 
at the Columbian E.x].)Osition and was in 
i8<)5 a memljcr of the L'nited States .\s- 
sa\- Commission, and again from ii)oi 
until 1005. lie is also a memlier of the 
.\mericaii Pliilosopliical .Society, of which 
he was iiresident fi'om |i)02 to \q(iy. Dr. 
Smith has few eipials as an investigator 
in the field of electro-chemistry and the 
result of his many investigations has 
been of inestimable value lo the Univer- 
sity of I'cnns\ l\:nii.i. In recognition of 
liis work as a si-ieiilist. his indefatig;il)le 
labors on bi'half oi the Universit\' and 



3^<'' 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



his jiopularily willi the Faculty and stu- 
dents, the dormitory erected in 1904 was 
named fur him. 




H.VKUY WRIGHT. 

K\iju now, when l>ase hall has attained 
a development which was not dreamt of 
by its most optimistic devotees ten years 
ago; wlu'U more nioncv is represented in 
the equipment of one of the modern re- 
inft)rced steel and concrete pavilions than 
was re])reseiited in the combined parks 
of both leagues than there was then, it i< 
customarv to say "the national game is 
only in its infancy." .And those who have 
watched the ])ro,gress of the great outdoor 
pastime since the .American League be- 
gan its expansion movement in igoi will 
unhesitatingi\- subscribe to its truth. 
That the city of i'biladcliibia has played 
its part — in fact, taking the initiative in 
the matter of modern ei|uipment — is par- 
ticularly gratifying to local pride, for 
despite the claims of other cities, I'hila- 



delphia is generally regarded as the cra- 
dle of the National game. Rut it must 
not be supposed that the great impetus of 
the past decade has been entirely due to 
the men who were contemporary with it. 
It is true they have shown splendid ca- 
pacity, and \et but for the seed sown by 
the sportsmanlike and unselfish men who 
preceded them anywhere from ten to 
twenty years, their task would have been 
a much harder one. And of all of those 
who sowed that others might reap, none 
occupied so high a place in public esteem 
as Harry Wright, who more than any- 
one else was responsible for the re-estab- 
lishment of the game in public favor here 
in the 80s. Born in England, William 
Henry Wright, or Harry Wright as he 
was nationallv known, was brought to 
this countrv at a very early age. His 
father was a professional cricketer, and 
his first athletic work was as an exemplar 
of England's national game at the Elysian 
I'ield at Hoboken. I'.ut it did not take 
him long to discover the possibilities of 
the .American game of base ball, and in 
i80t. he went to Cincinnati, where he 
formed the first professional club in the 
historv of the game. From that time on 
to the da)- of his death Harry Wright de- 
voted himself exclusively to the develop- 
ment of the national outdoor sport. In 
i8()i> he had the distinction oi managing 
the Cincinnati Reds who did not lose a 
game that vear. From Cincinnati he went 
to Boston, where he won three champion- 
ships. I,ea\ing Boston, he went to Provi- 
dence, whipped the team of that city into 
championship form, and in 1884 he as- 
sumed the management of the Philadel- 
phia Club, then pla\ing at the old horse 
market at Twenty- fourth street and 
Ridge avenue. When he took the man- 
agement of the Phillies they had little or 
no following, but in three years, bringing 
the team up from last to second place in 
the National League race, the patronage 
increased to such an extent that the club 



W AKW UK S KEVSTOXB COM MOX WEALTH. 



ii7 



ow lUTS huilt what \va> the furLTunncr of 
the niodern stands at Broad and liinitinij- 
don. Under Mr. Wright's regime rowdy- 
i■^nl on the field was eliminated, hoodlum- 
ism in the bleachers was suppressed. He 
was the apostle of clean base ball. In 
dealing with his players he was inclined to 
resort to moral suasion, hut if the occa- 
sion demanded it he could be the strong- 
est of disciplinarians. The scoring rules 
used by the reporters today, with the ex- 
ception of such modifications as have been 
made necessary by changes in the playing 
rules from time to time, were formulated 
by him in 1874, and the score book which 
is used by about three fourths of the pro- 
fessional scorers, was invented and ])at- 
ented by him. .Mr. \\'right died in 1X1)5. 
his funeral being attended by prominent 
baseball men from all parts of the coun- 
try. -A. bronze statue, erected by popular 
subscription stands to his meni(jr\- in 
West Laurel Hill Cemetery, but his great- 
est monument is the game which he did 
so much to develop and perfect. His 
fame is assured so long as it shall endure. 




MAHLOX W . XEWTON. 

Mahlon W. Xewton, who has made 
lireen's Hotel famous for its homelike 
and cheerful interior, its excellent cui- 
sine and moderate charges, owes his suc- 
cess as much to his geniality as he does 
to his long experience in the hotel busi- 
ness. He was born in New Jersey and 
came to Philadelphia from Tlurlington Co. 
in early youth to fill a position in a Mar- 
ket street hardware store, but this busi- 
ness did not appeal to him and loaded 
with inexperience he launcheil into tiie ho- 
tel l)usiness at Woodbury, X. J., in 1878. 
While he knew absolutely nothing of ho- 
tel keeping he was genial and entertain- 
ing and possessed a determination to pro- 
vide his guests with good service and an 
elaborate cuisine. His Woodbury hotel 
was soon popular and quickly attaine<l a 
State-wide reputation. He later pur- 
chased the hotel at Wenonah, New Jer- 
sey, and a few years afterwards became 
one of three to purchase Green's Hotel. 
He eventualh' bought his partners' inter- 
ests and since i8y8 has been sole proprie- 
tor of the house, which has attained a 
nation-wide reputation and has through 
successive years of enlargement and im- 
provement been made one of the most 
popular hotels in the cit\-. 



T-\Mi-:s 1". iioi'i-: 



MAIII.ON W. .\E\VTO-N. 



James F. Hope was born at .\lcxan- 
dria, Scotland, September _'(ith, 184,^, and 
came with his parents to America in 
1847. He was educated at the public 
schools of Philadelphia, and at the age of 
fifteen began business in the grocery 
house of James Woodside, on .Second 
street. In 1861 he entered the manufac- 
tory of Thomas Potter, and was connect- 
ed with that business until the time of his 
death, June 3, loi.v filling the position 
of secretary and treasurer of Thomas 
I 'otter. Sons & Co., lncor])orated, for sev- 
rr.al years. 

Mi-. Mope, in 18(13. etilered tile Cnited 
.states -Army in the n>6th Pennsylvania 
Regiment, one of the ITnion League Reg- 
iments in the war. and he served three 
terms as president of the L^nion League 



338 



w arwick's Ki-:vsr().N-K co.m.moxwi-iai.i [i. 




.TAMES V. IIOI'K. 

of Phila(k-l])hia. Ik- was also a nu-niht-r 
iif Aliaile Post, Grand Armv of the Re- 
public. He was president of the St. An- 
drew's Society of Philadelphia for sev- 
eral terms, and was a trustee of the Penu 
Mutual Life Insurance Company, a direc- 
tor of the Philadelphia National P.ruik. 
Keystone Watch Case Com]jany, I'irc 
.\ssociation, Aferchants" Fund and cjue of 
Philadelphia's representatives on the 
lioard of tin- Philadelphia Rapid Transit 
Coni])any. 



lOIl x M. WAI. rox. 



Ca])tain John .M. Walton, who has for 
years so acce[)tal)l\ tilled the office of Cilv 
Comptroller, was born in Stroudsburtj. 
Monroe County, in 1842, and was educat- 
ed at the famous .Moravian School at Lil- 
itz, I 'a., but spent his early manhood in 
Phila(lel])hia to which city his father re- 
moved up<in his appointment to the posi- 
tion of treasurer of the L'nited States 
Mint by President Buchanan. In 1867 
Mr. Walton was appointed to a second 
lieutenancv in the Fourth L'nited States 



Cavalry and in 187 1 was made first lieu- 
tenant, lie served in many of the cam- 
jjaigiis against the Indians and was re- 
tired for disability in 1879, returning to 
Philadelphia. He served for thirteen 
years on Common Councils, his work in 
that chamber being endorsed 'Dy the Com- 
mittee of t)ne Hundred, the Committee of 
Xinety-fivc and the Twenty-seventh 
Ward Branch of the Municipal League. 
His service as chairman of the Finance 
Committee made him an authority on the 
city's monetary affairs and led to his ap- 
pointment to the City Coinptrollershi]> 
when a vacancy occurred in 1895, by the 
resignation of Thomas M. Thompson, to 
accept the position of Director of Public 
Works. He was subsequently nominated 
for the full term on the Republican ticket 
and has filled the office ever since. In 
190O he was a candidate for Mayor but 
failed to secure the nomination. Cai)tain 
\\ alton is a member of the American 
Whi.st Club, the Hamilton Club and the 
Cnion League. He is a vestrvman of St. 
Mary's P. 'E. Church of West Philadel- 
phia. 




.IIIHN \1. \\ AI.TO.N. 



W AKW UK S KliVSKI.XE- C( JM MOXWEALTH. 



339 



ARTHUR PETERSOX. 

Arthur Peterson, son of Hcnr\' ami 
Sarah ( Webb) Peterson, was Ijorn in 
Philadelphia, September 20, 1851. Most 
(if his original ancestors in America, on 
both his father's and mother's side, were 
English Quakers, who, following the 
coming of William Penn, took up land in 
and around Philadelphia between the 
\-ears 1682 and 1725. He was educated 
in private schools in Philadel|)hia, and 
when about nineteen or twent\- years of 
age became Assistant Editor of The Sat- 
urday Evening Post, of which his father 
was then editor and publisher. In 1877, 
the "Post" baving passed into other 
hands, he entered the United States Xavy 
as a paymaster, and for the next twenty- 
five years lived the usual life of a naval 
ofificer, alternately at sea and on shore in 
various parts of the world, especiall\' in 
the Far East, where he made three 
cruises. His last cruise was in the Phil- 
ippine Islands, on the U. S. S. Baltimore, 
in the squadron commanded by Admiral 
Dewey. He married, March 30, 1891, 
Georgiana, daughter of the late Charles 
J. Harrah, of Rio de Janeiro and Phila- 
delphia. In September, 1902, he resigned 
from the naval service, and has since de- 
voted himself mainly to literary work. 
His published books (all poetrv) are 
"Songs of Xew-Sweden." 1887: "Pen- 
rhyn's Pilgrimage," 181)4: "Collecte<l 
Poems," 1900: and "Sigurd." ii)io. His 
home, "Red Gates," is in ( )verbrook, one 
of the beautiful suburbs of I'hiladelphia. 
on the Main Line of the Penns\lvania 
Railroad. 



WILLIAM T. TILDEN. 

.\ leader in political reform mownu-nts 
and a successful merchant, William T. 
Tilden, has for years been a prominent 
figure in the commercial and civic I'ir- 
cles of Philadelphia. He was born at Si. 
Georges, Newcastle Co., Delaware, and 
was educated in private sclmols in his 
native .State and the Central I liLrh School. 




WILLI.\.\I T, TII.IIKN. 

He came to Philadel|)hia in earl\ life 
and entered the hair and woul business in 
1880, building up one of the strongest 
houses in this line in the country. Al- 
though a Republican in politics he has 
always advocated reform within the 
|)arty and though frequentlv importuned 
to l)ecome a candidate for elective office 
has al\va_\"s refused, the only |:)osition 
wliich he would accept being membership 
in the Board of Education. He is a di- 
rector of the Union National Bank and 
the Fire .\ss(jciation. He has served as 
l)resident of the Delaware Society of 
Philadelphia and the Sons of Delaware. 
Is a member of the Pennsylvania Histor- 
ical Society, the Philadelphia Board of 
Trade and is interested in the .Alumni 
\ssocialion of the Central High .School. 
.Mr. Tilden is prcsidenl of the Union 
League, ;ind a member of ihe ( ierman- 
town C 'ickel anil Penn chilis. 



340 



WANWU k's Kl■•,^■s■l■o^•|•: c ommoxwealtii. 




HON. GEORGE BOAL ORLADV. 



George B. ( )rl;uly. who is one of the 
most conspicumis figures in legal and 
Masonic circles in the State, was born 
at Petersburg, Huntingdon County, Pa., 
Februar\- 22(1, 1850. He was educated 
at the State College and Washington and 
Jefferson College, graduating from the 
latter institution in i86(), after which he 
entered Jefferson Medical College and 
received the M. D. degree in March. 
1871. .\fter graduating he jiracticed 
medicine for some time, hut the i)rofes- 
sion of law ap])caling strongly tn him he 
relinquished his practice and took up a 
course of legal study in the office of S. S. 
Blair, of HoUiday.sburg, Pa., and was ad- 
mitted to practice February, 1875. He 
practiced law at Huntington from 1873 
to 1805 and was District Atlorney ot 
Huntingdon County from 1878 to 1887. 
When the Superior Court was created in 
l8c)5, he was one of the hrst judges ap- 
pointed and at the electiim in .Xoveniher 
of the same year he was elected for a full 
term and was subsequently re-elected fi>r 
aniither term of ten years. Judge * 'r- 



lady is a man of commanding figure and 
his' forcefulness while a practitioner at 
the Bar, made him well known through- 
out the entire State, his popularity being 
largely added to by the deep interest he 
has al'wavs taken in Masonic matters. He 
has always been active in Lodge, Chapter. 
Comniandery and Consistory. He is a 
thirtv-third degree member of the Order 
and was ( iran'd Master of Pennsylvania 
in i()!)8-i). In every movement for the 
relief of distressed members of the order 
iir the care of their orphaned children, 
he has always been foremost. In the 
gatherings of the State Bar Association 
where (|uestions of great moment arc us- 
u:dlv discussed, he has taken an active 
part. 

ludge Orlady is a member of the 
I "liion' League, the Art Club, the Histor- 
ical Society of Philadelphia and the Penn- 
sylvania Society of New York City. He 
married -Miss Alary Trvin Thompson, of 
I'urwensville, Clearfield Co., Pa.. Febru- 
arv 21, 1877. and has three children: 
lu'lith T. Orladv, I'redcrick L. Orlady 
and George Phillips Orlady. 



WARWICK S KF.VSTOXE- C( 1 M ^rlJ X W EAI/III. 



341 




HOX. JdJlX I'. lil.KlX. 



Transitiun from a loi,^ cal)in on a a>m- 
paratively isolated farm, to a Judgeship 
of tlie Supreme Court of a great Com- 
monwealth seems almost impossible. That 
it can be accomplished by untiring en- 
ergy, unblemished integrity and indomit- 
able will is proven by the life story of 
Honorable John P. Elkin, who was born 
in a cabin of unhewn timber in West 
.Mahoning Township. Pennsylvania, Jan- 
uary iith, i860, under conditions that did 
not augur future success. He obtained 
his rudimentary training in the district 
school, fully a mile from his humble 
home, walking liack and forth each school 
day, of the four winter months this jjrini- 
itive place of learning was open. In 
Smicksburg, to which liis fatliiT, b'rancis 
Fdkin. removed to engage in the stove 
and foundry business, the schodl was 
more accessible, although the terms were 
as short. Here his studies wen- ccintin- 



ued until 1873, ^vhen his father asMiciated 
with several friends in the manufacture 
of tin plate, erecting a plant at W'ells- 
ville, Ohio. This was the first attemjjt 
to make this commodity in America and 
the mill was compelled to shut dnwn in 

1874, as the industry was twenty-five 
years ahead of its time. Its failure com- 
pletely ruined the projectors. Young El- 
kin. tliough but fourteen years of age, 
had worked in the mill as "hammer-boy" 
and through the intermediate grades to 
finisher in the tin house. When the works 
shut down he determined to educate him- 
self for a professional career and entert'd 
the high schoul at Wellsville, Ohio, lie 
made rapid progri'ss and finished tlie 
course at the end nf tlie school \ear. 
'Idle family mowd liack Id .Smicksburg in 

1875. Mr. I'dkin securing the position of 
teacher in the borough school and, though 
under sixteen years of age, successfnllv 



342 



W AKW U K S KEYSTONE COM -MD.N WEALTH. 



taught the hoys aiul girls wlio two years 
1)1- fore had been liis classmates. From 
this period until 1880 he attended school, 
during the summer months and taught 
through the winter sessions, attending 
the Normal School at Indiana, l*a., one 
term each year until 1879, when he bor- 
rowed sufficient money to enable him to 
stud\' the entire year. He graduated in 
i8S() and continued teaching until the 
h'all of 1881 when he entered the Uni- 
versitv of Michigan as a law student and 
graduated in 1884. lie was honored by 
his selection as orator of his class at both 
institutions. His father, who died in 
1882, had been mentioned as a candidate 
for the State Legislature and friends 
suggested that the son make the tight for 
the nomination. This he decided to do 
and conducted his campaign by corres- 
l)ondence while a student at Ann Arbor. 
The ])rimaries were held one week after 
his graduation and he was nominated and 
subsecjuentlv elected, serving during the 
sessions of 1885 and 1887. While in the 
Legislature he was chairman of the Com- 
mittee on Constitutional Reform and a 
member of the judiciary Cieneral, Re- 
trenchment and Reform and Library 
Committees. He was admitted to prac- 
tice at the Indiana County Bar in 1885, 
and at once commenced his legal work 
there. He became active in Republican 
politics and has been a delegate to man\- 
State and .Xational conventions. He was 
President of the Indiana School lioard 
for several years and for twenty-five 
years has been an active member of the 
Hoard of Trustees of the State Normal 
.School located there. lie was President 
of the Farmers" Bank of Indiana from 
i8()3 to 1805, when he resigned u];)on his 
removal to Harrisburg to become deputy 
.\ttorney (jeneral of the State. He was 
a delegate to the St. Louis Convention 
in i8(/) when President McKinlcy was 
nominated and as a sound money man, 
st(M)d with the majority of his delegation 
against the heresies of a free silver pvo- 
jiaganda which threatened the destruction 
of his party. This was the time when 
Senators Teller of Colorado. DuPiois of 
Idaho, Cannon of I'tah, and many other 
like notable men withdrew from the con- 
vention and left the Re])ublican ranks. 
The same \ear he was elected chainn;m 



of the Re])ublican State Committee and 
conducted an educational campaign for 
soimd money which resulted in the larg- 
est ])lurality ever given ])residential elec- 
tors in Pennsylvania u]) to that time. He 
resigned the Deputy .\ttorney General- 
shi]) in 1897 owing to differences with the 
Hastings administration and in 1898 he 
directed the campaign that jjlaced Wil- 
liam .\. .Stone in the gubernatorial chair. 
l)eing ajjpointed .\ttorney (General by that 
otilicial and serving four years. During 
his term of office the opponents of Sena- 
tor Quay challenged the right of Gover- 
nor .Stone to appoint him to the United 
-States Senate after the Legislature had 
failed to re-elect him and denied the right 
of Senator Quay to take the seat thus till- 
ed. Mr. Elkin was chosen to argue the 
question before the Committee on Privi- 
leges and Elections, of which Senator 
Ciiandler, of New Hampshire, was chair- 
man, and Senator Hoar, of Massachu- 
setts, was an active member. In rejire- 
senting the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- 
vania, Mr. Elkin contended that under 
our system of government, each State 
was entitled to full representation in the 
Senate and that it became the duty of the 
Governor to appoint if the Legislature 
failed to elect. The opposition was rep- 
resented by Senator Edmunds of Ver- 
mont, a recognized authority on Consti- 
tutional law, and the Hon. Hampton L. 
Carson and George Wharton Pepper, 
leading members of the Philadelphia .Bar. 
The contention of ]Mr. Elkin was sus- 
tained by the committee, which reported 
in favor of seating Senator Quay, but the 
Senate, after a prolonged session, re- 
jected the report by a majority of one, 
and .Senator Quay was not permitted to 
take the seat until the Legislature in 1901 
elected him for the full term. In 1902 
Mr. Elkin was a candidate for Governor 
and was opposed by Senator Quay, who 
insisted that he retire from the contest. 
This Mr. Elkin refused to do and one of 
the most spirited political fights in the 
.State's history ensued. Refusing to take 
orders to retire, Air. Elkin made a direct 
appeal to the peo]ile and as a result lilair, 
Chester, Dauphin, Lancaster, Northum- 
berland and Tioga counties, the city of 
\\'ilkes-P>arre and several other large dis- 
tricts instructed their delegates for him. 



WAKwuK s KK^■s■|■(>^•l•:■ ( dmmiinw i: \i,i ii. 



343 



W'iu-n the Conventidii met at I larrisluiiL; 
it was found that many of the instructed 
delegates had ignored their constituents 
and gone over to the opjiosition and this 
resuhed in Mr. Elkin's defeat, and the 
nomination of Judge Sannicl \\ . iVnny- 
packer, .\fter the expiration ni his term 
a> .\ttorne\' General, he resunieil the 
practice of law until April, 1904, when 
the Harrisburg Convention unanimous!} 
nominated him to fill a vacancy in the 
.'supreme Court. Mr. Elkin was nnt a 
candidate for the position and had un 
knowdedge that he was to be named 
until the day the Convention met. At the 
election which followed he received 7^7.- 
078 votes, the largest Republican vote 
e\er cast for a nominee in Pennsylvania. 
.Mr. Elkin took up his Judicial duties 
Januar_\- i. 1905. and fi.ir eight years ha> 
been one of the most useful and intelli- 
gent members of the Supreme Court of 
the State. 

Soon after admission to the liar, .\lr. 
Elkin became interested in the develop- 
ment of the Indiana coal fields, being a 
pioneer in the industry in that count\. 
With Henry and (jeorge IVothero. lie 
made plans for opening up the Cush 
Creek region in 1887 and has been inter- 
ested in that section since. These asso- 
ciates were instrumental in having the 
Cush Creek branch of the railroad built 
from MahalTey to Glen Cani[)bell, and 
they sold to the Glenwood Coal Com- 
pany the lands now operated by them near 
Cdcn Campbell and since that time the 
o])erations have extended to every part of 
the county. 

On June 17, 1884, .Mr. Elkin married 
-Miss .\da P., daughter of John Prothero, 
late president of the Eirst National Bank 
of Indiana, Pa., and they have three 
children: Helen Prothero, t.aura Eouise, 
and Stanley Elkin, the first named being 
the wife of W. M. .Armstrong. 

Mr. Elkin is a member of the Cnion 
T-cague of Philadelphia, the .American 
.Academy of Political and Social Science, 
the Clover Club and of other fraternal 
and .social organizations. Tie is a mem- 
ber of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 
the church of his ancestors, which he lib- 
eralh' supports. 




MC( ki:,\i;n 



Though unswer\-ing in his allegiance 
to the Republican part_\- in .\aiional pnli- 
tics, George D. McCreary has mie more 
than one occasion waged relentless war- 
fare on municipal abuses in Pliiladelphia 
and has thereby aided in establishing re- 
forms that have resulted in his party's 
uplifting. Mr. McCreary was b. irn'at 
A'ork Springs village, .Xdams Cnuntw 
Pennsylvania, September 2(1. 1X4'), auil is 
the son of the late j.ilni I'.. .McCrcarv, 
who was a pioneer npcratur in the coal 
fields of Tremont. Tamar|ua and .Maucli 
Chunk. His early youth was spent in 
this locality where he attended pn])lic .lud 
]irivate schools until 1864 when he re 
moved to Philadelphia wiili his p.irents. 
The same year he entered llie I'niversitv 
of Pennsylvania, remaining until hi^ ju- 
nior year, 1(187, when lu' ()uil his studies 
to take a position witli ilu- I lone\- Prnok 
Coal Com])any, of which his father was 
presi<lent. In the three vears he remain- 
ed with this comp,-iny. lie acipiired :i nio>l 
comprehensive knowledge of selling .-ind 
shipping coal, and in 1870, lu' started an 
independent criri'er li\' ])iconiing a part- 
ner in the tuwly oigani/ed coal firm of 



344 



WA 



rwick's kevstone commonwealth. 



Whitncv, :McCreary & KeniiiKTcr. In 
1879 be retired from this firm to assume 
charge of his father's estate which was 
large and required his undivided atten- 
tion. As early as 1882. Mr. McCreary 
became interested in municipal affairs and 
evincing a desire to correct the abuses 
that existed at that time, he became an 
original member of the Committee of One 
Hundred and served actively on several 
of its important committees. In 1891 the 
reform element in his party was desirous 
of nominating a lousiness man of unblem- 
ished character for the jiosition of City 
Treasurer and Mr. McCreary was the 
logical candidate. He was elected by a 
large majority and during his term from 
1892 to 1895, he reorganized the finances 
of the city and introduced and carried 
into execution many needed measures, 
which resulted in large money gains to 
the citv and safety in the transaction of 
its financial affairs. Mr. McCreary's 
deep interest in local and national aft'airs 
led to his nomination for Congress in 
1903 and he served continuously in that 
bodv for ten years, and during that ser- 
vice was member of the Banking and 
Currency Committee. He was one of the 
organizers and second vice-president of 
the Market Street National Bank and is a 
director of the Guarantee Trust and Safe 
Deposit Company, the Westmoreland 
Coal Company, Upper Lehigh Supply 
Company, Upper Lehigh Coal Company, 
Nescopec Coal Company, .\lden Coal 
Comijany. \\'hitehall Portland Cement 
Manufacturing Company, the \ ir- 
ginia Coal and Iron Company, and other 
commercial organizations. He is a mem- 
ber of the Holy Trinity P. K. Church, 
and interested in church and philanthrop- 
ic work. In Tune, 1873. he married Kate 
R. Howell, daughter of the late William 
and Rebecca Howell and they have four 
children, all married. In the winter of 
1873-74 he made an extended tri]) to 
Cuba and Mexico with the late llishop 
Simp.son of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, revisiting Mexico .some twelve 
years later. Pie has traveled extensively 
in this and foreign countries. He is a 
member of the Union League of Philadel- 
phia, the Philadelphia Sketch Club and 
the Metropolitan Clnb cf Washington, 
D. C. 



KOIIEKT II. FOF.KDERER. 

in the last decade Philadelphia has 
produced no man of loftier aspirations, 
nobler charitable tendencies or greater 
commercial integrity than Robert H. 
Foerderer, late Congressman-at-large, 
whose lamented death at an early age, 
ended a career that accom])lished much 
for Philadelphia and its people and gave 
promise of still greater achievement. Mr. 
Foerderer was born in Frankenhausen, 
dermanv. while his parents, who were 
citizens of the United States at that time, 
were re-visiting the place of their birth. 
The father, Edward Foerderer, was a 
tanner who had emigrated to .America 
some years previously and established 
himself in business in Philadelphia. 
Robert H. Foerderer was educated in the 
jjublic schools here and at a private 
academy, and at the age of seventeen 
vears, liis father secured him a position 
as clerk in a bank. Financial pursuits, 
however, did not accord with the young 
man's tastes and upon an expressed de- 
sire to work in the tannery, he was regis- 
tered as an apprentice. He took a won- 
derful interest in the trade and at the age 
of twenty-one was a skilled workman, 
with not only a complete knowdedge of 
the business, but an inventive taste and 
an inquiring mind, that was not satisfied 
with simply knowing that things were 
done. He wanted to know how and why, 
and if there was not a chance to simplify 
and improve existing processes. He 
earned eight dollars each week, four of 
which he saved and at the age of twenty- 
five vears he had amassed a small capi- 
tal which he determined to invest in a 
business of his own, where he could un- 
trammeled. try out his own theories. The 
habit of thrift inherited from his father, 
coupled with executive ability and thor- 
ough knowledge of leather, assured his 
success. .\t this period there was sub- 
mitted to him a new method of treating 
goat skins known as the "Chrome Pro- 
cess." Other tanners had experimented 
with it and had wasted vast sums in try- 
ing to successfully apply the new method 
to the manufacture of morocco. Mr. 
i'oerderer knew the suggested process 
was impracticable, but it was valuable 
from the fact that it gave him a basic 



WARWICK S KEVSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



345 




R(i|!l-:iM ir. FnEKl>ERER. 



idea upon which to work. He purchased 
the inventor's unperfected secret and then 
commenced tlie night and day struggle 
of the skilled workman to bring about 
perfectii:)n. H'e finally discovered the 
lacking condition that made the "Chrome 
Process" successful and eventually revo- 
lutionized the morocco business of the 
World. ( )n the day that he finished this 
task of international import, he thought 
of Cjesar's historical utterance after the 
victory at Alela, and the last W(.)r(l, "\'ici" 
appealed to him so strongly, that he ap- 
])lied the name to his product and 
made it known, in that connection, 
throughout the civilized world. Suc- 
cess always engenders jealousy and it 
was natural that the perfection of the 
process should he followed by liti.gation, 
none of which, however, was effective. 
Other manufacturers were obliged to pa\ 



royalties on the uncompleted process until 
the original patents expired, but the 
Fiierderer process was a secret one and 
was never patented. It was, therefore, 
never subjected to surrei^titious use by 
rivals and never placed at the mercy of 
expiring governmental letters. I'nder 
Mr. Foerderer's able and sagacious direc- 
tion the business grew enormously each 
year and the Frankford plant was enlarg- 
ed time and again to meet the increasing 
demand for "V'ici" kid. These works 
and the allied branch at IJridesburg, 
where the finest hide glue in thr world i^ 
made and goat hair prepared for commer- 
cial use, employ ujivvards of two lhou>and 
|)ersons and 50,(X)0 goat skins arr treated 
each working day. I'lu- concern has 
]iurcliasing agents in (liina. japan, Rus- 
sia. .\sia, .\frica and .South .\mt'rica and 
oiu- million "iiat skins are alwa\s in 



34<5 



W AKWIl K S KKYSTONK COM .\I( IN WKAI/l' II . 



transit ti) the iM-ankford works. Truly a 
wonderful achievement in a remarkabl\' 
short time and by one man. \'ery early 
in hfe, Mr. l'"oerderer had become a 
])roniinent figure in the mercantile world. 
His sagacity and integrity were unques- 
tioned and when the .^tate enacted the 
measure providing for the election of two 
Congressmen-at-large, .Mr. I'oerderer, as 
a thoroughly ecjuipped business man and 
successful manufacturer, was one of the 
logical nominees. He was in no sense a 
politician but brought to the position of 
Congressman careful thought and indus- 
trious attention wdiich he applied to every 
business proposition that came before 
that body. While a Representative at 
Washington, no request, however unim- 
portant, failed to receive his personal at- 
tention. He was a member of the Com- 
mittee on Banking and Currency, and his 
foresight in financial matters made him a 
recognized force. To his interest in mat- 
ters of local importance, is due the organ- 
ization of the Keystone Telephone Com- 
pany, which has effectually checked an\ 
possibility of monopoly in that important 
.service. His interest in labor was mark- 
ed and always practical. At the time of 
a serious financial panic, when business 
interests were badly cripjiled and indus- 
trial plants almost at a standstill he kept 
his full force w'orking three days each 
week in making stock he had little sale 
for at the time, and the other three days 
he utilized them in erecting a storage 
warehouse which he told them he "wouM 
need when times were better." This 
kindly thought for those less fortmiate 
than himself, was carrie<l out in many 
charities. He invariably helped the de- 
serving ix5or, fiuMiishing them warm 
clothing, food, medicines and in some in- 
stances, surgical treatment. For genera- 
tions Mr. Foerderer's ancestors had been 
curers of hides, but ii rem.iined for him 
to bring a scientific knowledge lo the 
business that insured success and niadc 
it possible for him to gratify his desire 
to be, above all, helpful to his fellow man. 
Mr. Foerdcrer died July 26, 1903, deeplx' 
regretted by all who knew him. His 
success, upright career ;ind pliilanihro|i\ 
furnish an object lesson that would be 
useful to the young were it incor])orate(l 
in everv school ciu-rictihim. 




ERNEST LEIGH TrSTI.V. 

Ernest L. Tiistin was born in Fewis- 
burg. Union County. Pennsylvaina, De- 
cember 20th, 1862, the son of Francis 
Wayland Tustin, Ph. D., a man of high 
attainments and one of the founders of 
liucknell University. Mr. Tustin's edu- 
cation was obtained in that famous insti- 
tution of learning and was supplemented 
b\ a post graduate course at the Univer- 
^ity of Pennsylvania. lie studied law 
with Simon P. Wolverton, of Sunbury, 
Pa., and after admission to the l'>ar in 
1887 removed to Philadelphia, where he 
soon accpiired a large practice in cor- 
poration and Orphans' Court work. His 
entrx' into public life was made in IQ06 
when he was elected to the State Senate 
from the West I'hiladelphia district. Fie 
was re-elected in iQio and resigned in 
i()i I to become the Recorder of Deeds of 
I'hiladelphia. He is vice-president and 
treasurer of the William 11. ll.)skiii> 
Com])any and vice-president of Henry .\. 
l>y & Co.. and .Mcxander Reed & Co., a 
director of the Quaker Cit\' National 
I'lank and the P>elmom Trust Company, a 
member of the F.xecutive Council of the 



WARWICK S KK\Sr(.)NB C(_lM M( IN" WEALT II . 



3+7 



l'>(.)aril of Trade, treasurer of tlie W'isler 
Memorial Home and the I'ennsx ivania 
Baptist Educational Society, trustee of 
Bucknell University and the American 
Baptist Publication Society, president of 
the Pennsylvania State Baptist I'onven- 
tion, chairman of the Pennsylvania dim- 
mission of the Panama Exposition, s(i- 
licitor for the YonuQ- Women's Christian 
Association and a member of the L'nidii 
I^eas'ue, University, Lincoln, \'oung Re- 
publican, Lawyers and ()verhro(ik Golf 
Clubs, the Masonic fraternit\ and the 
Sons of the Revolution and Colonial So- 
cietv. 




(IICOKCB VV. KDMIIXIIS. 

George W. Edmonds, member of the 
63d Congress from the Fourth District (if 
Pennsylvania, is an avowed reformer in 
politics and has waged many battles in 
support of his views. He was born in 
Pottsville, Pa., on b'ehruary 22<\. iSfi4. 
and removed with his parents to Philadel- 
phia in 1871. llis preliminary educatio:' 
was received in the Public Schools of 
Philadelphia, at the \\'\iiming, (ierman- 



toun and Meade schonls, and ,ils(i at tin' 
Central High Schddl where he .'ilteiided 
for two years, and is a member (if the 
70th class. He then decided uiion the 
study of pharmacv and eventually entered 
the Philadelphia College df I'liarmacy, 
from which he was graduated with tlie 
Class of 1885. During this period he was 
employed in the drug store of iM'ench, 
Richards & C(.i., and latc'r by L'aswell, 
Massey & Co., of New \nv\< Cit\. Me 
then entered the employ of ( leorge Mar- 
tin in a retail drug store at 15th and < Ox- 
ford streets, Philadelphia, later acipiiring 
an interest in the business. 

In 1887 he decided to retire from the 
drug business and so he organized the 
I'dack Diamond Coal Co. .\fter a short 
connection wdth this com|iany he became 
a joint-partner in the retail coal firm of 
Warner, Shuster & Co. In iXn-i. this 
company became (jeorge VV. l{dmon(L (!v- 
Co., with main office and yards at (jth and 
llerks streets, Philadelphia, and later four 
liranches in different parts of the city. 
l''(ir a number of years Mr. Edmonds was 
also interested in the ILirris ['ertilizer 
Co., whose plant occupies a large acreage 
at the Tasker Street Wharf. 

Mr. Edmonds has always been inter- 
ested in politics, and nationally is a mem- 
ber of the Republican party, but on local 
tickets he has invariably espoused the 
cause of honest government and vigor- 
ously opposed bossism. In i8Qr), he was 
elected t(.> Connnon Councils on the Anti- 
L'omljine ticket in the 2i)th \\'ard, after 
one of the most remarkable contests ever 
witnessed in the city, lie was re-elected 
to Common Council twice, serving in all 
for six years, and his independence of 
thought and action while a member of 
that body brought him into deserved 
]irominence. During the Sp.-mish-Ameri- 
can W ar, he served as cliairnian ol a spe- 
cial (, (luncilmanic ( 'omniittee on .Soldiers' 
Relief, and managed .and conducted a 
series of relief trains for the ]inr]i(ise of 
caring for the sick from tlu' I'ennsylvania 
Regiments. In 1905, Mr. Ivlmonds be- 
came active in opposition to the gas lease 
of that year whose indefensible lernts 
aroused the deepest reseiUmenI of the 
citizens of F'hiladelphia. lie identitied 
himself with the Cit\ Part\ .ind served 
lor a number of \ ears as ( il\ ( dnnnittee- 



348 



W ARWH K S Kl'^'STOMC CCJM M KN W 1. \I,T 1 1 . 



man fr(ini the 2y)lh Ward. His ])rcimi- 
neiice in ])r(>n;ressive ixjlitics made liini an 
available candidate f"r Congress in the 
Fourth District, conii>rising- 28th. Ji)th. 
32d, 38th and 47th \\'ards. and to the 
amazement of politicians he won both the 
Keystone and Republican nominations, 
and conse(|uently was elected by a hand- 
some majority. 

lie is a member of the Philadelphia 
Turngemeinde, the C'ulumbia ('lub. 
Twentieth Century Club, .\uto Club of 
Philadelphia, City Club, Manufacturers' 
Club, the ^lasonic fraternity. Northwest 
Business Men's Association, the Inde- 
pendent Order of Americans and is treas- 
urer of the Northeastern Hospital Asso- 
ciation. He is president of the Ko-Koal 
Association, vice-president of the Phila- 
delphia Coal Exchange and is connected 
with manv charitable and business enter- 
prises in the Twenty-ninth Ward and 
throughout the city. 

Mr. Edmonds resides at 1543 N.irth 
33(1 street, in the 2()th \\'anl. 



ML'RRFJ.L DOBHIXS. 



It has long l)een conceded that the 
treasury of the City of Philadelphia 
should be presided over by a man of ster- 
ling integrity and business acumen and 
it was in keeping with this conclusion 
that Murrell Dobbins was tendered the 
Republican nomination for that impor- 
tant office and elected by a 'arge majority 
in November. 1909. Mr. Dobbins's se- 
lection was not on account of his political 
activity, for although a lifelong Repul)- 
lican, he had never held an elective ofifice 
except membership in the local school 
board of the Twenty-third Ward over 
thirty years ago. He was chosen rather 
for his business experience, and his ad- 
ministration of the City Treasury has 
been along lines that brought succes> in 
his own business. Mr. Dobbins was born 
in Pemberton, New Jersey, the son of 
Joseph and Mary A. (Hilliard) Dobbins, 
and is of Quaker ancestry. The father 
was the owner of the historic mills at 
Pemberton for years and was the owner 
of nine of the finest farms in the county. 
He was a man of the strictest integritv 




M|-|!UI-:i-l- IIOIil-.INS. 

and his large fortune was lost l)y fire 
and in helping his friends. 

Murrell Dobbins was educated in the 
county schools near the place of his birth 
and tiien took up his residence in Phila- 
delphia, where he served an apprentice- 
ship with the bricklaying firm of Dobbins 
iH: Carman, of which his brother, Richard 
I. Dobbins, was senior member. He was 
afterwards coiuiected with his brother in 
the building business, and they erected 
such well-known structures as the Ledger 
Puilding, the House of Correction and 
Memorial Hall and the Main P>uilding 
for the Centennial Exposition, the last 
two contracts being for over $3,000,000. 
.Mr. Dobbins then turned his attention to 
the manufacture of bricks and the man- 
agement of his real estate interests and a 
three-himdred-acre farm in .Burlington 
County near the place of his birth. At 
this period he was the largest individual 
manufacturer of bricks in the I'nited 
States, the out])ut of his four works be- 
ing over 30,000,000 bricks annually. He 
is president and owner of the Camden 
Pottery, which is the fourth largest in the 



Warwick's KiivsTo.xB cummonwealtii. 



349 



L'nitcd States and the only one owned li.\ 
one individual. Mr. Dobbins was a mem- 
ber of the Board of Port Wardens for 
nineteen years and was one of the incor- 
l)orators of the Master Builders' Ex- 
ehan.iie, of which he is at present a di- 
rectiir by virtue of being an ex-president. 
At the time of the failure of the Ke>- 
stone and Spring Garden banks in i8i)i. 
he was elected to the presidenc\- of the 
Third National Bank, and his selectidu 
at once restored confidence and prevented 
a run on that institution that would have 
preci])itated a local panic. He has been 
a member of the Board of Ivlucation fur 
seven years and was on three of its must 
important committees — property, finance 
and special schools. He has also been a 
luember of the Board of Inspectors ni 
the Eastern Penitentiary for many \ears 
and is now president of the Board, lie 
is also president of the Board of Pamle, 
and as such has inaugurated a system of 
mechanical education for first term men 
that lessens the possibility of their return 
to a criminal life upon their release. He 
was one of the organizers of the Alechan- 
ical Trades School of Phladelphia, which 
educates the pupil in various trades and 
makes him acceptable, as a journeyman, 
to the labor and trade organizations. Mr. 
Dobbins has been a member of tlie Ma- 
sonic fraternity for forty-five years ami 
is also a member of the Pennsylvania 
Sons of the Revolution, the Colonial So- 
ciety of Pennsylvania, the Union Eeague 
and the Manufacturers' Club. 



was then City Solicitor, made Mr. Walton 
an assistant and he occupied that position 
until elected to the Legislature in 1890. 
He was re-elected in 1892 and 1894 and 
was urged for the Speakership of the 
House in 1893 but declined the honor. 
He was appointed chairman of the Com- 
mittee on Judiciary General and in 1895 
was elected Speaker without any party 
opposition. He was appointed Solicitor 
to the Sheriff of Philadelphia County in 
|S()8, but resigned wh.en again elected to 
the Legislature for the fourth time. His 
ability as the Speaker in i8<)5 made him 
the logical candidate in 1903 and he was 
nuanimouslv chosen and accorded the 
same honor in 1905. Mr. Walton's rec- 
ognized fitness for the position ol I'ri)- 
thonotarv of the Common Pleas Courts, 
led to his election bv the Board of Judges 
ami he is now filling that responsible po- 
sition. He is a member of the Union 
League, the Five O'clock Club, the Penn 
Club, the Historical Association of Phil- 
adelphia and since 1908 has been presi- 
dent of the Board of Trustees of the 
Medico-Chirurgical College. 



HENRY F. WALTON. 

Chosen Prothonotary of the Common 
Pleas Courts, after a successful career as 
a maker and expounder of laws, Henry 
F. Walton brought to his new position a 
knowledge that has largely increased the 
department's efficiency. Mr. Walton was 
born (_)ctober 2d, 1858, at Stroudsliurg, 
Pa., and was educated in the public 
schools and bv private tutors. He after- 
wards studied law with the Honoralile 
Wayne AIc\'eagh and the late George 
Tucker Bispham. and Ijeing admitted to 
practice in October, 1871), immetliately 
entered the law office of T'rancis Rawle. 
In 1884, Hon. Charles l'. Warwick, who 




ill,\]iV I. « Al IO\, 



?5" 



U \k\\ U K S KKYSrONK COM MOX WKALI' [I. 



li.Wll) .MAKIIN". 

luitcring the political arena soon after 
attaining his majority, David Miartin, 
the jjresent Register of Wills, has been 
a commanding figure in both city and 
State politics for years and has filled 
many positions of trust. He was born 
on a farin in the suburban northeastern 
section of riiiladelphia, August 20th. 




1845, and worked as a farmer until twen- 
ty Years of age. He was educated in the 
public schools during the winter terms 
only. He became politically active soon 
after becoming of age and his efifm-ts 
along this line were rewarded by a posi- 
tion in the Water Department. From 
that time on he became a factor in Nine- 
teenth Ward Republican affairs and for 
thirty-five years he was the recognized 
and undisputed leader there. He was 
first elected to menibcrshii) in the Rejiub- 
lican F-.xecntive L'nmmittee of the Wan! 
in iHW). and has held a SL'at in that bndy 
ContinuiiusU since. He also represented 



the Ward in the City Committee for over 
thirtv years. He was apiwinted Ser- 
geant-at--Vrnis of the Pennsylvania 
House of Representatives in 1873; was 
elected County Commissioner of Phila- 
delphia in 1875 and re-elected in 1878. 
He has been a delegate to nearly every 
State convention since 1872 and served 
as Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms of the 
.\atioual House of Representatives dur- 
ing 1881 and 1882. He was a delegate 
to the convention that nominated Harri- 
son for the presidency in 1888, and from 
1892 until i8y6 he was a member of the 
National Republican Committee from 
Pennsylvania. In the National Conven- 
tions of 1892 and 1896 he was one of the 
six Pennsylvania delegates wdio voted for 
Major McKinley against President Har- 
rison. He was appointed Collector of In- 
ternal Revenue of the First Pennsylvania 
District by President Harrison in 1889. 
liut resigned after two years of service. 
The political alliance between .Mr. Mar- 
tin and Senator Ouav was broken in 
1S95, when in connection with the late 
Charles .\. Porter and others he wrested 
the control of the citv from the I'eaver 
statesman and secured the nomination 
of Hon. Charles F. Warwick for Mayor, 
defeating Boies Penrose for the honored 
place. He was afterw-ards identified with 
( lovernor Hastings and the late C. L. 
Magee. Attorney General H. C. McCor- 
niick and others in the movement to re- 
tire Senator Quay from the control of the 
Republican State (Organization. L'pon 
tile retirement of General Frank Reeder, 
September, 1897, Mr. Martin was made 
Secretary of the Commonwealth by Gov- 
ernor Hastings. He was chairman of 
the Catiipaign Committee of the Republi- 
can City Committee for several terms 
and w'as elected State Senator in 1898 
and served in the sessions of 1899 and 
ii;oi. He was a delegate to the conven- 
tions that nominated Theodore Roosevelt 
for I'residein in 1904 and William H. 
Tatt in ii)o8. In 1905 he was appointed 
Insurance Commissioner by Ciovernor 
1 'ennvpacker. being reapixiinted by Gov- 
ernor Stuart. His last elective office was 
Register of Wills in which position he 
is still serving. .Mr. .M'lrtin was founder 
of the .\nti-Col).leu L'luh. 



WAKWICK S KEVSTON'E COMMONWEALTH. 



351 



REUBKX O. MOOX. 

After ably reprcsentin;;^ the l-'ourtli 
Pennsylvania district in Congress for ten 
years, Renben (J. Moon resumed the ac- 
tive practice of law in I'liiladelphia with 
the consciousness that he had labored in- 
defatigably for his home city and the 
country at large. As chairman of the 
Committee on the Revision of Laws, he 
devoted two years of almost incessant la- 
bor in prejiaring and perfecting a judici- 
ary bill which was passed by the Sixty- 
first Congress. This law made many 
needed reforms in the old judicial system, 
doing away with the United States Cir- 
cuit Court and bringing into activity and 
prominence the previously obscure Dis- 
trict Court, whicli usurped the function> 
of the first named body, expedited busi- 
ness and inaugurated a complete judicial 
system. He was also chairman of the 
committee that prepared, perfected and 
enacted the new Penal Code which was 
passed by the Sixtieth Congress and 
which gave to the Cnited States, for llie 
first time, a complete system of criminal 
jurisprudence. The bill has come to be 
known as the "Moon Code" and tliii>e 
who were violently opposed to it orig- 
inalh- are now unstinted in its praise. 
Mr. Moon's speeches on these two meas- 
ures were legal classics and can be found 
in nearly every law office and library in 
the country. He also received separate 
votes of thanks from Congress for his 
work on the bills and when President 
Taft afifixed his signature to the Judiciary 
Bill, he sent Mr. Moon the following let- 
ter: "1 have just signed the bill making 
law the new judicial code. This is a most 
important measure. It is the result of the 
hardest work on the part of yourself and 
your colleagues of the joint committee for 
the revision of the laws. Every lawyer. 
every judge and every citizen ought to 
feel deeply grateful to you and to them 
for this reform. I'.ut for your patience, 
persistence and i>arliamentary experience 
and knowledge of the law and the Feil- 
cra! procedure this great accomplishment 
would have been impossililc. .Accept my 
gratitude and congratulations." In rec- 
ognition of his successful work on the 
Penal Codt-. the Philadelphia Piar ten- 
dered him ,1 reception at ihe Lawyers' 




Club, May iSth, inog, which was atlentl- 
ed by some of the most eminent jurists 
in the country who were unanimous in 
the opinion that the [jassage of the liill 
was the most important legal legislatinn 
enacted in years. .Vnother honor of a 
most unusual character was conferred 
upon Mr. j\L>on by the Law Association, 
which, in a set of engrossed resolutions, 
paid the highest possible tribute to his 
brilliant and successful work on the two 
measures. The recipient of these honors 
was born in I'lurlinglon Coimtv, \ew Jer- 
sey, July 22d, 1847. His ancestors came 
to this country with William Penn and 
settled at Penn's Manor, Pennsylvania, 
and one of his paternal forebears was 
prominent as a judge in t'olonial times. 
.Mr. Moon was educated in the public 
schools of his native State and bv liis 
father, Aaron L. Moon, who was a noted 
educator at that period. He afterwards 
took a collegiate course in Philadelphia 
and after teaching school for a short 
time accepted a professorship in llie Na- 
tional School of Elocution and ( )ra- 
tory, Philadelphia. Heing a forceful 
speaker aiiil possessing Ihe rare gift of 
elocution lie afterwards liei\inte a leitm-cr 



352 



W AKWUKS KKVSTOXE Ci iM M(iN WICALTU. 



and attained an enviable reputation 
throughout the country. 

Relintiuishino- this work to tal<e up the 
study of law he was admitted to the i>ar 
in 1895 and scxmi act|uired a clientele that 
included some of the largest corporations 
in the cit\- and he also figured in nian\ 
im]>ortant criminal cases. Mr. Mn(jn 
is a Republican and has always taken an 
acti^■e interest in hi> party's welfare. It 
was this activity, coujiled with his elo- 
quence, marked personality, parliamen- 
tary and legal knowledge that in 1903 
made him the successful candidate for 
Congress, in which body he served for ten 
years. Mr. .Moon ])racticed alone until 
his .son, Harolil I'. Moon, graduated 
from the I.aw School of the University 
of Pennsylvania and was admitted to the 
Bar, since which lime father and son 
have been associated. Mr. Moon is a 
member of the I'nion League, Lawyers', 
Columbia and I'enn clubs, and the His- 
torical Society and is vice-president of 
the Transatlantic Society. 



JOIIN W. IK.\ZIER. 



Colonel John \\ 
L'pi)er l)arl)\- 
County, Pa., |;inu; 



. I'razier was born in 
rowr.sh.ip. Delaware 

U"\' 



5th. 183^ 




111 > U.I UA/II li. 



■*''" the son 
f .\rchibald 
and Margaret 
Ronsall (Rob- 
inson) Fra- 
zier. On the 
maternal side 
he is descend- 
ed from Pil- 
g r i m ances- 
tr\ . S o o n 
after the com- 
pletion of his 
education and 
e n t r y into 
business life, 
he enlisted in 
the U n i o n 
Army during 
the Civil War 
and retired 
with an lion 
oral)le record 
aftiT service 
in thc/Tst and 



jolli Pennsylvania \ dhmteer regiments. 
Since the war he has tilletl many posi- 
tions of trust and has taken great inter- 
est in military afifairs. While Command- 
er of the Survivors' Association of the 
Philadelphia Brigade he brought about 
the reunion of the Blue and Gray at (Get- 
tysburg in 1887 — a reimion of the Phil- 
adelphia Brigade and Pickett's Division, 
lie is past commander of Colonel Wil- 
liam S. Currv Post, Xo. 18, past master 
of Mt. Moriah Lodge, F. & A. M.. and 
while its master' started a widows' and 
orphans' fund and one for incapacitated 
members of the lodge. It was due to 
his efforts that the handsome monument 
was erected on the Antietam battlefield in 
memory of 545 comrades. He also in- 
augurated the movement for a memorial 
to Cieneral George G. Meade to be erected 
in Washington, D. C. He has filled many 
positions of importance in the city gov- 
ernment and is a member of the Alasonic 
Veterans' Association, the War Veterans' 
Club, the 46th Ward Republican Club, 
and the First Methodist Church of At- 
lantic City, N. J- the Dickens Fellow- 
ship Club, etc. 



EDWARD W . I'Alld.V. 

Thirty-si.x years of continuous service 
as a member of Select Council has equip- 
])ed Edward W. Patton with a knowledge 
of the city's affairs that makes him inval- 
uable in the local legislative boily. Mr. 
Patton was born in the Fifth \\'ard of 
Philadelphia, June 9, 1846, and his edu- 
cation was received at the Locust Street 
Grammar School and the Central High 
School. In June, 1863, he enlisted in 
Landis' Battery and served during Lee's 
invasion of Pennsylvania. In 1864, he 
was appointed an officer in the Cnited 
.Slates Xavy and served on the steam- 
ship "Donegal'' and the steamship "Mas- 
sachusetts." After being honorably dis- 
charged in T865, he was apix>inted pay- 
master's clerk and subse(|uently served as 
chief clerk to Colonel Ltting in the mus- 
tering out and paying ofl:' of the troops at 
the close of the Rebellion. He resigned 
from the service in 1867 and engaged in 
building operations with his father. Price 
T. Patton. Becoming interested in poli- 
tics be was elected to Select Council in 



Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 



353 




I.IIWAHII \V. I'ATTOX. 

1S77, and de^l)itc nunierous bitterly 
t\mght battles since, has retained his seat 
in that bod\- and has become one of its 
most useful members. For many years 
he has been a member of the Finance 
Committee of City Councils and of the 
sub-committee dealing with millions of 
a])propriations and vast public improve- 
ments. He was for a short period a Mer- 
cantile Appraiser, the only salaried posi- 
tion he ever held, and was president of 
Select Council for three months. Mr. 
Patton is identified with many business 
enterprises. He is president of the Fern- 
wood Cemetery Company and is a direc- 
tor in the Great Eastern Clay Company 
and the Standard Vitrified Clay Com- 
pany, besides being interested in a real 
estate c<)m])any, a bonding and security 
corporation and mining companies in 
New Mexico and the State of Washing- 
ton. He was a member of the .America 
Hose Company. Ouartermaster i>f the 
'I'hird Regiment, National Guard, and \^ 
a member of the Masonic fraterni'v and 
a founder of the West l^'hibnU'lpliia Re- 
publican Club. 



WILLIAM R. KNIGHT. JR. 

The positiun uf Cnroiier of I'hiladel- 
]ihia is ably filled by William R. Knight, 
|r., whose wide experience in depart- 
mental work peculiarly fits him for this 
important office. -Mr. Knight was born 
in riiiladelpbia. March 18th, 1861, and 
received bis education in the jjublic 
schoiils of that city. His early life was 
not ros_\- or ideal, hn at the age of twelve 
\ears he was working hard for a Ken- 
sington brick manufacturer, that indus- 
try lieing then a leading one in that sec- 
tion. For five _\ears his labor was of the 
most arduous character and at the age of 
seventeen he determined to learn a trade. 
He became an apprentice in the saw 
works of Henr\ Disston & Sons, at Front 
and Laurel streets, where he remained 
for seventeen years, severing his connec- 
tion with that firm to accejit a position as 
clerk to a deputy in the office of Sheriff 
Clements. Air. Knight's attention to his 
official duties and his keen .grasp of de- 
tail, led to his api)ointiuent as Deputy 
SherifT and he was for three years a val- 
ued attache of that department of the 
county government. He then became a 
clerk in the office of the Clerk of the 
Quarter Sessions Court, wdiich was fol- 
lowed by his appointment as United 
States Shipping Commissioner at the port 
of Philadelphia. He was Assistant Di- 
rector of Public Works under the Rey- 
burn administration and in .\ovember, 
iQii, while filling that position, he was 
elected Coroner, which position he now 
fills. Mr. Knight is a lifelong Republi- 
can and his unswerving allegiance is note- 
worthy. The many reform movements, 
that from time to time have swept over the 
city, never tempted him to wayer in his 
loyalty, but, on the contrary, they spurred 
him on to additional effort and some of 
his most successful fights were won in 
spite of adverse conditions, his election 
to the position he now holds aptl\' illus- 
trating his pugnacity in politics and his 
popularity with the rank and file of his 
■part\-. He served as ;i meiuber of t'oni- 
mon Councils from ihe Twentv -fifth 
Ward for twelve years, and during this 
period was on some of the most im]ior- 
tant committees of that body. Mr. 
Knight's activity in political circles is 



354 



\\\K\\ K K - Ki;\'S|(>XK COMMON WEALTH. 




wii.i.iAM K. KMcnr, .in. 

sliown In liis at'tiliaiii iii with Rcpulilicaii 
ors^anizations. \\v is prcsidL'iit of the 
I'liitcil Ixejniblican L'liil) of the Twent}- 
fiflh Ward, and is a meniher of the West- 
moreland RepuhUcan Chib of the Forty- 
fiftli Ward, tile Forty-fifth Wanl Repnh- 
lican .\ssociation. llie Araniin^o kepnbli- 
can .Association and many others. He is 
a memher of Jenis.deni l.odne, Xo. yi(). 
]■'. and .\. -M.. I )rder of I'nited Anierican 
Mechanics, L(.)yal ( )rder of .Moose, 
Knifjhts of the Alyslie C'hain and the 
Keystone Reneficial .Association of tl!e 
Disston .^aw \\ < irk>. 



i;i-:ou(;f. .mcci'kdv. 



In addition to bcinjj one of the best 
I^arlianientarians that ever ])resided over 
a local legislative bod\'. (ieorge McL urd\'. 
])resident of Common Councils, |x>ssesses 
conspicuous characteristics that have 
brought him the respect of all classes and 



fixed his status as a successful public 
leader. ^^^. AlcCurdy, who is alwavs a.yf- 
Li^ressive in combating any evil that threat- 
ens the welfare of l'hiladeli)liia, has on 
many occasions lieen the champic.m of 
measures of public interest and in the 
lace of furious opposition, has fouo-ht 
them to a successful finish. .As the pre- 
siding- officer of Common Councils he is 
most courteous and liis rulings, which 
sometimes appear ])eremptor}-, are hon- 
estly impartial and invariably result in 
retaining the esteem of those who are op- 
posed to him. Mr. McCurdy was lx>rn 
.May 29, 1862, at Jersey Shore, Lycoming 
County, Pennsylvania, and is descended 
from .Scotch ancestors who settled above 
\\'illiams]iort, Pa., in 1772, when the 
conntry was a wilderness inhabited only 
by Indians. He was educated at the Jer- 
sey .^hore .\cademy and subsequentlv en- 
tered Lafayette College from which be 
graduated in 1SS4 with the .A. ]'.. and A. 




ciciiiua-; Mc-( iKiiY. 



WARWICK S KI■:^"ST(iMi eclM MdXW i:.\LTH. 



335 



^f. degrees. He won tirst |)rizc in i>ra- 
tory in his junior year — one of tlic high- 
est honors accorded in college, .\fter 
graduation he commenced the stuilv of 
law in the office of Diddle & \\'ard, his 
preceptor being (ieorgc W. IJiddle, of 
that firm. He was admitted to the Har in 
1888 and has since been very successful 
in practice. He was elected to represent 
the Tenth Ward in L'oninion Council. 
Feljruary, 1896, and ha-- bLCii re-elected 
every two years since. In January, ii)00, 
he was chosen President to succeed W'en- 
cel Hartman and has filled the chair con- 
tinuously since, with the exception of the 
session from April. 1906, to April. 1907, 
when he was not a candidate. As Pre^i 
dent of Common Council, Mr. McCurd\ 
is connected with the management of 
(iirard College, the \\'ills Hospital, the 
Public Library and the Commercial .Mu- 
seum. He is also a Commissioner of 
Fairmount Park and a memljer of the 
Board of City Trusts. He is a memher 
of the Masonic fraternity and has been a 
trustee of the Stephen Girard hecpiest and 
of the Masonic Library and Museum 
Committee. Among the social organiza- 
tions in wdiich he holds membership are 
the Athletic Club of Philadelphia, the 
William R. Leeds Association, the Photo- 
graphic Society of Philadelphia, the 
Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, anrl the 
Sons of the Revolution. 



JOHX B. ROinx.sox. 

John B. Robinson was Ijorn in Alle- 
gheny City, Pa.. Alay 23, 1846. He was 
thoroughly prepared for a collegiate 
course and matriculated at Amherst Col- 
lege. In 1862, wdien but sixteen years of 
age. he enlisted in Captain Ridder's com- 
pany attached to the 15th Pennsylvania 
lunergency Regiment, but was after a 
short service, discharged on accoinit of 
youth. He was then a])pointi-d to the 
Xaval Academy at .AnnajJoIis and gradu- 
ated in 1868. During his service in the 
navy he visited almost every cotnitrv in 
the worlil and advanced through all 
grades, to a lieutenancy previous to his 
resignation in 1875 to take ui) the study 




.JCIll.N K. illir.I NS(iN. 

of law. He was prepared for his legal 
career in the office of John Ci. Johnscjn. 
Esq.. and after being admitted to prac- 
tice in the Philadelphia t'ourts, he remov- 
ed to Delaware County where he entered 
])olitics and soon became the Republican 
leader. He was elected to the State Leg- 
islature in 1884 and was re-elected in 
181/), being particularly cons])icuous dur- 
ing these sessions as a brilliant debater 
and painstaking legislator. I fe was 
elected to the State Senate in 1881; .-uid 
while a member of this bod\'. was. in 
1890, elected to the l'"ifty-secou<l C"on- 
gress and was returned for tlu- h'iftv- 
fourth session, when he retired owing 
to the claim of Chester County to the seat. 
In 1 89 1 he was elected to the presidency 
of the State League of l\e])idjlican Chd)s. 
He was appointed United States Marshal 
I'or the Eastern District of I'ennsylvania, 
by President Mcl\inle\-, was retained dur- 
ing the administration of President 
Roosevelt and Taft .-md is still occui)\ing 
the position. .Mi-. Robinson is owner 
and editor of the .Media Lcdiicr. 



356 



WARWICK S KKYSTOM; CIIM Mo.N WEALTH. 




ICNOlll W. I'KAKSON. 

X'ocal si.ijht-ruailiii!; was introducecl 
into the piiMic scluinls of Philadelphia in 

iS()7 hy the 
creation by 
the r>oard of 
h'ducation oi 
P. Department 
of Music with 
Mr. E n o c h 
I'earson tlu 
present i n - 
cumbent a - 
Director an' I 
a small corji- 
of assistant- 
T h e ]iresenl 
oryanizati o n 

KN,M.H W. PKAKSON. COnsistS of tile 

Director, eig-hteen assistants and two 
special teachers. 

In the elementary schools five twelve- 
minute periods per week are devoted to 
this stibject in each class-room, and in the 
higher schools the sixty minutes a week 
devoted to the subject is given in a single 
period. In most of the boys' schools the 
work is handled with the pupils en masse, 
and in the girls' schools, in divisions. In 
the Normal School for Girls and in the 
School of Pedago.gy the work includes 
normal instruction and i)ractice and ob- 
servation work for the pupil teachers. 

In the Hoys' High School the weekly 
work is done by resident teachers. In the 
fiirls' High Schools, Normal School and 
School of Pedagogy, the work is c;irrii'd 
on bv the assistants to the Director and 
two sjjecial teachers. 

The special acti\itie> of the Departmer.i 
of Music embrace the organization and 
fostering of school glee clubs and orches- 
tras, assisting with tlu- nnisic at wirion- 
parents' meetings, llome and School 
League meetings, and with the music at 
many public and semi-public functions. 




U II.I.IAM \ AN OSriJ-N. 



WU.Ll.V.M VAN OSTEN. 

William \an ( )>ten wdio for many 
vears was a member of Council 

f r o m t h e 
Si.xtb Ward 
seems to have 
discovered the 
secret of ])e- 
rennial youth. 
He is eighty- 
seven years of 
age and des- 
pite- a severe 
attackof pneu- 
monia when 
in his eighty- 
sixth year, is 
as young and 
active as a 
man thirty years his junior. Mr. \'an 
( )sten was born in Philadelphia in 1S25 
and cast his first vote in 1846. He 
has been a restaurateur for sixty-seven 
years, sixty oi which was spent in his 
present location, h'ifth street above Mar- 
ket. 

He "run with the hi.ist-" in early 
days and as natural sequence of that pe- 
riod drifted into politics but held no of- 
fice until he was elected to Councils in 
1887. 

lie ha> known and fraternized with 
all the local political celebrities >ince 
the time of Robert T. Conrad, first 
Ma\or of the city after the Consolidation 
anil has been active in all the events that 
m;irked the early history of the city. He 
has taken a great interest in turf matters 
for fort\- years ;ind w;is for a long while 
a starter and judge of trotting races on 
nian\ of the principal tracks of the coun- 
try. 

His interest in horse flesh is still 
-tr<ing ;uid he takes a spin in the park 
everv morning. 



WARWICK S KEYSTO.XB CO.M ilU.N WKALTIl. 



357 



WILLIAM II. K[':\ SKU. 

William II. KL-\^cr was l);ini in I'hila- 
(Iclphia. Alay ly, 1S55. and was educated 
in the puljlic schools, lie was emplo.\ed 
in Leary's Old Bonk Store. iMtth ami 
Walnut streets, from 1870 tn 187'), wlicn 
he started in business for himself, lie 
has always been an active fi,q:iire in Re- 
publican politics and in 1884 \\'a-> elected 
to the State Legislature as a representa- 
tive, serving eight terms and jiart of the 
ninth, when he was elected tn the Sen- 
ate tn succeed .Senator (•slmrne, who 
died in 1901, serving continuously in that 
body for twelve years. Air. Keyser has 
been a member of the State Committee 
and a delegate to manv conventions of his 
partw He is a member of the Fidelity 
and Young .Men's Republican CIuI) of 
the Twentieth ^^'ar<l and the Twentietli 
Ward Republican L"hili. 



JOSEPH R. rONNF.LL. 

Joseph R. Connell, a progressive West 
Philadelphian, is a representative scion 
of a family, that has, since the last cen- 
tury was in its teens, done things, big- 
things, for the good of the city. State and 
Nation. ISred to great activity and re- 
sponsibility, versed in the stud\- of hu- 
man nature, actively participating in ex- 
tensive enterprises, the success of Mr. 
Connell is conceded in the business world 
to be due to the rare sagacity and original 
methods he has displayed. Puljlic spir- 
ited motives have always characterized 
his affairs. .'\s an instance of this there 
stancls at Oakmont. a beautiful suburb of 
Fhiladelphia. the massive High School of 
Haverford Township. When the people 
of that vicinity v^'ere perplexed as to ways 
and means to acquire a suitable site for a 
building for the education of their chil 
dren. Mr. Connell settled the question 1)\ 
donating two acres of valuable groinid 
and a portion of the monev toward the 
construction of this magnificent building, 
which to-day is the pride of the entire 
county. .Ml of his enterprises have liecn 
eminently successful, and manv of his 
companies have made profits of o\-er one 
htmdred per cent, within a year after 
their formation. The increase in realt\' 



values in some of his enterprises have 
reached the two milliim dollar mark with- 
in twii years, and others have forged 
alieatl uK.ire rapiilK. Heredity had much 
to do with .Mr. ( onnell's success. lie 
comes from Colonial stock, being a lineal 
descendant of Isaac Pennock, an officer 
in the army of William, Prince of ( )r- 
ange. who settled in Chester County, I'a., 
in If 185. and upon the p.'ilernal side the 
first of his forebears in this coiuitrv was 
the son of an Episcopal clergyman, 
( 'icorge Ciinnell, who settled at Marcus 
Hook, and at his own expense fitted out 
a fleet to patrol the Delaware River dur- 
ing the Revolutionary War. In the next 
generation came John Connell, merchant 
prince, man of atifairs, scholar, traveler, 
philanthropist and servant of the people. 
He it was who presided at the first great 
meeting held in Philadelphia to raise 
funds to carry c^n the War of 1812. The 
Connell homestead in those days stood at 
the corner of Broad and Chestnut streets, 
and there John Connell entertained La- 
fayette on his memorable visit to the 
Cnited States. There, too, Webster, 
Slay, Gallatin and President John (Juincy 
Adams were his frequent guests. It was 
in his arms that John Ouincy Adams, in 
the Speaker's room at the National Capi- 
tol, breathed his last, (jeorge Connell, 
the grandsire, a constructive statesman, 
was elected to the Senate in i860. Cam- 
eron. Curtin. Connell, was a trio that ren- 
dered heroic service to the State and Na- 
tion at a time that "tried men's souls." 
Colonel Alexander McClure, the veteran 
editor and historian, than whom no other 
man had more intimate and comprehen- 
sive knowledge of the .State's history, re- 
ferred to Senator L'onnell "as the braini- 
est man in the brainiest Senate of Penn- 
syhania." In truth, the activity of this 
man during the twelve years of his in- 
cumhencv was prodigious. His influence 
as a leader was incalculable and his ac- 
complishment, both for the State and for 
the Nation, was a matter of signal good 
fortune. .Mark his sagacity at a critical 
time of great excitement, when as chair- 
man of the Finance Committee, a position 
he held until the time of his death, his 
bill 1() |)lace the .Slate of I'ennsylvania 
on ;i tin.ancial w;ir footing was introduced 
1)\ him ;i lull month bi^fore Fort .Sumter 



358 



WAKWUKS KKVSTONE COM Ml IN WICALI' 1 1 . 




JOSEPH R. CO.NXKI.L. 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE. COMMONWEALTH. 



359 



was tired upmi. Thi.s bill, while defeated, 
was passed li\ the same body within 
thirty days al'ler the above unhappx' 
event, at an extra session of the I.e^isla- 
ture upon the urgent recommendation nf 
Governor Curtin. His also was the bill 
for a stay law to save innocent debtors 
from sacrifice. Aniono- the many other 
measures introduced and advocated by 
him, which would in themselves estab- 
lish his far-seeing statesmanship, were 
the repeal of the State tax upon real es- 
tate and imposing in lieu thereof a tax 
upon banks and gross receipts of railroad 
companies; An Act for the payment of 
the interest of State debts in Xati(.inal 
currency in place of coin, and. the re- 
demption of the odious tax upon c.nir 
State loans. \'erily to interpret the 
signs of the times is the prerogative of 
statesmanship. Among many of the great 
things accomplished by Senator Connell 
in the interest of F'hiladelphia was the 
extension of Fairnioiuit Park, from a lit- 
tle parcel of ground of about three acres, 
to over three thousand acres, in which 
Philadelphians pride themselves today. 
As a part of this magnificent plan, there 
grew out of his fertile brain, the Fair- 
mount I'ark Commission, which has since 
administered the atTairs of this great 
holding of the city. It was largely due to 
his influence that something like adequate 
compensation was secured to the Judges 
of the Courts of Philadelphia. Realizing 
that the office should be one of dignity 
and pemianenc}', he made earnest efforts 
to have a similar bill enacted in favor of 
the Judges of the Supreme Court. The 
handling oi the City Trusts and the re- 
forming of the management of dirard 
College, "were footprints" which he left 
"upon the sands of time." His heroic 
battle which resulted in the taking of 
Ciirard College out of politics, placed 
that great institution upon the basis 
where it stands today, the greatest of its 
kind in the world. 

'J"he father of Joseph R. Connell is 
Horatio P. Council, one of Philadelphia's 
most esteemed citizens, who, through the 
persuasion of his friends, took up the 
work of his distinguished sire. Possess- 
ing the quiet demeanor of "William, the 
Silent," the loyalty of a MacCregor, a 
will iron, a deep sense of knightly honor 



and an indefatigable purp(.ise, he easily 
and naturallv took his place as a leader 
among men. During his four terms in 
the Assembly, he was one of the most 
popular and influential members, where 
honorable success characterized his legis- 
lative career. Subse(|uently, as Sheriff 
of Philadelphia, he estaljlished moral 
business standards in that office which 
were quickly rectignized and most grate- 
fully appreciated bv the members of the 
legal profession, and at the expiration of 
his term of office he was highly eulogized 
l)y the newspaper press of the city. His 
heart is as tender as that of a child and 
the acts of charity and benevolence that 
have rained from his hand, have endeared 
him to countless numbers. He is a life 
member of St. .\lbans Lodge, F. & A. 
!\i., many clubs and societies, and in any 
of these bodies where wits assemble, his 
versatility and originalitv fairly flows and 
sparkles. His repartee comes with equal 
rapidity and ease, either from his own re- 
sources, or from a mind well-stored with 
the best in English literature. When he 
puts his whole soul into jest, it leaves no 
sting, but rather makes happy and bright- 
er the lives oi those about him. His 
meniorv is truly remarkaltle. As an in- 
stance, he familiarized himself with a 
very lengthy judicial opinion. Thirty 
years later, when the subject was touched 
u|)on, he quoted it verbatim from the be- 
ginning to the end. P.urns he has from 
Cover to cover. It is indeed a treat to 
hear him read, in true Scottish dialect, 
his favorite bard or from the prose of Ian 
MacLaren. On one occasion, while being 
entertained by the Caledonian Club, the 
members were so charmed with his ren- 
derings of Burns, that they forthwith 
made him an honorary member, a distinc- 
tion shared in Pennsylvania with the late 
Simon Cameron only. ll Horatio P. 
t'onnell loves the lesser literary lights, he 
fairly worships the name of .Shakespeare, 
and as he reads and interprets the works 
of the "Myriad Minded," one cannot for- 
get the treat it gives, to weep with him 
over the grave of Ophelia; to go off into 
fields of side-splitting laughter with Sir 
John or to follow the melancholy Dane 
through his dark speculations. If he 
loves the I'.ard of \\-on. this jjoet in turn 
has described Moraiio 1'. Connell in these 



3<x> 



W AKW U K S KIlNSroM-; COMMON WEAL IH. 



wortls. wliifh tliough hackneyed, fit liini 
so ai)lly : "I lis life was gentle and the ele- 
ments so mixed in him that nature might 
stand up and say to all the world, this 
was a man." Modesty has always been 
one of his distinguishing characteristics 
anil although having passed the patri- 
archal three score )'ears and ten. he dis- 
likes conunent u|)on liis deeds, wliich have 
made his life so beautiful and so replete 
with benefits to his fellow men. Such 
charming [jcrsonality. sterling integrity 
and nobilitv of character, must of neces- 
sit)' influence progeny and these inlierited 
traits, coupled with a genial personality 
and a soul filled with faith in his Creator, 
have made Joseph R. Connell popular 
witli his friends and acquaintances and 
successfid in his business. 



er ol the 1 'hiladelphia Trading and Mor- 
ris Really Companies, lie is also a di- 
rector of ihe Coliinial Trust Com[)any. 



i-.DW \kii iii'n ni\s<ix, J K. 

ICdward llnlchinson. Jr., now so 
prominent in the real estate world, was 
l)orn in I'hiladelphia. January 28, 1872. 
Me was educated in the public schools 
and 1 888 began his career with the firm 
of Cirey Bros., manufacturers of wall 
l)apers, and after eleven years of steady 
advancement he was made Vice-Presi- 
dent of the company, a position wdiich he 
still retains. In 180Q he started as a real 
estate broker, this being made compara- 
tivelv easy by R. Davis Carey, who, ap- 
preciating his ability and integrity, placed 
him in charge of his vast real estate hold- 
ings, and it was this close association 
with Mr. Carey to which Mr. Hutchin- 
son .ittributcs his present succe>s. I'.y 
careful and sagacious management, he in- 
creased and ex])anded his liusiness until 
now he is one of the largest (operators in 
this line, controlling about four hundred 
high class apartments. Tie also special- 
izes in mortgage securities and has com- 
mand of sufficient capital to take anv 
loans, liis judgment in these matters is 
considered by investors infallible. In 
1912 he erected the Hutchinson Ihiilding. 
122 South Thirteenth street, to accom- 
modate his extensive interests. In addi- 
tion to the real estate business, he is 
President of the .Marley and Reaver 
Dam Mills, Nice-President and Treasur- 




KIlWAKIl II I nillNSCIN. .11',. 

He is a member of the Manufacturers, 
.-\thietic, Pen and Pencil anil .Vutomobile 
Clubs. His home is in Oueen Lane Ma- 
nor, Ciermantown. 

.lOIIX 1;. PATTOX. 

John 1!. Patton was Iwrn in I'hdadel- 
|ihia. January 16, 1874, the son of Mat- 
thew I'atton, who was a Highwav Com- 
missioner for twenty-one years. Mr. P;it- 
ton was educated in the public schools 
and his first entry into l)usincss life was 
as a clerk with the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road Company. Seeing little prospect 
for advancement with this corporation, 
he turned his attention to mercantile pur- 
suits and became president of the Ran- 
cocas Sand and Cravel Company. 1 le 
afterwards became president of the Phil- 
adelphia ( )b>er\ation Com]);in\, which 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE CO^t MOX W ICAI.I 1 1 . 



361 



operaU'iI ihc sight-seeing atitdiiiDbiles 
arnuiiil llio cit\-. He eventually entered 

the brokerage 
business, tor 
whieh he was 
e s p e e i a 1!\ 
adapted ami 
■-(ion became 
the largest in- 
dividual liand- 
lt*r (if eoni- 
niercial |iaper 
in the eit>. 
He is now id- 
eated in a 
h a n d s ( i ni e 
suite of <iffi- 
c e s in t h e 
1 ' ennsN Ivauia 
Building and 
specializes in 
and bills pax- 
Republican in 




JOHN I!. I'ATTUX. 



annuities, incomes, estates 

able. Mr. Patton is a 

politics and he is a member of the Mann 

facturers', the Chelsea Yacht and the 

West Philadelphia Republican Clubs. 



T. L.\URE..\CE EYKE. 

T. Laurence Eyre, active in Republican 
State politics and prominent in commer- 
cial lines, was born in Birmingham 
Township, Delaware County, Pennsyl- 
vania, -May 24. iS()2. His early education 
was obtained in the public schools of 
Coatesville and West Chester, where his 
parents resided at different iieriods, and 
he afterwards took an optional course at 
the State X'ormal School, West Chester, 
Pa. .\t the age of fifteen \ears he secur- 
ed a position as clerk in a general store 
at Rising Sun, .Maryland, where he re- 
mained for one year and then became 
traveling salesman for a wholesale groc- 
ery firm in Philadelphia. He remained 
in this position until he was twenty-one 
years old when he engaged in the stock 
brokerage business at West Chester, Pa. 
Mr. l\vre cast his first vote for the Rc- 
pulilican ticket and since that time he has 
always exerted an influence in Chester 
County political afifairs. His first contest 
was in the Congressional campaign of 
iSWi when hv was arra\ed on the side 



of Smedley Darlington, who won in the 
Convention by the narrow margin of one 
V(.)te and was elected in a three ciirnered 
fight at the general election. He became 
secretary to Congressman Darlington in 
1S87 and was appointed clerk to the Pres- 
ident pro teni of the Senate of Pennsyl- 
vania in 1880. .-\t the expiration of this 
session, he was made Collector of Statis- 




T. I..\UHKMK KVKi:. 

tics in the De])artment id' Internal .\f- 
fairs, but resigned in iiSi)5 to accept the 
position of Deputy Secretary of Internal 
.■\ffairs. He retired from this office to 
become a candidate fur Recorder of 
Deeds of Chester County but was defeat- 
ed for the nomination by one delegate 
.and returned to Harrisburg to resume 
the position of Collector of .Statistics. He 
was made .Sergeant at .\rms of the .Sen- 
ate in iSi)7 and was ;ip|ioiiiled J_)eputy* 
Collector of the Port nf Philadelphia in 
i8(;8, at the same time filling the position 
of assistant to the chairm;in of the Re- 
publican .State Committee. In Mav. iSrjo, 
(lovei'niir .StolU' made him Sniierinlen- 



2.1 



362 



\\.\u\\ R K s Kl■:^■s^o^'E com muxwicaliii. 



deni of I'nhlic (InmiuU and Huildiiiss 
at tlir SiaU- (.'apital and at the cxijiration 
of the Stone Administration, he retired 
from official Hfe to enter the contracting 
l)usiness. organizing the F.yre Construc- 
tion C'oni])any, of wliich he became ])resi- 
dent. In ii;o(). the i'".yre Constructinn 
("ompanx became i'.yre-Sbnemaker, Inc.. 
.\Ir. {'".yre cnntinuing as jiresident alter 
the merging. Since that lime the c<im- 
pany has constructed a vast amount of 
lieav\ raih-oad \vori<, inchiding some of 
the largest bridges on the Middle and 
Tittsburgh Divisiuns df the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Compan\, the i-ailmad yard at 
\orthumberland. I'a.. which is said to be 
the largest and most complete distribut- 
ing \ ard in this country : the bridge 
across the Sustpiebanna River at Havre 
de CIrace, Md.. for llu' Ualtiniore and 
( )hio Railroad C'()m])any; the l)ridge 
across the Schuylkill River at Philadel- 
phia, on the \e\\ ^'ork 1 )i\ision of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad and much other 
large work of a -imilar character. .\lr. 
I'"yre is of J*2nglish ancestry, being de- 
scended from Robert Eyre, who, in 1648, 
came to this country under ap])ointment 
by the L'rown to liU the iiosition of Judge 
of the Comn then held at Chester, Dela- 
ware County, P;i. .Mr. I'lyre has numer- 
ous business connections aside from his 
interest in P'yre-Shoemaker, Inc. He is 
l)resident of the Sapulpa Refining Com- 
l)an\\ vice-|)resident of the Laurel ( )il 
and ( ias L'ompany. trea-.nrer of the Cnit- 
ed States Land and Linnber C'ompan\. 
president of the Indiana ComUy Street 
Railway Company, director of the Farm- 
ers and Mechanics Trust l'om|),any of 
West Chester, Pa., and is a trustee of the 
West Cliester Stale Xormal School. He 
is a member of the Xcw York Club of 
Xeu >'ork ('il\. the M;inufactin-ers Clul) 
of Philadelphia, the We^t Clioter (iolf 
and C(inutr\ I'lub, the Chester Coimt\' 
Republican Club and the (heater Connt\- 
Historical Societ\. 



■;ii\\ \i;ii V. c;oi;max. 



that section and in the ten year> that have 
ensued has probably accom])lished more 
than any other single individual in de- 
veloping the territory west of the Schuyl- 
kill River. Mr. dornian was born in 
Philadel])hia. .May 24, 1882, and was edu- 
cated at La Salle College. I le g)-adiiated 
in 1003 and his first entry into business 
life was with his father, whom he even- 
tually succeeded. He devoted his entire 
time to the erection of substantial liouse.s 
of ornate design at moderate prices, in all 




Recognizing the unlimited |)ossibilitii-s 
in West I'liilatU-lphia n'alt\. i~.dw;ird P. 
(iorman, immediately ii])on L-aviug col- 
lege, turneil his attention to buildin™ in 



1 llW Mill I . (.(Ili\l A \. 

erecting aljoiu 1.500 dwellings and con- 
verting much barren acreage int(.) beauti- 
ful residential sections. In addition to 
his other interests he is a member of the 
firm of Marshall. Gorlman and Wilson, 
which is now erecting 112 houses in that 
section. He is also president of the West 
.Arch lUiilding and Loan .Association, and 
the .\delphia Motor Car Com|)any, and is 
a stockholder in several banks and trust 
comjianies. Mr. ( iorman is a member of 
the Tlenevolent Protective ( )rder of Elks, 
the l>elniont Ro.ad Drivers" .Association 
and the r)])eralive Piuilders' .\ssociation. 



WAUUICK S KICYSTOXD lOM MON WEAI. I 1 1 . 



363 




SAMUia, UEA. 



3'''4 



WAKWU K S Ki;\STOMi COMMONWEALTH. 



SAMri'.L KKA. 

Samuel I'iea. president of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad Comjjany, was born at 
Ilollidayshursj^, i'ennsylvania, September 
21. 1855. lie conies of an illustrious an- 
cestrv. his grandfather, John Rea, having 
been an nftifer in the Revolutionary Army 
and aJMi during the War of 1812. Sam- 
uel Rea, after a thorough schooling, en- 
tered the employ of the I'ennsylvania 
Railroad Company as chainman and rod- 
man in \Xyi ; but the panic of 1873 sto])- 
ping all engineering work, he left the ser- 
vi.-e. which he re-entered in 1875, taking 
a position in the engineering corps. 
From that time until 1877, he was assist- 
ant engineer in construction work, short- 
ly afterwards being appointed assistant 
engineer of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie 
Railroad Company, then in course of con- 
struction. In 1879 he returned to the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company as as- 
sistant engit.eer in charge of the con- 
struction of the extension of the Pitts- 
burgh, A'irginia and Charleston Railway, 
lie was transferred to Philadelphia in 
1883 as assistant to \'ice-President Du- 
P)arry, with the title of Principal .\ssist- 
ant Engineer. He was made assistant to 
the Second \'ice-PVesident in 1888, but 
resigned the following year to g<i to Pal- 
tiniore as \'ice-President of the Maryland 
Central Railway Company, and Chief h"n- 
gineer of the lialtimore Pelt Rail- 
road Company. In 1892, he return- 
ed to the I'eimsylvania Railr.iad Com- 
pany as assistant to President Rob- 
erts. He innnediately left for London to 
make an eNaminati(.)n of the railways ter- 
minating there and of the underground 
s\stems of the I'jiglish metro])olis. L'pon 
his retm-n he made an exhaustive rep 'rt 
which was of incalculable value when liie 
company started its New York tiuinel ex- 
tension. .\fter the death of \'ice-l'resi- 
dent DnP.arry in 1892. Mr. Rea was as- 
signed to general construction work then 
in [)rogress and in 1897 was ap])ointed 



h'irst .Assistant to the President. On 
June 14, 1899, Mr. Rea was elected 
{■"ourth Nice-President and on ( )ctober 
10, 1905, he was advanced to the position 
of Third \'ice-I'resident. 1 fe was made 
Second \'ice-l'resident May 24, 1909, and 
in addition to his former duties he was 
placed in charge of the engineering and 
accounting departments. He was selected 
First \'ice-President on March 3, 1911, 
and on May 8, 1912. when the practice of 
designating vice-presidents numerically 
was discontinued, he was elected X'ice- 
President and succeeded to the 
Presidencv on January 1. 1913. upon 
the resignation of James AlcCrea. 
Mr. Rea is also president of the 
Xorthern Central Railway, Philadelphia, 
Baltimore and Washington Railroad, the 
West Jersey and Seashore Railroad and 
of the Pennsylvania Company, the Pitts- 
Inirgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis 
Railway Company, and of other com- 
l)anies in the Pennsylvania System : and 
is a director in many other railroad cor- 
])orations. For many years Air. Rea was 
interested in the project to bridge the 
Hudson River from Hoboken, N. J., to 
XeW' York City, and he was one of the 
incorporators of the North River Bridge 
Company, chartered by -\ct of Congress. 
When other railroads failed to join the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Coni[)any in the 
|)roject that company determined to build 
its own tunnels under the rivers with a 
large station in the heart of New York 
City. Mr. Rea was gi\en direct charge 
of the work, which is conceded to be the 
most important piece of engineering in 
the country, and carried it to a success- 
fid completion. In recognition of this 
accom]dishnieni, the Cniversitv of Penn- 
sylvania conferred n|)on Mr. Rea the 
degree of Doctor of Science. He is a 
member of the .\nierican Society of Civil 
Engineers and of the Tusfitiuion of Civil 
I'jigiueers of London. I'.ugland. He is 
the author of "1 he Railways Terminat- 
iii"- in London." 



W AKWU k's KK\SI(iM:- cfiMMnxWF.AI.TII. 



36s 




JUSF.ril IJALDWIX UUlCIllNSd.X. 

.Beginning as a rodman in the em- 
ploy of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany, Joseph B. Hutchinson has filled 
many important engineering positions 
with that corporation and is now the 
assistant to the vice-president in charge 
of real estate, purchases and insurance. 
He was born in Bristol, I'ennsylvania. 
on March 20th, 1844, and after a pre- 
paratory education entered the Poly- 
technic College of Pennsylvania, gradu- 
ating in 1861. After his graduation he 
entered the Delamater Iron Works in 
New York City in the Spring of 1862, 
and continued there until the Fall of 
that year, when he passed an examina- 
tion by the Board of Inspectors in the 
same city, and received a certificate as 
Third Assistant Engineer. He at once 
entered the service of Hargous & Co., as 
Third .Assistant Engineer on one of their 
steamers plying between Xew York and 
Havana, where he continued until the 
steamer was sold to the United States 
Government in the early part of 1863. 

In June, 1863. Air. Ifutcliinson enter- 
ed the service of The Peiuisvlvania Rail- 



mad Company, as mduian cii the Mif- 
(lin and Centre County Railroad. With- 
in two weeks thereafter, under leave of 
absence, be volunteered in the armv, 
served throughout the Gettysburg cam- 
]iaign, and was honnrabl)' discharged in 
August, 1863. 

Mr. Hutchinson returned to tlie rail- 
road service as rodman in the Construc- 
tion Corps on the Western Pemisylvania 
Railroad, in September, 1863- I" Au- 
gust, 1864, be was promoted tn Assis- 
tant Engineer of that road, and in May, 
i8(ic;, to Assistant Engineer of Mainte- 
nance of Way and Constructicm. In 
1808 he was transferred to the C(.)lum- 
bia and Port Deposit Railroad as .Assis- 
tant Engineer, and remained there until 
lanuarv, 1869. when be was made As- 
sistant Engineer on the Butler E.xten- 
sion. In March, 1869, he returned to 
the Columbia and Port Deposit Rail- 
road, as Assistant Engineer in charge 
of that road and the Columbia liridge. 

In July, 1870, Mr. Hutchinson was 
])romoted' to Principal Assistant Engi- 
neer of the Columbia and Port Deposit 
Railroad, serving in that capacity until 
iulv 1st, 1877. when be was appointed A,s- 
sistant Superintendent of that road. He 
was promoted on January ist, 1879, to 
Superintendent of the Lewistown Di- 
vision: Julv 1st, 1881, to Superintendent 
of the Frederick Division ; December 
8th. 1884, to Superintendent of the Al- 
toona Division; January 1st, i8c>o, to 
Superintendent of the Western Pennsyl- 
vania Division: January ist, 1891, to 
Superintendent of the Maryland Divi- 
sion of the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
and Baltimore Railroad. Baltimore and 
Potomac Railroad and Washington 
Southern Railroad. 

()n March ist, 1893, .Mr. Ihitcbin.son 
was made General Suijcrintendent of 
Transportation, Pennsylvania Railroad 
Svstem. and on February lolh, 1897, 
General Manager. On January ist, 
1903, be was appointed to the newly cre- 
ated position of .Assistant to the Second 
\'ice-Presi(lent of The Pennsylvaina 
Railroad Company, and on the same date 
to correspf)nding ])ositions on the North- 
ern Central Railway, the Philadelphia. 
r.altinif)re and Washington Railroad and 
West Jersey and Seashore Railroad Com- 



366 



UAinVRKS KEYSTONE COMMOXWEALTH. 



I>anie.s. L'pon the cloclioii of Mr. I'lii^li 
as First \ ice-President on March 24th. 
IQCX), Mr. Mutchinson was advanced with 
him as Assistant to tlie First \'ice-Presi- 
dent, and on .Marcli 3d, \y)ii, by a change 
in the or<;anization, lie became Assistant 
to the iMftli \'ice-I'resi(lent. 

When tlie practice of designating- the 
vice-presidents numerically was discon- 
tinued on May 8th, 1912, Air. Hutchin- 
son was appointed Assistant to the \'ice- 
President in charge of Real Estate, Pur- 
chases and Insurance. Air. Hutchinson is 
also President and Director of the Mu- 
tual I'ire, Marine and Inland Insurance 
Company: the (iirard Point Storage 
Company; and a ninnber of water com- 
jianies. Also Director of lialtiniore. 
Chesa])eake and Atlantic and Maryland, 
Delaware and \ irginia Railway com- 
panies, and the Merchants Warehouse 
Company. He is chairman of the Board 
of Managers of the Washington Ter- 
minal Company. He is a member of the 
Metroix)litan Club, Country Club. Frank- 
lin Institute, Academy of I'ine .\rts of 
Philadel]:>liia and a nimiber of other as- 
sociations. His residence is at 1304 
Spruce street, Philadelphia. 



lAMES I-'UEI)I':KK' 



AIIXE-STOCK. 



The wide experience gained by nearly 
tliirt)- years of service in the executive de- 
partment I if transportation com])anies 
was of material aid to James Frederick 
Fahnestock when he was appointed to the 
treasm'y cle])artment of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Company. Mr. l-~ahnestock was 
Iiorn in ( lettysburg, I'a.. ()ct<>ber lOth, 
iiS^v- He is the son ni James V. l'";tlinc- 
stock, descended from the earl\ licrman 
settlers of Pennsylvania, and Sarah ( iates 
Lord, a direct descendant from Elder 
William J'>revvster, of "Mayflower" fame, 
and (ine of the five signers of the ci im- 
pact, ;ind also in direct descent from ( idv- 
enior Haynes and Covernor Willis, two 
of the earliest Colonial Covernors in 
Xew iuigland. 

Mr. I'ahnestock niDved to Philadeliihia 
soon after the ISattle of (iettysbnrg and 
received his education in the public 
schools. He was graduated fivini the 
Philadeliihia High .School, in June. iSjo. 

In .Se|)ttinber. iXjcj. Mr. I'abnestcick 




entered the employ of Peter Wright & 
Sons. General .\gents for the .\merican 
Line of steamships, and the International 
Navigation Company, operating the Red 
.Star Line. In Jul)', 1884, upon the acqui- 
sition of the limian Line by the Interna- 
tional Xavigation Com|)any. he inaugur- 
ated their voucher system and was [)laced 
in charge of the adjustment of through 
freights between the ocean carriers and 
the railroads. In January, 1892, when 
the International Xavigation Company 
as-umed full charge of its own affairs, he 
was made Assistant Treasurer at F'hila- 
delphia. 

In December, n)()2, u|)on the merger of 
tlie various steamship lines ami the for- 
mation of the International Mercantile 
t'ompany. Mr. b'ahnestock was appointed 
.\ssi-;tant Trcasiu-er and removed to Xew 
^'o^k. In ( )clol)er, 1907, ui)on the retire- 
ment of Mr. James S. Swarlz, who had 
lieen Treasurer of the International Xav- 
igation Company and its successors more 
than thirtv years, he succeetled to the 
Treasm-ershi]) of the Internation;d Mer- 
cantile Marine Company. 

( )n December i)th. l<)()8, Mr. l-"ahne- 



WARWKK S KKVSTOXE- COM .MON WEALT 1 1 . 



Z^7 



stock was ai)piiinte(l Assistant Treasurer 
of The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 
and assigned to duty at the New York 
office. On March 23d, iQot), he was elect- 
ed Treasurer of The Pennsylvania Rail- 
road Company, succeeding Mr. Henry 
Tatnall, who, in turn, succeeded Captain 
John P. Green, as \'ice- President, in 
charge of Financc^. 

Mr. Fahnestock is a nicmher nf the So- 
ciety of Mayflower Descendants. Society 
of Colonial Wars, the ( )rpheus and Meri- 
on Cricket Cluhs and l\ac(|uet L'luh oi 
Philadelphia. 



(;e()Rc;k f. i'.akI':. 

As the directing head of the Reading 
Railway System, George F. IJaer has 
shown an ability that ranks him with the 
great railroad managers of the countr\ , 
despite the fact that he did not become af- 
filiated with transportation matters until 
1870 and then only in a legal capacity. 
Mr. Piaer was born near the village of 
Levansville. Somerset L'ounty, Pennsyl- 
vania, September 2'). 1842, the son dt 
.Major Solomon and Anna .Maria 
(liaker) ISaer. wlm were of ( ier 
man ancestrx'. lie was educated at 
.Somerset Academy and Franklin and 
Marshall College, being honored by the 
A. M. and LL. D. degrees and the presi- 
dency of the Board of Trustees of the 
college in 1894. Mr. Paer enlisted in the 
L'nion Army during the battle of Pull 
Run and participated in that and in many 
of the other notable battles of the Re- 
bellion up to and including Chancellors- 
ville, at which time he had risen to the 
rank of .\diutant General of the Secnnd 
I'.rigade. .\fter retiring from the arni\ 
he studied law and took up active prac 
tice at Reading. Pa., in 1868. Two years 
later he was made counsel of the Phila- 
delphia and Reading Railroad Com|)any 
and had charge of much important litiga- 
tion. He was snbsc(|uenlK elected h< 
the .lioard of Directors of tin- comp,-m\ 
but retired from that |)osition during the 
McPeod administration. In 18(^3 he lie- 
camc aftili;ited with J. Pierpont Morg;ni 
in the re-organization o? the Philadelphi.i 
and Reading Railroad Company. In 1001 
he was elected president of the Reading 
Company, the Philailelphia and Reading 



Railway L'(im])any. The Philadelphia and 
Reading' t'nal and Iron ( onipan\- and the 
Central Railroad Conipanx of .\'ew Jer- 
sey. Under his able management the 
business of these compatiies has been 
greatly imprtived and their earnings 
largelv increased. In addition to these 
connections, Mr. liaer is president of the 
Perkiomen Railroad Company, the Cata- 
sac|ua and Fogelsville Railroad Comjjany, 
the Fast Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
lianv, the Shamokin. .Sunburv and Lewis- 
l)urg Railway Company, the f^hiladelphia 
and Reading Terminal Railroad Com- 
])any, the Atlantic City Railroad Com- 
pany, the Reading I'aper Mills and the 
Keystone Coal Company. He is a di- 
rector in the Reading Company, Philadel- 
phia and Reading Railway Company, 
Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron 
L'ompanv, Central Railroad Company of 
Xew Jersev, Pehigli .md Wilkes- liarre 
L'oal Compan\, Keystone Coal Company, 
Reading Paper Mills, I^ehigh \'alley 
Railroad Com]3any, Lehigh and Hudson 
River Railway Company. .MIentown Ter- 




<;i:iiit(.p; 1. i;ai u. 



368 



WAKWllKS KEYSTONE COM MON WEALIU. 



minal Railway Company, Pennsylvania 
Steel Company, Cambria Steel Comjjany. 
Cambria Iron Company, Allentown Iron 
Com])an\, Pennsylvania Company for In- 
surance on Lives and Granting Annui- 
ties. Reading Trust Company and chair- 
man and Director of the Reading Iron 
Comjianv. Mr. I'acr is a member and 
former |)resideut nf the I'ennsylvania 
(k'rman Society and is a member of the 
Reading I'ark Commission and was active 
in the establishment of the Reading Pub- 
lic Library. He is deeply interested in 
literature and historical research and is 
the author of several papers on the early 
hi^torx iif Pennsvlvania Germans. 




cii.\Ki.ES 11. r.iRu. 

.•\s legal adviser of many large cor- 
jjorations, as an author of National repu- 
tation and a pnlitical speaker of great 
force, the many ])hases of C'harles 1 1. 
llurr's versatile qualities are aptly shown. 
Mr. Purr who is deepl}' interested in Na- 
tional and local jiolitics, was born in 
Philadelphia, September 28, 1869, and 



was educated at the Penn Charter School, 
llaverford College and the L'niversity 
Law SchcKjl. He graduated from Hav- 
erford College in the Class of "89 with the 
degree of M. A., and was the recipient 
of the LL. .B. degree upon his gradua- 
tion from the University. He afterwards 
filled a professorship in the Law School 
uf the last named institution for three 
years but relinquished the position to en- 
ter upon the active practice of his pro- 
fession. After admission to the .Bar he 
was for some time associated with Thom- 
as Leaming in the practice of law for a 
period of nine years, but subse(|uently 
organized the legal firm of Burr, Prown 
and Lloyd. His private practice growing 
to large proportions he severed his part- 
nership connections and has since prac- 
ticed alone. Mr. Burr is possibly one of 
the busiest men in the city engaged in 
cor]joration work. His extensive prac- 
tice is nation wide and makes his ab- 
sence from Philadelphia very frequent. 
His scholarly attainments are attested by 
his work along literary lines. The Amer- 
ican Philosophical Society awarded him 
$2,000 for a prize essay entitled "The 
Treaty Making Powers of the United 
States and the Methods of Its Enforce- 
ment as -Affecting the Police Power of 
the States." Mr. Burr is of Colonial an- 
cestry, one of his forebears being Wil- 
liam Paca. a member of the Congress 
from Maryland, in pre-Revolutionary 
davs, who w'as one of the original sign- 
iTs of the Declaration of Independence. 
He married May 27. 1899, Miss Anna 
Robeson .Brown, a daughter of Henry 
Aniiitt I'.rown, the famous orator who 
was considered one of the most finished 
and forceful speakers of his time, and 
they have two daughters. Dorothy and 
Pamela. Mrs. Burr, who inherits many of 
the traits of her illustrious father, is the 
author of "The Autobiography," a com- 
Iirehensive work dealing with the lives of 
famous characters and has also written 
several novels wdiich have established her 
ability in the realm of fiction. Mr. Burr 
is a member of the Beta Kappa frater- 
nitv. of llaverford College, The Law- 
vers' Club. University Club, Philadelphia 
Cduntrv Club. Huntingdon \'alley Coun- 
trv Club and the Virginia Club. 



WARWICK S KF.VSIOMi COM MOX WEALT II. 



369 



1 1 KIM AS IIIILAN. 

After a life of unusual activity ami 
success, Thomas Dolan recently retired 
from the presidenc\- of The United Gas 
Improvement Company, which his ef- 
forts had helped to make one of the most 
important corporations in the country. 

^Ir, Dolan was born in Aldntt^i inicr\ 
County, Pennsylvania, ( )ctober 27, 1)^34. 
and received his education in the pulilic 
schools of that county. His first employ- 
ment was in a retail dry goods store in 
Philadelphia, and he remained in that ]3o- 
sition until iSsO, when he formed a cim- 
nection with a large importing commis- 
sion house that handled English liosicr\ 
and Germantown knit goods. Me wa^ 
given charge of the latter line, and smuu 
built up a large business. The firm failed 
during the de])ression incident to the Civil 
War, and Air. Dolan determined to stirt 
in business for himself. He arranged 
with one of the creditors of his former 
employers for a small but completely 
equipped plant, which he called the Key- 
stone Knitting Mills. Despite the pre- 
carious state of trade at that time, he 
trebled the business in three years, but 
keen competition and general stagna- 
tion caused him to discontinue the manu- 
facture of knit goods in 1867, and he 
turned his attention to shawls, which were 
in large demand at that time. The new 
venture was successful, but change in 
fashion gradually lessened the demand, 
and in 1872 he installed niachiner\- foi- 
the manufacture of worsted suitings. The 
name of the firm at this time was Thomas 
Dolan & Company, and the business grew 
to such proportions that when he retired 
in 1807 t'* flevotc his time to other inter- 
ests he had 4,000 employees. 

Mr. Dolan was one of the organizers 
of the Prush Electric Companies of Phil- 
adelphia, New York and Baltimore, and 
was the first to install an electric plant in 
a factory. The city of Philadelphia at 
that time was badly lighted, and he was 
the pioneer in the introduction of elec- 
tricity for that purpose. 'i'herc was 
much opposition when he offered to light 
Chestnut street from river to river, but 
when he guaranteed to take down the 
poles at the end of a year if the service 
was not satisfactory, he was allowed to 
carry out his project. In 1802 he was 




otTered and accepted the in'esidenc}- of 
The United Gas Improvement Company, 
and in 1897 he secured the lease of the 
Philadelphia Gas Works. Under munici- 
pal control the works had an annual defi- 
cit of nearly $400,000, but under the man- 
agement of the lessees the city receives 
a revenue of nearly $2,000,000. Mr. Do- 
lan is a jironounced Republican in poli- 
tics, but has never held office. In 1888 
he organized an advisory committee 
under the Republican National Commit- 
tee, and acting as its chairman aided 
largely in the election of Presidents Har- 
rison and McKinley. 

Air. Dolan has been President of the 
National Association of Manufacturers 
and was one of the organizers and the 
first President of the Manufaclurcrs' 
Club, lie was also one ol the first meni- 
liei's (if the Union League, and was vice- 
president for several \ears. He is a di- 
rect'ir in The United Gas Tmjirovement 
(nni|iaii\, the Pliiladel|)hia Electric Com- 
pan\, tile l"idelil\ Tiust (OnipauN and 
the b'inance ('om])any nf Pennsylvania, 
anil is a Trnstet- of tlu- .'^chnul of Indus- 
trial Art. 



37" 



w \i<\\ UK > Ki-;v.sr(i.\K roMMd.N w i;.\i. I ii. 




SAMl'KL ^A^ I.IIU I'.iiDI M'.. 

Sanniel T. 1 iodine. President of 'i"hc 
United (las Improvement Company, was 
burn in I'hiladelpliia, An^nst ^3, 1854, 
the son of Samnel I'ncker and Lonisa 
Wylie (Millikin) i'.odine. lie is de- 
scended from the nld l'"rench familx' nf 
Leliaudain. promiiient in t'ambray. 
France, in the twelfth centnry. H'is 
forebears removed to luigiand in 1(145. 
The American brancli of the family wa> 
fonnded by Francis I iodine, who had an- 
gUcized tile name, and who settled nn 
Staten Island in the Iu,i;"Iileentli centur\. 
He snbsequently removed tn Middlesex 
County, New Jersev. and was the father 
of two sons, I'rancis and John, the lat- 
ter, grandfather of .Samuel T. Ilodine, 
served with distinction in the Ciilonial 
.Army during the Re\-oIuti(>nary War. 
Samuel Tucker 1 iodine, father of .Samnel 
Taylor Bodine, was an important figure 
in the early history of Philadelphia and 
was Mayor of Kensington, previous to 
the consolidation. .Mr. Ilodine was edu- 
cated at the Ciermantown .Academy and 
subsequently entered the I'niversity of 
Pennsylvania, graduating with the (I'lass 
of '73. and being honored with the de- 



gree of Master of .Arts in 1876. His 
first business connection was as shipping 
clerk with the Koyersford (Pa.) Iron 
I'dundry where he remained two years 
• nid then accepted a similar position 
with the Cohansey Class Company, of 
liridgeton. Wnv Jersey. In 1876 he be- 
canie associated with the shipping firm 
nf I'eter Wright & Sons, and was placed 
in charge of the commercial work of the 
I'.ngineering Department and repair shops 
(if the American and Red Star steamship 
lines. He remained in this capacity until 
1882, severing his connection to become 
.Secretary and Treasurer of The United 
( "ras Improvement Company, wdiich had 
iust been organized. This corporation 
furnished Mr. Bodine with an excellent 
field for the exercise of bis abilities and 
in 1 888 he had risen to the Ceneral Man- 
agership of the company. In February, 
i8<>2, he was made Second \'ice-Presi- 
dent and was advanced to the First Vice- 
Presidency in 1904, continuing to act 
also as General Manager. When Thomas 
Dolan resigned the Presidency in March, 
1Q12. Mr. Ilodine was elected his succes- 
sor and has since directed the affairs of 
that important corporation along lines 
that are constantly increasing its useful- 
ness to the public. In addition to his du- 
ties as executive head of The United Gas 
Improvement Company he is a Director 
in the I'ranklin National P)ank. the Com- 
mercial Trust Compau}-, the Pennsyl- 
vania (,"om])any for Insurances on Lives 
and Granting .\nnnities. and the Western 
Saving Fund Society. He is a Trustee 
of the Fstate of William G. Warden and 
the Academy of the Episcopal Church in 
Philadelphia. He is a member of the 
Sons of the American Revolution. Frank- 
lin Institute, the Rittenhouse and I'ni- 
versity Clubs of Philadelphia, the Uni- 
versity Club of Xew York City, the Ger- 
mantown Cricket and the Merion Cricket 
Clubs and the Fsscx County Club of 
.\[;ui Chester, Mass. Mr. Bodinc's inter- 
est in education generally, and his Alma 
Mater particularly, is shown by his .gift 
of the "Bodine Dormitory" to the Uni- 
versity of I'ennsylvauia. He married in 
Philadel])hia, November 15, 1883. Miss 
Eleanor G., daughter of the late William 
G. Warden, who was a well known mer- 
chant. 



WAKWICKS KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



371 



KANDAL MORGAN. 

Randal Morgan was bmn in I'liilailel- 
pliia, Uctober 18, 1853. His fatlu-r was 
Charles Eldridge Morgan, nl I'.lack- 
woodtown, Xew Jersey, and his nmther 
was Jane Bowen Buck, of JSridgeton, 
New Jergey. In 1844 his parents came to 
l'hiladel])hia, where his father entered the 
wholesale dry goods business. The_\' re- 
sided in ("icrmantown, and it was at the 



Charles E. Mnrga 



|r. Three \ears 




l!A\IIAI. MCllil.AN. 

( iermantnwn .Ncadenn that lie recei\ed 
his early educatinn. anil prepared fni- ilie 
L'niversity of Pennsylvania, which he en- 
tered in 1869. being a member i)f the 
Class (if '73. 

.\fter the regular four years' course, 
he received the degree of i'.achelor of 
.\rts. I'jiiin graduating he spent ime 
year in the Lancaster Iron Works. Lan- 
caster. Bennsylvania. returning to I'liila- 
delphia in 1874, ti 1 take up the >tudy nf 
law in the office of his eldi-r brcither. 



Philadelphia I'.ar, later becoming a mem- 
ber of his brother's lirni. .Morgan & 
Lewis. As a lawyer he devoted his at- 
tention chiefly to corjioration law, and 
when, in 1882, the legal business of The 
Cnited ( ias Improvement Company re- 
(piired the inidivided attention of one 
man. he was selected to till the position. 
Since that time he has been comiected 
with The United Gas Improvement Com- 
pan\', tirst as Counsel, and later as Gen- 
eral Counsel. In 180-2 he was chosen 
Third \ ice-Presideut and ( ieneral Coun- 
sel: in i<)04 he became Second Nice- 
President, and in ii)i2 First \'ice-Presi- 
ileiit. 

\\ bile he has alwa\'s guiiled and close- 
1\- followed the operations of the Legal 
I )epartment of The LTnited Gas Imprvoe- 
ment L'om|)any. his attention has not been 
entirely confined to the legal features 
of the business. < )n the contrary, his 
tield has gradually been e.xteufled, and 
he has assumed a leading part in the 
llnancial affairs (jf that corporation. 

Mr. Morgan was elected a Director of 
the (iirard Trust Com]xuiy in ujoi : the 
I'irst National Bank of Philadelphia in 
11)1)4; (jf the Western Sa\ings Lund in 
11)03: ami of the I'hilailelphia Xational 
Bank in 1905. In 1896 he was elected a 
Trustee of the University of Peiuisyl- 
vania. and he now is chairman of the 
Standing Committee on T'inance and 
Propert\- of that institution. 

Mr. Morgan was marrieil June 17, 
18S0, to Anna .Shajileigh, daughter of 
Marshall .Spring .Shapleigh. She died in 
July, 1003. and in loio .Mr. Morgan 
m.ii'ried Trances Piddle W illiams, daugh- 
tei- of ( b.irle-- W illi.ims. He has two 
children h\ing. .Marshall .Sli;i]ileigh .Mor- 
gan and J;me .Morgan N'avasseur-hisher. 
Mr. .Morgan resides at Chestnut Hill. 
,-i suburb of Phil,-idelpliia, where he iias 
;i comtoi'l.able honu' lunl (■onnlr\ place. 



WAKWKK S KEVSrONE CO.M MO.N WI-IAL I II. 



WAI.TOX CI.AKK. 

The devotion of his i-ntirt- husiiiess 
life to one hue of endeavor has brought 
to Walton Clark the invariable reward of 
application and adaptability, for he has 
risen, b\- his own efforts, from a jxisi- 
tion of comparative obscurity in the 
lighting and general utility field t^ a 
place of honor in the scientific world and 
to the Second \'ice-Presidency of The 
United (jas Improvement Company. 

Mr. Clark was born in Utica, New 
York, April 15. 1856, the son of Erastus 
and Frances (J. (Beardsley) Clark. The 
family is of English ancestry, the .\nieri- 
can branch being founded in if>45, at 
which period and subsequently, both nf 
Mr. Clark's paternal and maternal fore- 
bears were prominent in Colonial af- 
fairs. He was educated in the public 
schools of Utica, and at the age of sev- 
enteen year^ became associated with a 
gas producing company in New ' Or- 
leans, La., going to Chicago in 1SS7, 
where he was engaged in the same line 
of work, and to Kansas City in 1888. 
The same year he removed to Philadel- 
phia to accept a position with the United 
( ias Improvement Company and it was 
with this corporation that his broad ex- 
perience and knowledge won recogni- 
tion. Mr. Clark's education was not 
completed by his Utica training, and for 
years following this period and after 
his entry into commercial life, he was an 
ardent student and devoted much time 
to scientific research with the result that 
the Stevens Institute of Technology hon- 
ored him with the M. E. degree in 1004 
and the University of Pennsylvania con- 
ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of 
Science in iQii. His close api)lication 
to study and the resultant knowledge 
brt)uglit speedy advancement after he 
became connected with The United ( !as 
Improvement Company and he was ad- 
vanced to the assistant genera! superin- 
tendency, shortlv afterwards being made 
general suiierintendent, then to the Third 
\'ice-Presidency and eventually Second 
Vice-President, which position he still 
fills. His labors along the line of scien- 
tific research have brought him in touch 
with the eminent men cif the country 
who are engaged in the various lines of 
engineering and led to his selection as 



president of the Franklin Institute, an 
honor that is appreciated by scientists all 
over the world. In addition to these 
connections Mr. Clark is president and 
director of the Equitable Ilhmiinating 
Company ; vice-president and director of 
the \\'elsbach Company and director of 
the United Lighting and Heating Com- 




\\ \i iipN I I m:k. 

pany and luany other cor])orations. He 
was at one time president of the Ameri- 
can Gas Institute of which he is still an 
active member and also holds nieniber- 
ship in the .American Society of Mechan- 
ical Engineers, the American Institute 
of Electrical Engineers, the American 
Societv of Mining Engineers and other 
scientific bodies. He is a member of the 
Hoard of Trustees of several educational 
institutions and his interest in the vast 
army of employes of The I'nited (ias 
Improvement Comjiany is attested by his 
energetic work in aiding in the organi- 
zation of the Free Correspondence 
School for Cias Works Employees, of 
which he is chairman of the Hoard of 
Trustees. His clubs are the L^nion 
Lea.gue. University. Rac(iuet, Engineers, 



W A K W I C K S K EVSLOX E- (I i M M c I N W l-:.\ L T 1 1 . 



373 



.Mcrii)ii Cricket. I'hilailclpliia Cricket, 
White Marsh Valley L'nuiUry and White 
Marsh X'alley Hunt of I'hiladelphia, and 
Engineers of New \'n-k t. it\'. He is 
also a member of the Society nf the Cin- 
cinnati. .Mr. Clark has been twice mar- 
rie<l. His tirst wife to whom he was 
united in iSSo was .Mice M. .Shaw, since 
deceased. His second wife was Miss 
Louise Reauvais, whom he married in 
1885. He has five children: I'rank Shaw 
Clark, Walton Clark, Jr., Thobald I'or- 
stall Clark, Heauvais Clarl< and haiMheta 
Clark. 



HE.NRV I1E.\TI-:S, jK.. .M. U. 

Dr. Henr} Beates, Jr., was Imrn in 
Philadelphia, December 20, 1857. He 
was educated in the public schools, at the 
Eastburn Academy, the West I'hiladel- 
phia and the Medical Department <>{ the 
University of Pennsylvania from which 
he graduated as a physician in iS/ij. He 
acted as clinical assistant to Professors 
D, Hayes Agnevv, William Pepper. John 
Ashurst and William Goodell and his as- 
sociation with these eminent men was of 
inestimable value to him. In January, 
1894, Governor Pattison appointed him a 
member of the State r)oard of Medical 
Examiners and he has been re-appointed 
by every Governor since. Dr. Peates is 
a member of the Philadelphia Medical 
Club, the Philadelphia County ^Fedical 
Society, the State Medical Society, the 
Northern Medical Society and is a Fellow 
of the College of Physicians. He is also 
a member of the Ihiion League, the 
.A,cademy of Natural Science and the Ma- 
sonic fraternity. In recognition of hi^ 
high attainments in his profession, Wash- 
ington and JefTerson College honored him 
with the degree of Master i>f Scii'uce in 
lOOf). and Sc. D. in 191 1. 



i.i:\\ IS I. II. I. II'.. 

Among the able men w Im have made 
The United Gas Improvement Company 
one of the most active and usefid organi- 
zations operating jwlilic utilities is Lewis 
Lillie. its Third \ ice- 1 'resident and 
Treasurer. 

He was born in Trow .\'. ^'., ( )ctober 
13, 18O3. the S()n of Lewis Innverse 
Lillie. Among his earlv ancestors were 
Lieutenant Edward Morris, pioneer set- 
tler and land owner (1652) of Ro.xlniry, 
Mass., and Isaac Alorris who took part 
in the Battle of Germantow n ami win- 
tered at \'alley F(.irge. ."^aniuel Lillie 
I great grandfather), farmer and mer- 
chant, and Brigadier-(_]eneral of the \ er- 
niont Militia, represented the town of 
liethel in the General As.>embly of \ er- 
iiKjiit from 1815 to 1819. Lewis Lillie 
& Son (grandfather and father) were 
large manufacturers of the "Lillie Chill- 
ed Iron Safes." proniinenil\ known forty 
3ears ago. 

Mr. Lillie began his business career at 
the age of sixteen as a clerk in the legal 
department of the Northern Pacific Rail- 
road, New York City. In 1887 he re- 
moved to Philadelphia to take a position 
as auditor of The United (.^as [mpro\e- 
ment Company. After six years of ser- 
vice he was made assistant treasurer : in 
1804 comptroller: in i<)00 secretary and 
treasurer: in 11)05 fourth vice-]iresident, 
and in 1912 third vice-president. 

He is a member of the .Merion Cricket, 
Racquet. Bachelors' Barge. Whiteniarsh 
Country and other clubs. New England 
-Society, Pennsylvania .Society of the ( )r- 
der of bounders and Patriots of Ameri- 
ca, etc. He is an enthusiastic golfer. 

Mr. Lillie married, in i8(p. Miss Em- 
1\- Murray, of Philadelphia, and has two 
daughters. The onl\ son. Lewis, dieil in 
Ujoq. His home is in I la\ rrford. Pa. 



374 



WAKW K K S KK'lSrO.Vr. CtJMMONWlCALTU. 




W II.I.IAM W l;l(',n IMAX. 

A hi^tiiry of chemical manufacturing 
w(.)ul(l be incomplete without reference 
{o the late William W'eightman, who for 
nearly seventy-tive years was closely iden- 
tified with that industry. Mr. Weiglit- 
man was born in W'althani, I.incolnshirc. 
ICugland, Se])tcmber 30. 18 13. and when 
si.xteen years of age came to America at 
the suggestion of his uncle. John Farr, 
who was founder of the firm of Farr iH: 
Kunzi. chemists. This uncle was the first 
manufacturer of sulphate of quinine. 
When Mr. Kunzi retired fnmi the firm 
in icSjf). Thomas J'owers and W'illiani 
W'eiglilman were admitted to partner- 
ship, the name being changed to Farr, 
I'owers & \\'eightman and ui)on the 
death of Mr. Farr in 1847, the firm was 
again changed to Powers & W'eightman. 
This house soon won international recog- 
nition for the (piality of its products and 
the immense business continued without 
interruption until 1878 when Mr. Pow- 
ers (lied, at which time Mr. W'eightman 
assumed full directi(_)n of the business in 
addition to his duties as chemist. His 
two sons. Dr. John Farr Weightman and 
Dr. William \\'eightman, Jr.. were ad- 



mitted to ]>artnership in 18S3 and were 
active in the conduct of the business until 
the time <>i tlieir deaths. In 1893, Rob- 
ert J. I'. Walker, Mr. W'eightman's son- 
in-law was made a partner in the firm 
and so ctMitinued until his death in 1903, 
when his widow became a partner of her 
father and assumed full control of the 
gigantic business u])on Mr. W'eightman's 
death, which occurred August 25, 1904. 
In December of the same year the busi- 
ness was consolidated with Rosengarten 
iS; .'~^ons. former competitors, under the 
ii.inie I if I'ow-ers-Weightman-Rosengar- 
ten L'om])any. Mr. Weightman was a 
skilled chemist and many of the firm's 
products were his discoveries. It was 
due to his efiforts that sulphate of cin- 
chona became widely used as a substi- 
tute for quinine at a time wdien the price 
I if the latter drug was almost prohibitive. 
In 1875 the firm was awarded the Elliott 
Cresson gold medal by the Franklin In- 
stitute for the introduction of an industry 
new in the United States and perfection 
of the result in the product obtained in 
the manufacture of citric acid. The same 
medal was awarded for the ingenuity and 
skill shown in the manufacture and for 
the perfectiiDU of workmanshi]) displayed 
in the perfection of the cheaper alkaloids 
of the cinchona bark. Mr. Weightman 
made large investments in both imjiroved 
and unimproved realty, which appreciated 
to a marvelous extent during his life- 
lime and he became one of the largest 
property owners in the city and one of 
the wealthiest men in the State. He con- 
tinued in active command of the business 
until the time of his last illness when he 
was ninety-one years of age. On the 
17th of March, 1841, he married Miss 
I.ouise Stelwagon, and of three chil- 
dren by this union but one survives. Mrs. 
I'rederick C. Penficld. who is one of the 
wealthiest women in the United States. 

.Mr. Weightman was a director of the 
Philadel])hia Trust Company, the Xorth- 
ern Trust Company and the Commercial 
.National liank. He was a member of 
the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy for 
forty-eight years. His recreation from 
active business was obtained at his beau- 
tiful country seat. Raven Hill, School 
Lane, ("lermantown, the grounds of which 
were beautifully laid out and under the 
highest slate of cullivalion. 



WARWICK S KEYSTOXB COMMONWEALTH. 



375 




W . ATl,i:iC liURTEE. 



Washington Atlce IJurpc-c, who is con- 
ceded to be the leading mail-order seed- 
man in this conntry and whose prodnct 
has achieved an international repntation 
for its excellence, was born .\])nl 5, 1S5S. 
at Sheffield. New lirunswick. the s(.in of 
David and Ann Catherine (Atlee) lUir- 
pee. He was l:)rought to Philadelphia 
when a child and received his education 
at the Friends .Scliool and the l"niversit\ 
of Pennsylvania. He stalled the seed 
business in 1X76, with iwn parlners. hut 
two years later enibarked alone undiT 
the firm name of \\". Atlee ISnrpee (S: (.'0. 
Mr. jjurpce deterniined at tile commence- 
ment of his business career, thai the ex- 
cellence of bis pr(_i(Iuct should l)e his s;ilc- 
apjjcal to the users of seeds. 'I'his was a 



stupendous task at thai time, for in the 
early days he did not raise his own seeds 
and to secure the grade be insisted on 
meant bard work in careful inspection 
of, and selection fi'om crii|)s grown b\' 
others. The result of his accui-ate iudg- 
ment is shown by the iihenomenal growth 
ol the business. "lUirpee Quality" was 
recognized frdin ihe start, .^uceess made 
il pos>ilile for .Mr. J'.urpee to grow seed 
1)11 bis dwii farms .-iikI uiidei' his own sii- 
pervisidii, and the ihirlv-seven \e;irs that 
have eiisne<l since his hnmlile beginning, 
have l)een tirelessly spent in experimenta- 
tion that has proihux'd almost perfection, 
rile business has in ci]iise<|uence grown 
to be the greatest nf its character in the 
world. .Ml'. Ihirpee ba> now six farms 



2,7(^ 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COxM MUX WEALTH . 



where all tests and trials are made in (ir- 
der to produce lii,s;h ^rade seeds. These 
farms are located at Doylestown. I'a., 
Swedesboro. X. ]., and in the Lompoc 
\allev, California. The Doylestown 
farms, called "l'"ordhook" after .\lr. linr- 
])ee's ancestors' estate in ICnj^land, con- 
tain over 200 acres, devoted to the cul- 
ti\ation of tomatoes, corn, sweet i)eas, 
the smaller vegetables and tiowers. "Sun- 
nvbrook." the Swedesborc> farm, is used 
for the develo])ment of tomati>es and mel- 
ons, the soil and climate hein.y; best adajit- 
ed for that purpose. The California 
farm, known as "Moradale," is at I.om- 
|)oc in Santa I'larli.-ira I'ounty. where the 
llurpees grow one Innidred and fifty 
acres of sweet peas alone each season. 

The warehouses in I'hiladelphia, like 
the farms, are large and particularly 
adapted to the business. They include 
a large block of buildings at the inter- 
section of York Road and Fifth street, 
where three Innulred employees are kept 
busy handling the large daily business, 
using a system formulated by Mr. Bur- 
pee, to ensure the highest degree of effi- 
ciency. Between five and six thousand 
mail orders are received daily and none 
are allowed to remain unfilled more than 
twenty-four hours. This is one of Mr. 
IUirpee"s intle.xible rules and adherence 
to it has greatly added to the reputation 
of the house. 

The progressiveness of this model 
business house is not only shown in the 
conduct of the vast business, but in the 
consideration and treatment of its em- 
ployees it has kept ahead, not merely 
abreast, of the times. .Mr. Burpee has 
not waited for humanitarians to tell him 
what should be done along this line, foi- 
he solved the |iroblem himself, and when 
he fitted u]) the warehouses he made ever\ 
]>rovision for the comfort of his work- 
people. Rest rooms were jjrovided for 



the women employees and smoking rooms 
for the men. .\ dining room was installed 
where meals can be obtained at actual 
cost. L'mbrellas are provided for the em- 
ployees in case of sudden storms and 
the lounging rooms contain rocking 
chairs, tables and couches, newspa])ers, 
magazines and writing materials. ICach 
year .Mr. I'.urpee issues a handsomely il- 
lustrated catalogue and oft'ers prizes that 
keep the users of seeds constantly inter- 
ested. 

In addition to his seed business, 
Mr. .Burpee has many other interests and 
is a director in the Market Street Na- 
tional Bank, the Northern Trust Com- 
pany, and the Colgate Company. He is a 
director of the Wholesale Seedmen's 
League, e.x-president of the American 
Seed Trade Association, director and ex- 
president of the American Sweet 
Pea Association, and vice-president 
of the National Sweet Pea Society of 
Great Britain. He is a member of the 
Chamber of Commerce and the Philadel- 
l)hia Board of Trade and is a trustee of 
the Howard Hospital, the Sanitarium .\s- 
sociation and the National Farm .School. 
He is a director and ex-president of the 
Canadian Society of Philadelphia and is 
a life member of the Royal Horticultural 
Societv of Great Britain, the ."--ocielie 
Xationale Horticulture de hrance. and 
the Transatlantic Society. His chilis are 
the Union League, .\rt, L'niversity, City. 
Racquet, Bachelors' Barge and Poor 
Ricb.ard. of Philadelphia, the Country 
Clulj of l.ansdowne. Pa., the .Merion 
Cricket Club, and the .Vational .\rts 
.ind Cit\' Clubs of .Vew York City. Mr. 
I'lurpee married .Miss Blanche .^imons in 
iS<)2, and they have three children: Da- 
\id. \\';i^hington .\tlee. jr., and .^tuart 
.\lexander Burpee, lie resides at "Ford- 
hook," his Ijeautiful estate near Doyles- 
town, l'enn>\ Kania. 



WARWICK S KEVSTOXE- I l i.M Mi i\ WEALTH. 



JOHN GRir.P.EL. 

John (iribljcl, snlc prdprietor ut the gas 
meter niamifacturing [ilant of John J. 
Griffin & Co., was born in Hudson City, 
N. J., March 29, 1858. His education was 
received in the College of the City of 
New York and the Wesleyan University, 
the latter institution conferring- the M. A. 
degree upon him. After the completion 
of his schooling he entered the employ of 
the Importers and Traders Bank, New 
York City, in iS-fi and remained with 
that concern until 1877 when he accepted 
an advanced position with the I.eather 
Manufacturers National Bank. He re- 
tained this connection until 1883 when he 
was appointed New York agent for Har- 
ris, Griffin & Co. John J. Griffin & Co. 
succeeded this firm in the manufacture of 
gas meters and Mr. (Iribbel was ailmit- 
ted to partnershij) in i8i)0. Mr. 1 Iriffin 
was taken seriously ill the same year and 
Mr. ( iribbel removed to Philadelphia- to 
give his personal attention to tlic firm's 
interests, and upon the death of .Mr. ( Irif- 
fin, he became sole owner of the extensive 
works. In addition to the business of 
John T- Griffin & Co., which has l>ten 
largely extended umler Air. Gribbel's 
personal supervision, he is interested in a 
score of financial and commercial enter- 
prises. He is a director and second vice- 
president of the Curtis Publishing Com- 
pany of Philadeli)hia. director and vice- 
president of the Brooklyn Borough < las 
Company of New York, president of the 
Royal Electrotype Company of Philadel- 
phia, president of the Helena (jas and 
Electric Companv of Helena, Arkansas, 
president of the Athens Gas Company of 
Athens, Georgia, director of the Ciirard 
National Bank and Real Estate Trust 
Company, of Philadelphia, president of 
the Fairmount Savings Trust Company, 
of Philadelphia, director and vice-presi- 
dent of the ''Public Ledger," director of 
the United Gas and Electric Corix)ration 
of New York, director of the Lancaster 
Gas and Electric Company, of Lancaster, 
Pa., and president of the Tamjia Gas 
Company, of Tampa, b'lorida. 

Mr. Gribbel is of English ancestr_\' and 
is a son of James and .Xnna I Simmons) 
Gribbel. On |anuar\- 8, 1880. be was mar- 



ried to Miss Elizabeth 1'.. Wood, of New 
York City. He is deeply interested in 
Colonial and early l-'nglish history, and 
has a valuable collection (if .\merican 
portraits, documents and autograph let- 
ters. His collection of early English ob- 
jects includes seventeenth century engrav- 
ings and rare books i_if the fifteenth, six- 
teenth, se\cntcentli and eiqhteentb cen- 




.joiiN (;i'.n!i!i:r,. 

turies. Air. ( Irilibel li.is a bandsiinic resi- 
dence at Wyncote, Pa., in which is housed 
the almost priceless objects which he li;is 
spent ye;irs in collecting. He has a >uni- 
mer home at Camden, Me., where l:e 
spends a part of each year and being fond 
of outdoor life finds recreation between 
seasons in the wildest .-nid niii>t piriur 
es<pie spots in the coinitr\-. 1 le is a mem- 
ber of the Union League, of I'hiladel- 
l)bia, and the Lotus Club, of New York 
C'ity. lie is a Republican of a pronounc- 
ed type bni t,d<es im p.irl in pnlilics be- 
yond giving bi> inm-al .-nid linancial sup- 
port to tile part) whose principles he ail- 
viicales. 



-'4 



37« 



WAUW IC K S Kl■:^ SKJ.VE COMMO.WVr.AL'l II. 




nAXlF.L r.AL'GH. 



WARWK K S KKVSinXli C(J.\I M(IN W IC \ I , I 1 1 . 



379 



IIAMKI, r.AL'CH. 

Devo'ting every si)are iiitjiiieiit from an 
active business career for the advance- 
ment of Art and Science, Daniel ISaus^li 
has been re\var<led by the progress made 
in the fields in which he has labored as- 
sidnonslv. Mr. r.angh was born in Ches- 
ter County, I'a., ( ictober 22d. i83(). the 
son of John l'ut,;h and Hannah ( Kranser ) 
Baugh. His ancestors on both sides 
were German and the families have been 
prominent in Chester L'ounty f(jr nearly 
three centuries. He was educated in a 
private academy in the locality in which 
he was Ijorn antl then attended Tremont 
Seminary, Xorristown, Pa., for several 
terms but did not enter college a.> hi> 
father's business demanded his attention 
at this period. The family had been fin- 
generations engaged in the tanning busi- 
ness, but the introduction of improved 
machinery made primitive methods un- 
profitable and his father turned his at- 
tention to crop fertilization by chemical 
process, b^ir the manufacture of this 
commodity, known as super-phosphates, 
the firm of Baugh and Sons, consisting 
of the father and the sons Edward P. 
and Daniel, was formed in 1855. The 
product became at once popular and one 
year later a special plant was erected at 
Downingtown, I'a. In i860 the plant 
was moved to Philadelphia and the Dela- 
ware River Chemical Works establishecl. 
The father died in 1881 and in 1887 the 
business was incorporated with lulwin 
P. Baugh as president. The latter died 
in 1888. and since that time Daniel 
Baugh has been the active head of Baugh 
& Sons and the subsidiary companies, 
which includes, in addition to the Dela- 
ware River Chemical Works, the l!augh 
Chemical ComiJany, oi Baltimore, All., 
and the Chemical \\'orks at Norfolk. \ a. 
Under Mr. BauglTs direction the Inisi- 
ness has expanded wonderfullv and the 
products have attained a world-wide rep- 
utation. Despite his business activit\, 
Mr. .Baugh has found time to devote to 
many objects for the lietternient of man- 
kind. H'e is a trustee of the Rush Hos- 
pital, was a member of the Board of 
Managers of the Howard Hospital, and 



is a trustee of the Jefferson .Medical Col- 
lege and Hos])ital. I lis work for this 
institution was of such a character that 
President William Potter referred to 
him as the mpst valuable man ever on the 
ISoard, and this is unquestionably so, for 
in addition to his interest in the institu- 
tion's welfare he has helped it in a ma- 
terial way. When the faculty found the 
College building inaclequate for the pro- 
per teaching of anatomy, Mr. Baugh ]nir- 
chased the property at Eleventh and Clin- 
ton streets and fitted it up with every 
modern scientific apparatus at a cost of 
nearly $200,000. This was turned over 
to the college September 20th, lyii, and 
at the dedicatory services it was named 
l)y special action of the trustees the 
Daniel Bai/i;h Institute of .hiafoiiiy of 
tlic Jefferson Medieal Collejj^e as a "'Me- 
morial to a man who is true, generous, 
sympathetic and a prince among men." 

Mr, liaugh is a member of the Per- 
manent Relief Committee, wa> president 
of the Sanitariuiu Association for twelve 
years and has been president of the 
School of Design for Women for twen- 
ty-five years. His devotion to .\rt has 
been shown by his work as one of the or- 
ganizers of the Art Club and hi•^ activity 
as its treasurer and as president for a pe- 
riod of ten years. He was also one of the 
organizers and first jiresident of the Art 
Federation which had for its object the 
beautification of the cit\' and the con- 
struction of a I^)Oidevard to I-'airniount 
Park. This has since been merged with 
the Parkway Association and a portion of 
its objects consummated. Mr. ri;uigli 
is ex-president of the Depaiimeiit of Ar- 
chaeology and Palaeontology of the Cni- 
versity of Pennsylvania and during his 
term of office a new building was erected 
in which is housed a large collection of 
I'.gxplian, Babylf)nian and Mediterranean 
objt'Cts. He also aided in the establish- 
ment of the Philadel|)hia .Medical Jour- 
nal. .Mr. Baugh is a director of the Cir- 
ard Xational Rank, the Delaware Insur- 
ance Compan\. the Philadelphia I'loui'se. 
the l'hiladel|)liia .Museum.s and the ISelt 
Line Railroad Coni|)any. Ili^ clubs are 
the L'nion League, .Art, Peini, R;ic(|ueL 
Merion Cricket, t'orinthian N'acht and 
I'liiladelphia Coimlry. 



38o 



WAUW KK S KKVSrONK COM MO.\ WEAL 111. 



STKI'III'X (IKICKNl-:. 

Stephen Cireene was horn in liain- 
hridge, Chenanjjo L'ount\. New \'ork. 
September 25tli, 1831. Ife was three 
years old when his parents removed to 
I'ennsyUania and three years later he 
was sent to the jniblic schools which sys- 




si I I'm \ i.iii-iM.. 

tern had been organized in the State one 
Near ])re\-ionsly. From that period until 
1S45. lu' attended schools in Marietta, Co- 
lumbia an<l \\ ashinj:;ion, in Lancaster 
I'oiintv and dnrinsj tl'.e vacation period 
was given |)ri\ate instnu-tion. 1 le taught 
a district school in llellam Township, 
York County, for a term and deciding to 
become a jirinter. he >eciired em]iloyment 
in the office of the I'l'inisyhiciina Intcili- 
i;e)iccr. at Lancaster. He had become an 
expert printer when in .Ma\'. 1S4S, he re- 
niiiw-d to I'hiladelphia and entered the 



I>rinting establishment of William S. 
\'oung. as a compositor, "subbing"' at 
night on the Daily .\ iTi-.c then published 
on Third street below Chestnut. Tn the 
I'all of the same year he returned to Co- 
hiinliia. I'a.. to take charge of the me- 
chanical (lei)artnient of tlie Coluinhia Sf'y. 
and in 1853 became one of its editors and 
proprietors, acquiring sole ownership in 
1855. He sold the plant in iS^S^. and two 
years later returned to I'hiladelphia and 
organized the firm of Ringwalt & Brown. 
1 le retired from this firm in 1S60 and 
then became superintendent of the i)rint- 
ing house of the late Henry (".. Leisen- 
ring. He introduced in Philadelphia the 
first presses for printing consecutively 
numbered railroad and other tickets, and 
in 1871 became a member of the firm f)f 
1 Felfenstein, Lewis and Greene, cventu- 
allv becoming sole proprietor of the ex- 
tensive business, which he incor[)orated 
in i()0O as the Stephen Greene Company, 
hecoming the inx-sideiit and retaining the 
|)osition until the time of his death. The 
large jjlant at i()th and .Vrch streets was 
erected in ii)02 and the business largely 
extended under Air. Greene's careful 
management. In 1800 he became inter- 
ested in the development of Wenonah. .\". 
j.. instituting the Wenonah .Military 
Academy there, and accpiiring much real 
estate in that locality. He was a mem- 
ber of the Franklin Institute for many 
years and was for a long time a member 
of its J'loard of Managers. He was for 
twenty-five years one of the trustees of 
1 )rew Theological Seminarv and long ac- 
tive in the affairs of I'hiladelphia School 
of Hesign. being at one time its presi- 
ilent. 1 le was a member of the .\cademy 
cif Xatural Sciences, the Pennsylvania 
Historical .Society, the Cnion League, 
Manufacturers' Club and the ALasonic 
fraternity. Mr. Greene married in 1853, 
Miss Martha Mil'llin Houston, of Colum- 
bia. Pa. 



\V ARWUK S KKVSTOXE. (■()^^ MOXWEAr/ni. 



381 




IIijW AK1> JJAKCLAV FRli.XClI. 

Howard liarclav French, who has, for 
more than torty-hvc \ears, taken a lead- 
ing' part in jjromoting; the civic, commer- 
cial and political advancement of Phila- 
delphia, was born in Salem. I'olnmhiana 
County. Ohio, September 31I. i84(S, the 
son of Samuel Harrison and Angelina 
(Dunseth) French. On tlie i>aternal side 
he is descended from Thomas French, a 
member of the Society of Friends, who, 
in 1680, in order to escape reli.gious perse- 
cution, came from Xortliamptonshire, 
luigland, and settled near lUirlington, 
X. J. 

-Mr. l'"rench was educated in h'riends' 
schools, and graduated from the College 
of Pharmacy. He then entered the em- 
plov of his father's firm, French. i\)cli- 
ards & Coni|)any. wholesale druggists antl 
|)aint mamifacturers, established in 1844. 
In January. 1883, the manufacturing and 
drug departments of the concern were 
separated, and Howard 11. r-'rench with 
bis brother W'illi'mi A., joined with their 
lather, .Sainuel H. French, an<l lolui I,. 
Longstretli in forming the firm ..f Sanniel 



11. b'rench & Conipan\, which succeeded 
the manufacturing branch of the old firm. 
William A. bri-nch died in r88h. and 
Samuel 11. b^rench in 181)5. L'pon the re- 
tirement of John 1,. I.ongstreth in iwoi. 
Mr. I'rench bec.inie sole proprietor of the 
business, under the name of Samuel H. 
French iv: Company. 

Mr. I'rench is a member of the I'hila- 
delpbia I'aint .Manufactur*ers' (/bib. and 
was president of the National Paint, Oil 
anil \ arnisb .Association. Tde is treasur- 
er of the Central Committee of the Paint 
and X'arnisli Manufacturers' .\ssociations 
of the United States, and treasurer and 
director of the I'aint Trade Mutual Fire 
Insurance Company. I le was president of 
the l'"(|uitable Trust L'om|jany from lijoj 
until 11)1 J. lie is a director of the 
(chamber of L'ommerce. of which he is 
first vice-president. In 1896 he was ap- 
pointed bv the ( lovernor a tlelegate to the 
Convention at Tampa, Florida, to devise 
coast defenses for the Gulf and South At- 
lantic Harl)ors ; also a member of the Fx- 
ecutive Committee of the Tennessee Cen- 
tennial I'ommission of Philadelphia. He 
has served as secretary of the Cnion 
Committee on Transportation, Manufac- 
turing and Commercial Interests of Phila- 
delphia: as a meml)er of the Advisory 
Board of the Commercial Museums, and 
is now a member of its Hoard of Trus- 
tees. He was a director of the Manufac- 
turers' Cluli, of the Franklin Institute and 
served on the sub-committee in the selec- 
tion of a site for the new United States 
Mint. He was a member of different 
committees prominent in the Founders' 
Week Celebration, October, 1908, of the 
Committee on Transportation and Rail- 
road Terminals co-oi)eraling with the 
Ma_\or in an eftOrt to |)rovidc facilities for 
the enlargement of trade, of the comniii- 
tce of the orgaiiizing t onnnission for the 
Twelfth C'ongress of the Permanent In- 
ternational Association of Xa\i.gatiou 
Congresses, and a dele.gale to the I'ifth 
.\nnual Convention of the Atlantic Deep- 
er Waterways \ssociati<in, \ew London, 
Conn., 11)1-. at whicli be ,also reprt'smted 
the Commercial .Museum .and Chamber 
of Commerce. He was chairman of iln' 
!■ inance t omniittee o| ibr Historical I 'a- 



3^2 



W AKWU k"s KKVSTONI-: fliM \I(iN\\l-;.\LIII. 



iiL-dul of I'liiladclpliia, H)12. chairman <if 
the Citizens' L'i)nimittee of Xinety-five for 
( iood City (iovcrnnient, a memher of the 
business Men's Kei)uhhcan Leai^'ue. of 
tile Civil Service L'oniniission of i'hila- 
(lelphia. of the McKinley and Hobart 
r.nsiness Men's Xational Campaign Com- 
mittee. i>residem of the Xational Repuh- 
lican i -eag-iie of Jiusiness men, of several 
committees superintendinj^ arrangements 
f.ir the National Republican Convention 
held in I'hiladelphia, delegate to the Xa- 
tional Republican Convention, Chicago, 
and chairman of the Taft and Sherman 
r.nsiness Men's Xational Campaign I'om- 
niittce. 

He is one of the managers and trus- 
tees of the Philadelphia Southern Home 
for Destitute Children ; a manager of the 
Home Missionary Society; a member of 
the I'ennsylvania State Board of Chari- 
lies. trustee of the Philadelphia College 
of Pharmacy and for the past thirteen 
years, its president. 

He is a member of the Union 
League of which he was a direc- 
tor and second vice-president ; direc- 
tor of the Path Portland Cement Coni- 
p;in\. and the Continental Kquitalile Title 
and Trust Conijiany, member of the At- 
lantic Deeper Waterways Association, a 
director and former ])resident of the Xew 
|erse\- Societv of l'einis>lvania. a member 
(,f the ( )hio Society of Philadelphia, mem- 
ber of the .\merican Pharmaceutical As- 
sociation, the Historical Society of I'enn- 
svlvania, the Colonial .Society, the Merion 
Cricket Club, Philadelphia Skating Club 
and liuniane Society, and the Pen and 
Pencil L'hib of Philadelphia. He is deep- 
Iv interested in genealogical research, and 
has published the "( lenealogy of the Ue- 
>cendants of Thomas I'rench, \l\^o- 
K;!^," 2 vols. 

Mr. I'rench married in 1SS2. Miss Ida 
Colket, daughter of Coffin Colket of Phil- 
adelphia. One child, a daughter is living, 
and a son died in infancv. 



ICDWI.X II. FITLKU. 

b'.dwin II. Fitler, first Mayor of I'hila- 
deli^hia under the Pullitl I'.ill. was born 
in that city. December 2, 1825. He re- 
ceived an academic education and began 

the study of 
law in the of- 
fice of Charles 
v.. Lex. but 
l;iid aside his 
text books for 
m e r c a n tile 
])ursuits and 
entered the 
Cordage h(_)use 
of George J. 
Weaver, mas- 
tering every 
detail of the 
business and 
becoming a 
firm in two years. He 
Mr. Weaver's interest 
firm name to Edwin 




KDWIN II. HTI.KK 



member of the 
later purchased 
and changed the 
II. b'itler & Co. The business grew 
to such proportions that a mammoth 
l>lant was built at P>ridesburg where 
niMch labor saving machinery of ^Tr. 
h'itler's designing was installed. Mr. 
iMtler was a Republican in ]>olitics and 
was at one time mentioned for the United 
St;ites Senatorship and for the Governor- 
ship of the State. At the .Xational Con- 
vention in 18S8 his name was presented 
for the presidential nomination and he re- 
ceivetl the >olid \-ote of the Philadelphia 
delegation. Mr. hitler was a director of 
the Xational Hank of Xorthern Liberties 
.uid was vice-i)resident and president of 
the Cniou I,eagiie. At the time of his 
nomin.ation for Mayor he received the en- 
dorsement of nearly all the representative 
business men as a candidate whose wide 
experience and integrit\' would enable 
him to carry into efifect the radical gov- 
ernmental features contained in the new 
cit\' ch;irter. 



WARWICl-; S KEYSTOXE. COM MON WEAr/f 1 1 . 



383 



SAMUEL HEILXEK. 

Sanuiel llcilncr, rresidciit of IV-rcy 
Heiliier & Suiis. Inc.. extensive miners 
and shippers oi coal, has had a most ac- 
tive experience in legal and husiness af- 
fairs. He was born in Philadelphia and 
his preparatory education wa-- obtained 




■s.vMiKi, in;n,M;i(. 

in the i'riends Central High School, alter 
which he entered the L'niversit\' of I'enn- 
sylvania. He graduated in 1S77 with 
the degree of Bachelor of l.aw^ and was 
shortlv afterwards admitted to the I'.ar. 
He took 11]) his residence in Colorado, 
where he practiced hi^ profession tor 
four vears and had obtained a legal prac- 
tice in that growing State, wlieii the ill- 



ness of his father necessitated his return 
b'ast anil he relinipiished law to become a 
partner in the linn of I'ercx- H'eilner and 
Son, of which he became president after 
its incorporation following his father's 
death. 

Mr. I leilner's mother was one of the 
Xew |erse\ \ an Camp's, a family that 
was prominent in the northern part of 
that State, and several of it> male mem- 
bers took active part in the Revolutionary 
War. His activity in public matters is at- 
tested In his |irominence in State and Na- 
tional atYairs. He has a handsome home 
at Spring Lak<\ X. J., and is a member 
of the ( 'cean lioulevard Committee by 
ap[)ointnient of ( lovernor Fort and the 
same executive made him a representative 
of the State at the anmial encampment of 
the ( irand Army of the Republic helil in 
Atlantic City in IQIO. Although a Re- 
publican in politics, President Wilson, 
then (Governor of New Jersey, selected 
him as a delegate-at-large to represent 
that State at the Waterways Conventions 
at Richmond, \ irginia ; Washington, 1), 
('., ;uid Xew London, I'omi. .\mi;>ng .Mr. 
I leihur's business coimections, aside from 
the ])residency of I'ercy Heilner & .Sons, 
Inc.. are the following" companies of 
which he i^ a director: iluntington and 
liroad To]) Railroad Com]ian\-, Pennsyl- 
vania Coal L'om])any, Commonwealth 
Coal Compan\- and numerous other com- 
])anies operating in the coal regions. 
Mis cluljs include the L'nion League, Cni- 
versity, and Philadelphia Conntr\- of 
1 'hiladel|)bia ; the Xew ^'ork \'acbt and 
several countr\ and golf clubs in the 
northern section of Xew jersey, lie is 
also active in the affairs of the .Xether- 
laniL .Society of I'hiladelphia. 



384 



w AKW h;k .s KKVsrnxK com MIINWKAI.'III. 



JDSIU'A I., i; AII.V. 

JDslnia L. Rally, merchant, horn in 
l'hila(ldi>hia. Pennsylvania. June 27th. 
1826, son iif Idslnia I'aily. junior, and 
Mlizahcth (Lloyd) J'.aily. He was edu- 
cated at the iM-iends' Select School. Phil- 
adelphia, and at W'esttown lldardiuL; 
.SchiMil. C'lu'ster rountx, Pennsylvania. 

He entered the dry goods business at 
the age of sixteen and has been continu- 
ouslv in that line to this time — a period 
covering nvcr -eveiUy \ears. He is the 
senior member of the ilry goods commis- 
sion house of Joshua L. Baily & Co., es- 
tablished in 1S73, headquarters in Phila- 
delphia with a branch house in New 
\'ork ('it\ and otfices in several other of 
the principal cities of the United States. 

Mr. I'.aih has not only attained a prom- 
inent position as a merchant but he has 
bciMi e(pially iirominent in political, eco- 
nomic and charitable organizations. He 
is president of the Philadelphia Societ_\' 
for the lunployment and Instruction of 
the I'oor, and is also president of the 
I'ennsylvania Prison Society, in each of 
which organizations he has been an active 
member for over sixty years. He has 
been for thirty years president of the 
I 'hiladelpliia ]'\nnitain Societ). and was 
one of the original members of the Com- 
mittee of < hie Ihmdred founded in 1870. 
and took an acti\e part in its campaigns. 
He was al-o one .d' the founders of the 
Pliiladelphia .Society for Organizing 
Charity, and was for eighteen years its 
])resident. lie was chairman of Citizens' 
Relief Committee ap])ointed by the May<ir 
of Philadelphia, notalily (.m the floods in 
the ( )hio \'alley, the yellow fever scourge 
in the South and the Charleston earth- 
(piake. and a> far back' a> 1846 he served 



on a Committee to collect funds ti> relieve 
the suft'erers l)v the famine in Ireland. 
He was a member of the National Relief 
Commission during the Spanish-.Xmeri- 
can War and gave active and valuable 
service to the (iovernment, acting as 
chairman of the Conuiiittee on Sup])lies. 
and made f retpient visits to the camps and 
hospitals. He is at this time vice-presi- 
dent of a number of important societies 
among which are the American Tract 
.Societ V. the American Peace Society, the 
.\merican Bible Society, the National 
Temperance Society and the American 
I-'orestry Association. He is also a mem- 
ber of the P)oards of Managers of a 
inimber of other benevolent, educational 
and patriotic organizations. 

He has been a life-long friend of the 
colored jjeople and is a member of sev- 
eral societies organized and inaintained 
for their education and improvement, and 
has Contributed liberally to their support. 

Although now past his 87th year, he 
enjoys a degree of health and vigor un- 
usual for one of his age. He continues 
his active interest in the business of his 
firm as well as to the duties of the vari- 
ous organizations of which he is a mem- 
ber. 

•Mr. liaily married in 1856 Theod;ite. 
daughter of John 1). I^ang, a woolen 
manufacturer of \'asselboro. Maine. 
They have five sons, four of whom are 
his ])artners in business and the other son 
is an architect. 

Although his residence has been for 
the most of his life in his native cit\ 
I riiiladel])hia ) . he has recently removed 
from the city ami now resides at what 
was for a number of years his country 
home "Langmere." near Ardmore. Mont- 
gomer\ Counlw Pennsvlvania. 



WARWICK S KF.^■S^(I^■E• C(J.MMCiNWKAr.rll. 



3''^5 




JOSHUA I.. BAir.Y. 



38f) 



W AUW H K S KKVSTONK KJM Ml >\ WKALI 1 1 . 



Ill'.N'RV K. Sll'HIl. 

rVoniincnt in the real c.-tati; and build- 
ing lines, Henry R. Slioch has done much 
to improve and beautify the residential 
sections of the city of I'liiladelphia. Mr. 
Shoch was born in I'pper Merinn. Mont- 




MKMJV 11. .SIUH II. 

j;onierv Count\. l'enns\Ivania, Septem- 
ber i^th. 1844. of ( lerman and I'.nti- 
lisli ancestry, but the faniil)- has been 
k)n<j established in .\merica and one 
of his forebi-ars fouj^dit with the 
])atriot army in the Revolutionary 
War. .Mr. Shoch's early education was 
received in the ])ublic schools and when 
ei.ijhteen years of ajje, he came to I'hila- 
del|)hia and learned the carpenter's trade. 
T"or ten years he worked as a journey- 
man and then started buildins^ on his own 
account. l'"r<)in 1871 to 1891. he erected 
some of the handsomest homes in the city. 
-After this period he devoted his time to 
real estate operations and became one of 
the larjjest holders of building' sites in the 
eastern jiart of the State. Previous to 
his reliremeiit from ;ietive huildiuL;. he 



became interested in politics, and in i8cS4 
was elected as the Re])ublican represen- 
tative in Select Council from the Twenty- 
ninth Ward and served as a member of 
that b(jdy for three terms. lie was elect- 
ed City Treasurer and filled that office for 
one term after which he was returned to 
Select Council as the representative from 
the new Forty-seventh \Vard. Mr. Shoch 
has man\- other business interests and is 
one of the directors of the Tenth Na- 
tional liank and the Commonwealth 
Trust Company. He is a member of the 
Cnion League and several other social 
and political organizations and the Ma- 
si>nic fraternitv. 



WII.LI.\M SI-XLER.S. 



The life of William Sellers, covering 
over a half century of scientific research 
and mechanical development, contributed 
an inijjortant chapter to the history of en- 
gineering, both in America and Europe. 
Mr. Sellers, who was born in L'pper Dar- 
by, Delaware County, Pa.. September 
10. 1824 was a descendant of one 
of the oldest families in the State. 
his ancestor. Samuel Sellers, coming to 
America from Belper. Derbyshire. Eng- 
land, in 1682. Samuel Sellers took up a 
tract of land in Upi)er Darby, under a 
patent from William I'enn. and this prop- 
ertv has remained in the hands of the 
family ever since. This original founder 
was a meml)er of the .Vmerican Philoso- 
phical Societv. to which organization 
each generatiiui has since contributed a 
member. John Sellers, grandfather of 
William, was a member of the Pennsyl- 
vania .\ssembly and was appointed by 
the .American Philosophical Society, to- 
gether with Willi.am Poole, to observe the 
transit of N'enns in 17(11. Mr. Sellers's 
father and two relatives built a [private 
school house near their Delaware County 
homes and it was there that William Sel- 
lers was educated. L'pon the completion 
of his schooling, he became an apjirentice 
to the machinists' trade, serving seven 
vears under his uncle, John Morton 
I\iole, of Wilmington. Del., and at that 
lime acipiired the basic knowledge that 
was In make him one of the most notable 



WARWU'K S Kl•;^ SIUMO I liM MIlXWEAI.rll. 



?>^7 



iiK-cliaiiii'al cni;iiiccr> ut \\\s time. After 
becomiiis^' a jduniuymaii. lie was em|)l(iyc(l 
in the machine shop of Fairbanks. , Han- 
croft & Co., I'rovidence, Rhode Ishnid. 
for three years an<l in 1848 he Ijcijan the 
niannfactiire of tools and machine .i;eaf 
infill rhiladel|ihia. He snbse(|nently be- 
came a meinlier of the firm of Bancroft 




\\ n,i I \M si:i.i.h:ks. 

& .Sellers, his ptirtner beiiii;- b^dward lian- 
croft. one of his former employers. A 
[)laiit was established in Kensing;ton and 
the business jjrowing rapidly the firm 
removed to new shops at Sixteenth 
street and Pennsylvania aveinie in 1833. 
Mr. Bancroft died in 1856 and the firm 
name was changed to William St-Ilers iS: 
Co., which was incorporated thirty vears 
later with W'illiant Sellers as ])resident. 
In 1868 Mr. Sellers organized, and l)i'- 
came ])rcsidcnt of the Edgnioor Iron 
CompaiiN, the largest concern in the 
world at that time devoted to structural 
iron and steel work. It furnished all the 
material, excejit the cables, for the lirook- 



lyn bridge and the iron wurk for the Cen- 
temiial Expositi<jn buildings. In 1873, 
.Mr. Sellers became |)resident of the Mid- 
\ale Steel Company. Din-ing this period 
of active executive work, he kept pace 
with the requirements of ad\jtuiced meth- 
o(K and developed in;niy new devices, 
llis accomplishment in mechanical crea- 
tion and application was marvelous and 
the Franklin Institute journal, for Alay, 
1905, paid a high tribute to his mechan- 
ical genius anrl fertility of resources. It 
spoke of the sjjiral gear planer drive as 
the best known of his inventions. This 
machine was patented in iXf)2 and is gen- 
erally used in this ,uid manv foreign 
coimtries. His l)est known individual 
achievement was his development of the 
Sellers, afterward known as The United 
States Standard Screw thread. Eminent 
.authorities pronc^unccd i\Ir. .Sellers "the 
greatest mechanical engineer in the 
world." His firm received medals 
from the leading scientific institu- 
tions of the world and from all the 
princi|)al expositions where its product 
was exhibited. Mr. Sellers was a most 
enthusiastic supporter of the Centennial 
I'.xposition held at Philadelphia in 1876, 
and was one of the vice-presirlents of its 
I'Hi.ird of Finance. He w;is one of the 
organizers of the Union League, a man- 
ager of the old Philadelphia and Reading 
Railroad Company, a director of the P. 
W. & H. R. R. Co., a trustee of 
ilie University of I 'eniis\ Ivania for 
thirty-seven year> ami t'or .a l.)ng time 
was presiilent of the b'r.inklin Institute. 
I le was for five \ears a t onnnissioner of 
bairmoinit Park and at the time of his 
death was a member of the .American 
I'hilosophical Society, .\cademy of Na- 
tural Science, American Societ\' of Me- 
chanical Engineers, the Xational .\cad- 
emy of Science, the Institute of .Mech.ini- 
cal Engineers and the Iron and Steel In- 
stitute of ( ireat I'lrit.iin. ,1 corres- 
ponding member of the Societe d'En- 
couragemeiit pour 1 .' Industrie Xationale 
in I'.aris. and after the I'aris Exposition 
the b'tencli ( io\'erninent conferred tipon 
liini the decoration of ( hewilier de la Le- 
gion d'llomieiir. lie died Jaimary 24, 
iW'i.S, at the .•idwuired .age <if eightv-onc 
\'ears. 



^88 



WARWICK S KliVSTUNE CO.M MO.V W liAI. III. 



LEWIS 1). ZIECI.ER. 

Lewis Davis Zie}.;lcr. son of George J. 
and Anna 1!. Ziegler. was born in Ches- 
ter C'onnt\, Pa.. I'"ebrnary lotli. 1846. 
Jle was the vouiigest of five 1)rolhers. all 
of whom in i86y founded the shoe inan- 
iifaeturing house of /.ie^ler I'.rntliers. 
which still exists in full ])ii\\er under lii> 
sole ownership. 

Tile early life of the suhject was .•~iieut 
with lii^ father who was a competent 
(iernian shoemaker, who thoroughly 
trained his sons in this craft, so that 1)\- 
the time thev were of suflicieut age tlie\ 
engaged in the )iiaiuifacture of lalio' 
and children's shoes on a larger scale 
through the use of machinery. Their 
capita! was small at the start, but the 
practical skill and active energy of the 
brothers soon established a reputation 
for making reliable shoes, and the busi- 
ness grew rapidly, ,so that seven years 
after starting they built the large fac- 
tory 117, 119 and 121 .X'ortli 5tli street, 
which at the time was more than am])le. 
Fitit. in a few years it had to be enlarged 
and later again enlarged to meet the wid- 
ening demand for their goods. In time, 
through retirement and death, all of the 
older brothers discontinued. Since iijio 
Lewis Davis Ziegler has been sole owner 
and under his management the business 
has widened into still higher grades of 
women's footwear, the full capacity of 
the plant is always crowded, so that the 
volume and character of the output ex- 
ceeds that of anv former period. Mr. 
Ziegler has had from the beginning inti- 
mate knowledge and direction of the 
manufacturing end. lie is also widely 
kiiinvn as a salesman nf the tir^t rank. 
Me has been blessed with a rugged coii- 
stitntiou, together with a sunny cheerful 
optimistic temiier and being thoroughlv 
familiar with the luechauics of shoe- 
uiakiug he has built up an organization 
of lo\al and capable employees, wlio are 
glad to partake of his advice and lead- 
ership in his most successful business. 

J lis education was mainly at the conn- 
trv school near his father's home, lie 



was janitor of this school when a boy, 
receiving seventy-five cents a month, and 
takes pleasure in relating his exi)eriences 
in wading through snow and storm in 
order to make the tire and clean u|.) read\- 




l.l-UIS 11. /.M.I, 1 1.1;. 

for the school session. Mr. Ziegler. 
while most genial among men is quiet in 
his taste and is ])re-eniiiieiitly a church 
and home man. He is a member of the 
.Masonic fraternity, the Historical So- 
ciety, Manufacturers' Club. I 'en and I'en- 
cil Club, and is active in the Philadelphia 
l'>oot and Shoe Manufacturers' .\ssocia- 
tioii. being also ;i member of the Joint 
lioard of .\rbitratioii, and takes great in- 
terest in the success of this association, 
which has contributed so much to the eii- 
joxuient of its members and the harmon- 
ious relations existing among its em- 
ployees in this city. 



WARWKKS KEYSTONE COM MONWEAr,TH. 



389 



W II, 1,1AM S. DL'LIXG. 

W'iiliaiii S. Duliiii;, who as an acti\c 
member (if the tinii ni I.aird, Schribcr 
and Co., is well-known in the manufac- 
turingf and commercial life of the city, 
was Ijorn in I'hiladelphia. November j8. 
1854. and was educated in the public 
schools. .\t an early age he became a 
clerk ill a dr\sjoods jobbing house, but 
in 1875. he quit mercantile pursuits to ally 
himself with manufacturing interests and 
became a designer for the shoe manufac- 
turing; firm of Laird, Schober and Alitch- 
ell. This was in 1875, when the firm had 
just been organized for active entry into 
the manufacture of high-class shoes for 
women. For nineteen years Mr. Duling 
put forth his best efi'orts for this house 
and was gratified to see it become a lead- 
er in its line and its business largely aug- 
mented. During his long years of ser- 
vice, he filled many positions of steadil\' 
increasing imi)ortance and responsibilit\ . 
and in 1894 his valuable services were re- 
warded by admission to partnership, the 
firm name being changed to Laird, .^cho- 
ber and Co., the other members being 
Samuel S. Laird, the founder of the busi- 
ness, George I'. Schober and John L. 
Laird. The business of Laird, Schober 
and Co. is contemporaneous with the his- 
tory of perfected shoemaking in Phila- 
delphia. In the early days the tanners 
and shoemakers of the colony were rec- 
ogiiized as the best in their respective 
crafts and as time passed and conditions 
changed, they kept pace with, ami oft- 
times led, in improved methods. After the 
Civil War this city held a high pfxsition 
in the shoe manufacturing industry. 
There were localities where the output 
was larger, but in none was the quality 
of the product higher. It was at this 
period, in 18O9, that Samuel S. Laird 
started a small factory in the northeast- 
ern section of the citv. He devoted his 



efforts to making children's sh(_ies and 
was successful because of the excellence 
(.)f his product. At that time his output 
was Confined to the Slate and the nearby 
WTstern territory, but he was farseeing, 
and recognizing the needs of the g"r(Twing 
trade, he decided upon a radical change. 
T<,T carry this out he. in 1875, organized 




the firm of Laird, Schober and Mitchell 
and commenced the manufacture of a fine 
line of ladies' hand-sewn welts and hand- 
sewn turns. "High grade" was the aim 
of the new firm and the excellence of its 
pr<Mhict soon brought a large trade in all 
sections (.)f the l"nilt-d States, .\fler the 
formation of the new firm, of which Mr, 
Duling had become a member, the manu- 
facture of ladies' fine footwear was con- 
tinued and improved and the rajiid 
growth of the business made frequent en- 
largements of the |)lant necessary and, 



3yo 



\\ AKWH K 



KiaSrUNK (.OM MnN W i:.\l,IU. 



cvfiituallw iK n.-niuval to the large and 
niudiTii factory Ijuilding at Nineteenth 
and I'luttonwood streets. The firm has 
never deviated from its i>oHc_v of produc- 
ing onl_\ liigh-cbiss goods and has added 
largely to the rei)utation of Philadelphia 
as the home <>f the best in footwear. Us 
])rodiict is now confined to no one coun- 
try, but reaches every corner of the 
world wdiere modern shoes are worn. 

Mr. Duling, whose entire life has been 
spent in this one business connection, is 
a member of ih.e union League and finds 
enjovment in the social environments of 
that famous organization. He is a mem- 
ber of the Executive Committee of the 
National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' 
Association of the United States and the 
Executive Committee of the Philadel- 
phia I>oot and Slioe .Manufacturers' As- 
sociation, lie has a wide circle of 
friends and i> deeply interested in the 
commercial development of the city. 



S.\MUEL I'.ELL. JK. 

Since early manhood, a period of fort\ 
years, Samuel Bell, Jr., has been iilenti- 
fied with the commercial and manuiac- 
turing interests of Philadelphia and has 
alwavs been active in advancing the city's 
industrial supremacy. He was born in 
Philadelphia, October 23, 1852, and was 
educated in the public schools, complet- 
ing his mental training by a course at the 
Central High School. When sixteen 
vears of age he entered the employ of his 
father, Samuel I'.ell, who was at that 
time one of the largest handlers of floiu- 
in the cilv. After becoming famil'ar 
with the liusiness, he and his brother 
were admitted to partnership, the firm be- 
coming Samuel Bell & Sons. With tlie 
admission of the sons to the business, 
the trade of the hou.se increa.sed largely 
and during the intervening years it has 
grown to such an extent that it is a recog- 
nized leader in its line. The large volume 
of business secured made it necessar\- to 
have large producing plants and the firm 
ac(|uire(i an interest in the mammoth 
\\'asbbm-n-Crosl)v plant at .Minneapolis. 



and later the (hiaker City T'lour Mills in 
West Philadelphia. ( )f the first named 
comi)anv. .Mr. Bell's brother, James S., 
became president and Samuel Bell, Jr., 
whci was line of the original stockhold- 
ers, became a member of the Board of 
Director^. The latter is also president 
of the Quaker City Elour Mills Company, 
which has one of the most complete and 
modern mills in tlie East. The oiUi)ut of 




s.\Mri:i, isKi.i.. .IK. 

these two ])lants is very large and a great 
portion of it is handled by the firm of 
Samuel I'.ell iK: Sons. In addition to these 
interests. Mr. P.ell is vice-president of the 
Eighth National Bank and the .Mer- 
chants' Warehouse Company, a member 
of the Board of City Tru.sts and a direc- 
tor of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit 
Comjiany. J le is also a Trustee of the 
^ledico-Chinu-gical College. His clubs 
are the Cnion l.eague. Racquet, Country, 
Cicrmantnwu Cricket and r.achelors' 
Barw. 



W AKW ICK S Ki:N'Sr()Nl;. rii.M MdWVKAL I II. 



301 



rilDMAS SHAW (IF SllAWMd.N'l . 

Thoinias Shaw, A[. E.. of Shawmont, 
inventor and scientist, who was granted 
187 patents by the United States Govern- 
ment and won over 100 medals for his 
inventions, was born in Philadel|>hia, 
May 5th, 1838, and died January ujth, 
TOor. He was tlie inventor of the mercur\ 




TIIIIMA.S SIIAW, (11- SIIAW .\I(]N 1. 

Steam gaufje, tlie standard of pressure 
of the worhl ; the noiseless steam exhaust, 
which muffles the sound of escaping 
steam, and which is now used univer- 
sally on all locomotives and steamshi|is. 
One of his simplest but most useful in- 
ventions was the N'erijna Lock Xnt 
Washer, commonly known as the Spring 
Pawl Washer, wliich goes between the 
nut and the fish jjlate for holding the 
rails in jjlace, and to Air. Shaw and this 
device humanity is indebted for .safety in 
railroad travel all over the world. There 
are thousands of .'millions of these wash- 
ers in use. 

Franklin 11. (inwen, who was presi- 
dent of the rhiladel]>hia & Reading Rail- 
way Company . thought so much of Air. 



Shaw that he nameil the >t;itiiin adj< lin- 
ing Mr. Shaw's property "Shawmont," 
and the Pennsylvania Railroad paid the 
same tribute. Shawmont avenue is nam- 
ed after him, likewise Shawmont Dam, 
on the Schuylkill River. 

His estate at Shawmont was one of the 
most beautiful in the countr\. There 
were seventeen buildings on it, including 
the manor house and the farmer's house, 
all used by Air. Shaw for different pur- 
poses. He raised deer, bred foxes, and 
took a deep interest in scientific agricul- 
ture and horticulture. His gardens were 
the jov of all who \'isited .Shawjiiont. 
,\ttached to the manor house was a large 
music hall built b\ Air. Shaw specially 
for his daughters, only one of whom sur- 
\i\es him, however, Cora Irene, now 
Airs. Joseph R. Wilson. 

It is interesting to note that Air. .Shaw 
rolled the first steel tire ever i)roiluced in 
America. He also made the first elliptic 
s]5rings in America, and both at the 
I'.ntcher Steel Works, Philadel|)hia, (now 
Ali<lvale Steel Works'), of wliich he was 
superintendent when he \\a-> less than 30 
years of age. 

Air. Shaw was the confidential adviser 
of Captain Eads, who built the great Alis- 
sissippi bridge. It was Mr. Shaw who 
solved for him the problem of founda- 
tions through the great depth of soft 
mud. 

All'. Shaw had many iiroiniiieiit offers 
from foreign governments, all of which 
he decliiieil. The Elmperor Xaiioleoii HI. 
invited him to France to change the sys- 
tem of generating steam on the h'rench 
warshijis from coal to oil fuel. .Alexan- 
der II., the father of the present Czar of 
Russia, invited him to that country to 
take charge of its r.-iilroad system. Air. 
Shaw was too bus\ at home, however, to 
consider any foreign work. 

I'or twenty-five years he was a mem- 
ber of the Committee oil .Science and 
.Arts of the Franklin institute, and was 
granted the Elliolt-Cresson Afedal and 
the Scott Legacv Aledal for his inven- 
tions, being the hi.gbest awards in gifts 
of thai institution. 

Air. Shaw m;ide millions and spent 
iiiillioiis ill the iiileri'sl ot science. The 
invention which he jilaced ahead of all 
others, however, and on which he spent a 



392 



W AUW ICK S KE1STONK COM MDWVEALTH. 



quarter of a •million dollars, was the he decided to devote his entire time to 
Shaw (jas Tester for detecting the pres- commercial and industrial ])ursuits. He 
ence and percentage of gas in coal mines. was the sole owner of 1{. !•".. Urown & 
This device lias unquestionably prevented Co., l'hiladel])hia : jiresident of the Bu- 
hundreds of explosions of gas, and saved 
thousands of lives by indicating its pres- 
ence in advance. It is the official stand- 



chanan Foundry Company. Lebanon. Pa.; 
president of the Cedar Farm Company. 
Rising Sun, .Maryland; vice-president of 



ard of Pennsylvania. 

Mr. Shaw canie from a long and dis- 
tinguished line C)f Colonial ancestry, and 
beyond this he was able to trace his de 
scent back to Michelet, treasurer to the 
Prankish King Chlodwig. A. D. 536. Mr, 
Shaw married Matilda Miller (iarber. a 
descendant of Benedict ("iarber. one of 
the earliest settlers of Collegeville, Pa. 
Mrs. Shaw died in 1902. Their only liv- 
ing descendants are Mrs. Joseph R. \\'il- 
son, of Overbro(.)k. Philadelphia, and hrr 
children. Mary Michelet. John Hawkes. 
Svdnev \ ioka and Cora \'<. 11. Wilson. 



EI.MEK ICI.ESWI'IM 11 I'.KoW.N. .\I. I). 

Dr. Brown was born in Cecil Ci.iuntx, 
M;iryland. May 0, i8()i, and is a lineal de- 
scendant of both James and William 
Brown who in 1701, were the first settlers 
of Xottingliam Lots. The forebears 
were ministers of the Societ}' of Friends, 
and were the founders of the congrega- 
tion thai still worships in Brick Meeting 
House. Cornelius S. .Brown, father of 
Dr. lirown. was a farmer who was killed 
while serving in the I'uion .\rniy during 
the C'ivil War. Dr. Brown's earl\ edu- 
cation was received at the Soldiers' ( 'r- 
phan School, Mount Joy. Pennsylvania, 
and his first eni])loynient was 011 a farm. 
.Vfterwards he became an apprentice in 
an iron foundry, becoming successively 
foreman, superintendent and finally a 
partner. In 1897 he received the degree 
of Doctor of Medicine from Jeflferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia. .\fter 
practicing his profession for a few years 




i)K. 1.1. .\n.u 1.. iiuiiw.N, iih:rE-\sKii. 

Tem])le Cniversity. Philadelphia, and 
vice-president of the Philadelphia Foun- 
tlrymen's Association. He was also a di- 
rector in the Waterburv Foiuidry Com- 
pany. Waterbury. Conn. ; Peoples Na- 
tional Fire Insurance Company, L'nited 
I'ire Insurance Com]>any. Independence 
hire Insurance Security Company and the 
Ouaker City National ,l>ank, Philadelphia. 
Dr. lirown was a Republican in poli- 
tics and was a member of the Manufac- 
turers Club. .Masonic fraternity and sev- 
eral other social and fraternal organiza- 
tions. Hi.s death occurred May 23. 1013. 



WAKWICK S KEVSTO\E COM MONWEALTH . 



393 



CHARLES J. W laii:. 

An indefatigable worker fur the eoni- 
mercial advancement of I'hiladelphia is 
Charles J. Webb, head of Charles J. 
Webb & Co., leading wool merchants, 
whose labors along nnostentations lines 
will leave their impress npon the mercan- 
tile history of the cit>'. Me was 1)i)rn in 
Wilmington, Delaware, Jnl\ 31, 1S5S, the 
son of James Lamborn and Susan Rapp 
(Graeff) \\'ebb, the former of English 
and the latter of German extraction. Tile 
paternal liranch of the family was foun- 
ed in .Vmerica bv Benjamin Webl). whn 
settled here in 1713. The maternal branch 
was established here earlier for the rec- 
ords show that Daniel Graett. .Mr, 
Webb's great grandfather, served as a 
Captain in the Revolutionary War, while 
George Maris, another maternal fi>re- 
bear, was a member of the Colonial ,\s- 
sembly in 1684-88 and 1690-93, Provin- 
cial Counsellor in 1695 and a Justice of 
the Peace in 1684-89 and 1691-93, Mr. 
Webb's father was a leather merchant 
and in addition to Charles J., his chil- 
dren were .Benjamin, now deceased, Har- 
riet, now Mrs. S. S. SafTold, and Mar- 
garet .v., now Mrs. James G. Kitchen. 
Charles J. Webb was educated in the 
public schools of Burlington, X. ].. ami 
began his business career as a clerk in a 
grocerv store. This position, howewr, 
did not afford the opportunities his am- 
bition craved and in 1873 he came h> 
Philadelphia and entered the employ of 
James G. Kitchen, at that time the lead- 
ing wool merchant in the country. .Mr. 
W'ebb was but fifteen years old at this 
time but he applied himself zealously to 
his work and soon mastered every detail 
of the business. A few years later he 
started in business for himself and after- 
wards founded the house of Charles J. 
Webb & Co. That firm's almost immedi- 
ate success was due to his comprduiisive 
knowledge of the business coupled with 
an inljorn executive ability. Cnder hi-- 
alile direction the business expanded \" 
such an extent that the plani has been 
enlarged several times and the hunse Ii;is 
attained first rank in the wool l)usiness. 
enjoying a high reputation for integrity 
and occupying an enviable position in 
the mercantile affairs of Philadelphia. 



-Mr. Webb is keenly alive to everything 
(if vital importance to the citv and tirnilv 
l)elieve> Philadelphia is destined tn even- 
tually regain its old time connnercial su- 
premacy. This optimistic view has been 
strengthened b\ the return nf the wiuil 
trade to its fiirnier position. In ipiiet .■itid 




indirect ways .Mr. W el)h lias dipue nnu'h 
f(ir the advancement of the cilx's mer- 
cantile and social interests and the esteem 
in which be is held was shown recenll\ 
n]ion his return from a foreign lour, 
when he was given a heart) reception liy 
his linsiness associates and friends, and 
those who witnessed the denionstration 
Were greatic impressed b\' the recogni- 
tion ol his worth as a niercli;mt ;uid pro 
gressi\'e citizen. .Mr. W elili take> no ni- 
terest in politics liut is ;dw.'i\ s .-u'tive in 
an\ coiKerte<l mo\cment th;il stands for 
.idvancement. Ih i-- a member of the 
I'nion League, tlie .M.innfactnrers Club 
and iither organizations and is .1 trustee 
of the I'.clhk-hem Presbyterian (.'hurch of 
Philadelphia. 1 le is an ardent golf player 
and fo?id of all outdoor sports, serving 
:is lirsl ( ommodnre I >f the Island I leiHits 



25 



394 



WAUWICK S KKVSTONli CUM MoN WEAL TH. 



^'aclU L liil), iluriiii; iSi;Sanil iX<;(j. I'diid 
of travcliui^, he lias traversed tlie I'liileil 
States several times, made one trip 
around the world and spent some time in 
the (Jrient. Mr. W ehli married Miss 
^^ary Kate Spangler. daughter of An- 
drew M. and Mary M. ( Schaeffer ) 
Spangler, ( )etnber 5th. 1.^82. Mrs. 
W'ehb is a t'olonial Dame and Daugh- 
ter of the American Revolution. The 
eliiidren by this union are Charles Ed- 
win. Andrew S|)angler and Herbert 
Keene \\ ebb. 



<;i-;ok(;k f. iioi-i m w. 

There is no luan ninre ])niminent in the 
Commercial hii: of i'liiladelphia than 
George 1'". Hoffman, president of the 
HofTman-L'orr C'om])any. .liorn in Ash- 
luirnham. Mass.. in \^(iS. lie received his 
education in the public schools and then 
took a c^immercial course in Poughkeen- 




(,].i)iii;F. r. ii()FF.\i.\.\. 



•-ie. .\'ew 'N'ork. His first ])osition was a 
clerkship in the freight office of the llos- 
ton and Maine Railroad Comiianv at 
{•"itclihurg, Mass.. from whence he came 
to Philadelphia as manager of the Steel 
I lorse Collar Comjiany. l-'inding this po- 
sition ottered little chance for busine.s.s 
advancement, he became salesman for a 
cordage house and seven years later, hav- 
ing acfpiired a thorough knowledge of 
that line, started in business for himself. 
In iXc/j he organized the Hoffman-Corr 
Comiiany. for the manufacture and sale 
of cordage products and the business has 
grown to such ]>ro]X)rtions that large 
ston-s are maintained in Philadelphia and 
.\ew ^"ork. Mr. Hoffman is a member 
of the Cnion League of Philadelphia and 
the L'nion Peague Club of .\ew "S'ork 
L'ity. the Gcrniantown Cricket Club, Man- 
ufacturers' Club, New England Society, 
Friendly Sons of St. Patrick and the .Ma- 
sonic fraternity. He is very charitably 
inclined and during several cold weather 
])eriods of business depression he sup- 
plied the poor of Germantown with coal 
and t1our. He ha> at different times en- 
tertained the inmates of the Masonic 
Home and has taken bodies of newsl)o\-s 
to the Zoological (iardens, on which oc- 
casions he supjilied each boy with a [jair 
of new gloves. He also gave a series of 
concerts in X'ernon Park, Germantown. 
and donated a cu]) to the Schuylkill Navy 
to be rowed for by the clubs at the annual 
regatta. He used his intluence to make 
the Italian language an elective study in 
the Central High School and offered a 
prize of a round tri]) to Italy for the bo\' 
taking the study who wrote the best essay 
on "Italy." and he received notice from 
llic Xnierir.in minister at Rome that the 
succe>sful stiulent would be presented to 
the King. .Mr. Hoffman was a Presiden- 
tial elector in i<)oo and has been men- 
tioned for the Mayoralty nomination on 
the RejHiblican ticket. 



Warwick's kevstoxb coNrMnNWEAi,! h. 



.S95 



HAMPTON' L. CARSOX. 

As lawyer, author aiiil orator the fame 
of Hampton L. Carson has spreail hi- 
yond tile confines of his own State ami 
is almost national in its scope. Mr. Lar- 
son was born in Philadelphia. l<"ehrnar\ 
21, 1852, the son of Dr. Joseph ami .\hir\ 
( Holling'sworth ) Carson, the father be- 
ing for twenty-five years Professor of 
Materia Medica at tlie L'niversity of 
Pennsxivania. The paternal ancestors 
were .Scotch Presbyterian--, who M'ttle<l 
in the n(jrth of Ireland on account ot 
persecution. finall\ migrating- to this 
country and locating in Philadelphia be- 
tween the years of 1740 and 1745- Ihe 
maternal forebears were of English and 
Welsh extraction and figured extensively 
in the State's history from the time of 
William Penn. Mr. Carson received his 
preparatory training in the private school 
of Rev. John \V. Faires and then entered 
the L'niversity of Pennsylvania where he 
achieved honors in declamation and I'.ug- 
lish composition. Pie graduated from the 
Deiiartment <if .\rts in 1S71. and from 
the Law School in 1874 with the degrees 
of .\. M. and LL. 1!. lie prepared for 
the Par in the office of William .\1. 'i'ilgh- 
man and after admission entered uiion ac- 
tive practice as a memlier of the firm of 
Redding. Jones and Carson. Mis last 
connection was with the firm of Jones. 
Carson and Peeber, since which tinir he 
has practiced alone. I'roni J 81 13 until 
ii)()i. he filled a professorshi]) in the Law 
.Sclujol of the L^niversity of Pennsx 1\ ania. 
Lafayette College conferred upon him the 
LL. D. degree in 1898, and in iSc)_' 
the Western University of l'eun>\i- 
vania Ijeslowed a similar honor, whilr 
he won the same distinction from 
his .\lma .Mater in 11)05. During his long 
career, Mr. Carson has been freipienilv 
urged to accept public office, but he |)er- 
sistenlly refused until ( iovernor ."^aniuil 
W. Penny])acker pnjffered him lln' Al- 



^^^^H^^^^^^^H 






^^^^^^^^K' '^ i^^^^Ib 



H.-iMPTON I,. r.\RS()X. 

torne\ ( i(.Tieralship of the State, lie ac- 
ceptcil the position and brought to the of- 
fice an abilitv and resourcefulness of 
miiiil that enabled him to view ini|)arti- 
alh' the momentous (piestiou-- that arose 
during his incumbency. While Attorne\ 
< leneral he wrote over five hundred opin 
ions and his arguments befure the .Su- 
preme Court of the .Stale and the I nited 
.States .Su|>reme Court, are cont.ained in 
thirt\-t\vo volumes. .Mr. Carbon has 
been a ])rolihc writer. lie wa^ al o)ie 
time editor of the /.i";'i;/ iiiirjrlti' and his 
law articles in that joiirnal weri' \\i(K-l\- 
read. His monogr.iph on "Law of (rimi- 
nal Conspiracies" atli'at'ted widespiead 
allention as it was the lirsl wnrk on 
slrikes and boycotts. f)-oui a lei;al .aspect, 
thai h;id e\ er a]ipeared. and hi> "llistorv 
I if llie Supi-eine C 1 lui'l of the 
Cnited St.ates" holds a high ])!ace 
in leg.al literalure. .\s an orator 
he ha> been called u])on lo place in nuin- 



39fj 



WAUWUK S KKVSTOXE C()^^ MON WEALIH. 



illation many jmlj^cs and oiIht officials, 
to delivcT eulogies ui)on deparu-d jurists 
and statesmen, to make addresses at col- 
lege and nniversity cunimencements and 
before the liar Associations of many 
States. Ill an address on '"Judicial Re- 
call" made recently before the Circuit 
Court of .\p])eals, Mr. Carson severely 
denounced the doctrine of recall and paid 
a high tribute to the indejiendence of the 
judiciary. ])redictiiig "Thai never will a 
solier, righteous and self-respecting peo- 
ple, with a full knowledge of its danger, 
permit the measureless abomination and 
the unspeakable sacrilege of the 'jmlicial 
Recall.' " Mr. Carson is a member of the 
I'nion League. L'niversit\. Lawyers, 
Manufacturers, Legal and I'"ranklin Inn 
clubs; the Law .Association, W'istar As- 
sociation, American Philoso]>Iiical .So- 
ciety. Pennsylvania Society of the .Sons 
of the Revolution, American Historical 
.Society and the Swedish Historical So- 
cietv. He is now President of the State 
liar -\ssociation and the Chancellor of the 
Law Association of Philadelpliia. 



jo.si:i'ii w. eAiiLXKixi-:. 

.\lthough a resident of Philadelphia 
since childhood. Joseph W . I'atharine was 
born on the .\tlantic ( )cean, while his ].)a- 
rents were on a voyage in the clipper ship 
"Carrier Dove," of which hi^ father was 
captain. The elder Catharine, who was 
one of the old line of .Maine seafaring 
men, afterwards c(jiiim,iiided slciuicrs 
l)l\iiig between Philadelphia and .South- 
ern ports, and also Cnion transport 
steamers during the War of the Rebel- 
lion. .Mr. Catharine was educated in the 
public schools and soon after reaching 
manhood became active in Thirtieih ward 
politics. I le was admitted to the Par 
December iStli, i8S(), and was api)ointed 
.•\ssistant City Solicitor in i<S()3, to suc- 
ceed Charles P. McMichael, who had been 




.Insl I'll \\ . I », I II \l;l M . 

elevated to the I'lench. Since being ad- 
mitted to the Par. Mr. C;itharine has 
been most active and has won a rejiuta- 
tion that places him among the leaders 
at the P)ar. His success in the City .So- 
licitor's office was notal)le. .Mr. t'athar- 
ine lias been counsel in many impor- 
tant cases and his careful preparation 
and able presentation lia\e brought 
most favorable comment. He has al- 
ways lieen interested in educational 
matters and for twent_\'-five years was 
a member and linally president of the 
riiirlieth W'.-ird .Sectional School 
Poard. In iijno he was api)ointed to 
memliershi]) in the Poard of [•".ducation 
an<l served three terms, a part of the 
time being chairman of tlie Committee 
on the (lirls High .School. He is a 
member of the .Masonic fraternitx' and 
ihe ( )rder of b'.lks. Mi- clubs are the 
Cnion League. Penn and ^'oung Re- 
publican. Me is also a member of the 
! ,aw Assoei.ation. 



WAKWU K S KEYSTOXK. K ).M .\r( )N WEALTH. 



307 



J (II IN C. EEI.E. 

John C. I'lell. wliii lias heeii liniKired 
by city and state with high tiftices, is one 
of the foremost and most popular mem- 
bers of the Bar of F*hiladel])hia. He was 
born at Elder's Ridge, Indiana County, 
Pennsylvania, October 3, 1862, and after 
preliminary training in the public schools 
came t<j I'hiladelphia when fourteen 
vears of age and entered the Central 
High School, from which he graduated 
with the A. P>. degree in 1880. He had 
remained at the head of his class during 
the entire term of four years and later the 
institution honored him with the degree 
of A. M. He entered the Law School of 
the I'niversity of Pennsylvania in 1882 
and was the recipient of two honors 
which are rareh liestowed on one gradu- 
ate ; these were the Aleredith Essay prize 
and his selection to deliver the law ora- 
tion on Commencement Day. During his 
course at the L'niversity he was popular 
in athletic sports and was half-ljack on 
the football team during the seasons of 
1882, 1883 and 1884. He was afterwards 
elected a member of the Board of Direc- 
tors of the Athletic Association and re- 
tired after twenty years of service in that 
capacity. Upon his admission to the Bar 
he attained almost immediate prominence 
and his advancement since has been con- 
tinuous, especially along the line of cor- 
poration work, and in this line he has 
represented some cif the largest concerns 
in the city an<l state. Although a Repub- 
lican in politics, Mr. Bell for years re- 
fused to accept office and declined the ap- 
pointment as first assistant District At- 
torney and a place nn the .Bench when 
Common Pleas Court Xn. 5 was estab- 
lished. .\fter the election >if .\ovember, 
T0O2, however, he listened to the persis- 
tent demands of the public and the insis- 
tent request of fifteen hundred fellow- 
members of the Bar, and accepted the 
appointment h> the unexpired term (if 
District Attorney John W'e'ivt'r, who had 
been elected Mayor. Mi', I'.ell c( inducted 
the affairs of the District .Attorney's (jf- 
fice with great ability and in IQ03 he \va^ 
elected to a fidl term. ,\s District Attor- 
ney his enforcement of the Piu'e Food 
laws attracted National attention and his 
masterlv conduct of the famous Danz 



]iiiiMining case, in which he (ibtained a 
conviction that was sustained by the .'-su- 
preme Court, are two of the man\ mita- 
lile cases whi,-h he handled so ably, lie 
retired frdUi the District Attorney's office 
in 1907 an(.l resumed private practice, but 
was again induced to acce])t office in 
191 I. when (joverudr John K. Tener 




.[(IMN (. Fll.rl.. 

I>r(.)ft'ere(l him the positinn of .\ttorney 
( leneral of the State. Mr. Bell is a mein- 
ber of the Racquet, I'niversity. Country, 
Merion Cricket .and l.,LW\ers' L'lnhs of 
I^hiladelphia. I le is also a nu'niber of 
the State and American Bar .Associa- 
tions, and in mmi, was elected a 
trustee of the I'niwrsily of Pennsyl- 
\ania. Mr. Hell's .-ibilily and p.ipnlarit) 
were slinun in i()o4, wlu'U he was elected 
to make llie ,i)imi,il address before the 
Paw .\cadem>. lie was liut fort\-lwo 
years of age at that lime and was ilie 
voungest man uixm whom the h.on(.)r had 
been conferred. He selected as his sub- 
ject '"Tlie .Several Mo<les of Instituting 
Criminal Proceedings in Pennsvlvania" 



39H 



WAKUUKS KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



anil won approljatinn h\' his niastcrly 
handling- of the thunic. He was married 
in |S()0 to Miss I'leureltc dc 1 K*niie\ilK- 
Mvers. dangliter nf ihe late I Inn. Leim- 
anl .Myers, and lhe\ have two child- 
ren, hihn C.ninnsell, jr., and de lU-nne- 
ville Hell. 



SAMl'l-;l. W. I'EXNVl'AC Ki:i<. 

The only instance in the histnry nt' 
Pennsylvania when a jndge \\a^ tai<en 
from the I'ench tn hecnnic a (idxernor 
i)f the State, was when .'^aniuel W. I'en- 
nypacker was given that distinction, and 
the wisdom of his selection was shown 1)\ 
his ahle administration. Mr. Penny- 
jiacker wa> horn in Phoenixville, Pa., 
Apiil ()th. 1843, and i,-, a direct descend- 
aru of Hendrick Pannebecker, one of the 
l)ntch patroons of Pennsylvania and 
owner of IV-hher's Township, a tract of 
ten scpiare niiU-s in the eonnty of I'hila- 
lU'Iphia. When twentv vears of age he 
enlisted in the 20th I'ennsylvania Kmer- 
.gency Regiment which was organized to 
rt'pel the Confederate invasion of Peiin- 
syhania. Returning to Philadelphia he 
read law with Hon. Peter .\IcCall and at 
the l'ni\-ersity of Pennsylvania, heing ad- 
mitted to the liar in iXOf). He was aj)- 
pointed a judge of ComiTion Pleas Court 
.\"o. J, in iSXi), and \\a^ twice elected to 
that position by both political parties, and 
was for several years ])residing Judge of 
that Court. Ili^ decisions were seldom 
altered on api)eals and for that reason his 
court was po])ular with liti.gants who were 
opposed to successive trials. lie was 
elected (iovernor of the State in ii)nj ])\ 
the largest vote ever given a gnbernator 
ial candidate. While .\lr. Pemnpacker 
was Governor many measures for public 
good were enacted. The "'Good Roads" 
system was inaugurated: the Forestry 
Reserve doubled : the State was appor- 
tioned in Senatorial and Representative 



districts, which had not been done for 
thirty years ; the State Constabulary was 
established : a great coal strike was avert- 
ed : the most thort)ugh system of health 
laws in the L'nited States was enacted: 
"Greater Pittsburgli" was created: \ al- 
ley I'orge I 'ark was made successful : the 
creation of corporations and their pnw- 




.s.vxiuKi. w. rKNxvr.\(. Ki-ii. 

ers of eminent domain were restricted; 
the Capitol at Harrisburg erected and 
the State Treasury balance increased to 
$13,000,000. 

Since ipiitting the ( iovernorship. Mr. 
Penny[)acker has resided on his ]iro])erty 
at Pennypacker's Mills. I',i. lie is a 
trustee of the Cniver^itv of 1 'enns\ Ivania, 
president of the Historical -Socit'ty of 
I'ennsylvania and the Philabiblon Club, 
and \ice-president i>f the Penns\ Ivania 
Society, Sons of the Revolution. He was 
president of the Law .Academy in 1888. 



WARWICK S KEVSTO.NB COM MON WKAr.TH. 



399 



p. F. ROTHEKMKL. JR. 

F. F. R(itliL-nin.'l, Jr. wa.-^ Ixirn in Fliil- 
adelphia, September 27th, 1850. the son 
of the disting-uislied artist whose superb 
painting of the Rattle of ("lettysburg" add- 
ed largely to the internatiimal reputation 
he had gained i)revi(.ius to its execution. 

When eleven \ears of age .Mr. Rutlier- 
niel was taken tn Furope by his father 
and while aliroad studied in educatiimal 
institutions in l'"rance, ("lerniany and 
Italy. L'pon his return to Fhiladelphia 
he took a classical course at the Central 
High School from which he graduated 
in 1867. 

Having determined to enter the le- 
gal profession he entered the law of- 
fice of the Hon. James T. Mitchell, after- 
wards a Justice of the Supreme Court of 
Fennsylvania and upon admission to the 
bar at once commenced ])ractice. .\t the 
commencement of his legal career, his 
practice was of a general character but 
he gradually drifted intu civil work and 
at the present time devotes his entire 
time to cor]3oration work, numbering 
manv large concerns among his client -i 
and is regarded as one of the most capa- 
ble and eminent corporation lawyers in 
the city. 

Mr. Rothermel is of old Holland 
ancestry and the American branch of 
the family located in the Wynming 
\'alley of Fennsylvania in 1743. He is 
a Republican in politics and has always 
been an ardent supporter of that party's 
principles. In 1884 lie was prominently 
mentioned for the position of C'ity So- 
licitor but he persistently refused to be 
a candidate and subsequently refused 
manv tenders of nominations to elective 
offices. It was unt until i8q8 that he re- 



luctantly consented to run for public 
office. acce])ting the nomination of Dis- 
trict .\ttorney at the earnest solicitation 
of man\' public men. He was elected by 
a large majority and served the city most 
acceptably. Among the celebrated cases 




i'. 1. uciTin;K.\iEi.. jii. 

that he C(inducttd (hn'in^ his ailminislra- 
tion was the trial of I'nited States Sena- 
tor .Matthew Stanle\ 'Juay and he was 
highly conmiended for his energetic and 
able etforts to secure' a conviction. Sena- 
tor Ouay, howe\er, pleaded the statute of 
limitation and was accpiiltcd. 

Mr. Kotlienuel is a member of the 
I 'm'on League, the Kachelors' llarge and 
the ( ]o\cr C luljs. 



400 



WAKWICKS KKYSTO.NE COMMONWEALTH. 



K^■|:^ ]i. \Ai.i-:. 

'I'lie re]nitation of Ruby R. Vale as a 
])r(iiniiu'nt and successful lawyer has been 
lar.i,'el\' ail(le<l to b\ liis contriljntioiis to 
leij;al literature. Mr. \"ale was born in 
L"arlisle. Pennsylvania, October njtb. 
1S74. anil lii^ naturally Inimical mind is 
jirobably due to heredit\. as bis grand- 




Kl i;v n. \ Al I. 

fatlu r. father, inicle and several otlier rel- 
atives were members of the Liar. He was 
educated in tbe Carlisle ]jid)lic schools, at 
I )ickinsi)ii preiKiratorv' school and Dick- 
iuMin ColU-ge, graduating from the lat- 
u-r in iSi)(). I Ic was given the Master of 
Arts degree al graduation and Doctor of 
Laws in Hjio. After leaving college he 
taught classic^ ,it tbe Milford Academy. 
Delaware. 1 \v then look up the study of 
law and being admitted to tbe Bar, enter 
ed ui)oii active practice in Philadelphia. 
lie is tbe author of "Aale's Digest of 



Pennsylvania Decisions," "Vale's Supple- 
ment to Brightly 's Digest" and "Elemen- 
tary Principles of Pennsylvania Law." 
1 le also indexed and arranged the "Penn- 
s\lvania Law of Negotiable Instruments" 
and was annotator of "Rules of the Su- 
perior Court of Pennsylvania." He is a 
member of the Masonic order, the Phi 
l\a]ipa Psi and Theta Nu Epsilon fra- 
ternities, the Union League, Racquet and 
Pen and Pencil Clubs, the Law Associa- 
tiou. Law .Academy of Philadelphia, the 
-\merican and Pennsylvania Bar Associa- 
tic>ns, .American .Academy of Political and 
.Social Science and tbe .American Geo- 
graphical Society. He was a delegate 
to the Republican National Convention, 
held in Chicago in i<)i2 and during the 
recent deadlock in the Delaware Legisla- 
ture, received complimentary votes for 
Cnited States Senator, although not a 
candidate for the |>i)sition. 



THOMAS K.MGHT I-IXLE.TTEK. 

The late Thomas K. l^nletter, who 
died April ist, 1907, while filling the of- 
fice of Prothonotary. was conceded to be 
one of the ablest jurists of bis time. He 
was born in Philadelphia. December 31, 
1 82 1, and after a preparatory education, 
entered Lafayette College in 1S38, but 
after the Freshman year enrolled at the 
University of Pennsylvania from which 
be graduated in 1843 with the degree of 
llachelor of Laws. 1 le read law in tbe 
office of Judge W'illiam .A. Porter and 
soon after his admission to the liar in 
1845. be was elected to the State Legisla- 
ture, drafting and introducing the Ten- 
hour Labor Bill which became a law. 
lie afterwards served fiw years as a 
scIkkjI director and from i8fio to 1865 
as Assistant City .Solicitor. He was 
elected a Common I'leas Judge in 1870 
and was re-elected in 1880. He was 



WARWICK S KEVSTO.NE COMMONWEALTH. 



401 



made I'residciit Judge of Court \i>, _^ in 
1886 and served continuoush- in that pn- 
sition until the Board of Judges elected 
him Prothonotary, October I. niof). 
Judge h'inletter was on the lleneji cnn- 
tinuously for thirty-six years, and his 
ability and integrity were attested ])y his 
being, on three occasions, the uuanininns 




HON. TIKlMAS 



KINLKTTER. 



choice of butli the Democratic and Re- 
publican parties. 

As Prothonotary he use.l his wide ex- 
perience and training fur ihe Ijetternient 
of the work in that office and made a 
thorough revision of the laws governing 
Court costs. Judge Finletter was hon- 
ored by the degree of Doctor of Laws 
by the Jefferson College iu 1871. Thomas 
D. I'ink-tter, a member cd' the Philadel- 
phia Bar, is a son of Judge Finletter, 
under whose able tutelage he was care 
fullv trained. 



WHXIAM .S. PRICE. 

William Sampson Price, who died De- 
cember 18, 1912, was the oldest member 
of the Philadelphia Bar. and although 
ninety-five years of age, he practiced his 
|)rofession up to ten days of the time of 
his death. Air. Price was born in I'hila- 
delphia, August 19, 1817, and after a 
course in the public schools, entered the 
held of journalism. While thus engaged 
he studied law and was admitted to the 
Par, May 11, 1842. He began practice 
in the old Mercantile Library jiuilding 
on Fifth street, where he remained twen- 
ty-one years and in 18O3 built the resi- 
dence No. 633 Walnut street, which he 
occupied and used for an office for 
fort_\-five years. He was always inter- 
ested in politics antl was twice a Demo- 
cratic candidate for a judgeship. Dur- 
ing his years of successful practice, Mr. 
Price appeared in many famous cases. 
He was counsel for .Singleton Mercer 
who shiit and killed a man named He- 
berton on a ferry boat on the Delaware 
River. The trial took place at W'ood- 
l)ury, X. J., in 1843. ^'"1 fiercer was ac- 
ipiitted on the plea of emotional insanity, 
the first time such a plea w'as advance<l 
in this country. Mr. Price nuniheretl 
among his acquaintances and friends 
-uch notables as (Jeneral Lafa\ette, Ste- 
])hen Girard. Jenny Lind, lieu Butler, 
Benjamin H. Brewster and James Gor- 
don Bennett. He attended the funerals 
of President Madison and Bishop White, 
of Revolutionary fame, by wdiom he was 
Confirmed. Mr. Price was a member of 
.St. Stephen's Protestant I^jiiscoiJal 
Cluirch and wa-; for many years chancel- 
lor of the Dioci-se ol Penns\lvania. As 
such he rei)resented the Church in manv 
noted ecclesiastical trials, lie was au- 
thor of a pai)er entitled ".Matrimonv and 
Divorce in the Protestant b'piscopal 
Church." 



402 



VVAKWUK S KICVSTOXF. COM MOX WKALTII. 



jllSI-J'il R. WlI.SU.N. 
11 IS I.1I1-, WdKK, 

■'A ("UAi'icL i\ i;\:-K\ iiiiMi:." 

I'cw iiifii are insiiircd with such fii- 
tlinsiasin for a k)fty ideal or ])ursiie it 
witii such zeal as Joseph R. Wilson, 
of the I'hikulelphia 15ar, whose earnest 
jjlea for "A Cluqiel in Every Home" has 
aroused the sympathetic attention of the 
world. 

I he treinendiius sii.;iii(icance of this 
momentous movement is strikingly e.x- 
pressed in a letter of the late Dr. Georg-e 
Dana Boardman, commending .Mr. Wil- 
son's suggestion, in which he savs: "If 
pagan Rome had domestic shrines for 
household gods, surely Christian Amer- 
ica ought to have dnmestic shrines for 
one God." 

The moral influence of such an ideal is 
incalculahle. It may be realization of the 
dream which has tilled the hearts and 
lives of reverent millions — the dream of 
Christianizing the world. 

-Mr. Wilson has puljlished a book with 
the title conveying the full proposition : 
"A Chapel in Every Home." It is ad- 
dressed to all denominations. Here he 
has explained its beneficence and indi- 
cated how it may be made practicable. 
He is now |)lanning- a universal move- 
ment. 

Letters of endorsement have been re- 
ceived by the author from three Cardi- 
nals, thirteen archbishops, 157 bishops, 
the presidents of twenty-eight of the lead- 
ing universities, colleges and seminaries 
of the Cnited States, and from leading 
churchmen of all denomin.-itioiis through- 
out the world. 

Mr. Wilson submits that a chapel in 
every house is intended to strengthen the 
love for religious worship by providing 
a link between home and church. It 
would institute a religious center in everv 
home, around which the ckimestic life 
could revolve. It would distill an at- 
mosphere of incalculable purity and up- 
lift unobtainable from anv other source. 

.\ room if onl\' 6 feet long and 4 feet 
wide with a colored glass window at the 
end to suggest its sacred character would 
jjrobablv suffice for i)0 per cent of the 



homes in .\merica. The larger the home, 
however, the larger the chapel. 

The man who conceived and gave to 
the world this great thought cannot fail to 
be of public interest. 1 le was born in I-iv- 
erpool, England, September 6, iiSf/i, the 
son of Joseph and Mary Amanda \ ic- 
toria (Hawkes) Wilson. Idis father was 
an extensive ship owner. He was educat- 
ed at Allsops Preparatory School, Hoy- 
lake, Cheshire, England ; Strathallan Hall, 
Douglas, Isle of Man, and at the L^niver- 
sity of Pennsylvania. Cpon the death of 
his father in 1888, he came to .America 
and located in Philadelphia, two years 
later marrying Miss Cora Irene Shaw, 
daughter of the late Thomas Shaw, of 
Shavvmont, one of the foremost invent- 
ors and engineers of the age, with whom 
he became associated in Inisiness. Dur- 
ing this period ^Ir. Wilson was engaged 
in scientific research. In i8<)4, he was 
requested by the Committee on X'entila- 
tion and .\coustics of the National House 
of Representatives, to report on the ven- 
tilation of the Capitol, including the two 
chambers and the committee rooms. In 
i8c)5, he conducted a series of experi- 
ments at the I'ohclinic Hos])ital, I'hila- 
(leli)hia, to demonstrate his theor_\- that 
anv stage of consumption could l)e deter- 
mined b\- analyzing the exhalations of the 
patient for C.( ).- or Carbonic .\cid (ias. 
The same \ear he lectured to the stu- 
dents of the School of Mines. Columbia 
L'niversity, in New York City, on the 
"Detection of Fire Damp in Coal Mines," 
ami at the Philadelphia College of Phar- 
macy on "The Effect of Xoxious (iases 
on Animal Economy," based on his own 
experiments. In 1806, while a lawsuit, 
involving an engineering contract in 
which he was iilaintiff. was pending, he 
l)ecame the Financial an<l Railroad F.di- 
tor of the Evening P>ulletin. In 1808 
he entered the office of the ex-.\ttorney 
(rcneral, Hampton L. Carson, as a law- 
student, and in i8()Q, the Law School of 
the Cniversitv of Pennsylvania, from 
which he was graduated with the degree 
of LL.l!., being admitted to the Par in 
1()()2, since which time has has made a 
success of the chosen profession for 
which he was so well ipialified bv his 
wide experience. 

\\ bile a student Mr. Wilson was elect- 



WAKWKKS KEVSTOXF. COM Ml IXWKALll I . 



403 




iu:3i:ru u. w ilsox. 



404 



WARWICK s Kl■;^•STO.\■l•: co.mmonw kali ii. 



ed President of his law class in i8(/)- 
i>>oo, again for 1900-01, and in i(j02 be- 
came senior class president of the Law 
School of the University of I'ennsyl- 
vania, being the first student in one hun- 
dred and ten years upon whom was con- 
ferred the triple honor of being presi- 
dent of his class for three succeeding 
years. In i()oi he was elected President 
of the Miller Law Club of the L'niversity, 
and after his graduation was made 
Chairman of its Advisory Board to serve 
from IQ09 to 191 1. He organized the 
Students" Legal Historical Society of the 
University and wrote its Constitution and 
By-Laws. He was Chairman of the Re- 
ception Committee of the Law Alumni 
of the University of Pennsylvania, when 
Mr. Justice Potter of the Supreme Court 
of Pennsylvania was entertained on April 
23d, 1909. He presided over the annual 
banquet of the Miller Law Club to the 
Judges of the Philadelphia County and 
"the L'ederal District of Pennsylvania, 
April 1st, 1910, and also at its twenty- 
ninth annual banquet, March ist, 191 1. 
In 1912 he was Chairman of the Recep- 
tion Committee of the Trustees and of 
the Society of the Law Alumni of the 
University of Pennsylvania, wlien jXttcir- 
ney General Wickersham was the guest 
of honor, and also presided over the 
dinner at the L'niversitx' Club which pre- 
ceded it. 

lie was Chairman nf the Committee of 
the 'i'rans-Atlanlic Society of America, 
which tendered a reception and farewell 
dinner to the Hon. James liryce, the re- 
tiring P)ritish .\mbassador to the United 
States. 

Mr. \\ ilson was a])])i)inted In I'rovost 
Smith, of the University of Pennsylvania, 
Chairman of the Citizens' Committee to 
welcome the Eighth International Con- 
gress of Students to Philadel|)liia in ."Sep- 
tember, 1<)I3. 

Air. Wilson is a Tliirty-second Degree 
Mason, being a member of the Univer- 
sity I>odge. Ko. 610 F. and .\. .M. and 
the Philadelphia Consistory. He has 
twice servcil as Xational President of the 
.\cacia Fraternity, whicli draws its mem- 
bcrshi]) exclusivel>', from among college 
men who are Master Masons. The Fra- 
ternitv has chapters in all the large uni- 
versities of the Uniteil .Stales. 



In iip8 he was a delegate from the 
Universitv of Pennsylvania Chapter to 
the Grand Conclave of the Acacia l'"ra- 
ternity held at the University of Illinois 
ujion which occasion he was elected Na- 
tional President. In 1909 he received 
the high distinction of being re-elected 
at the Conclave held at the L'niversity of 
Pennsylvania. He is an honorary mem- 
ber of Harvard Chapter, of Harvard 
University, Yale Chapter of Yale L'ni- 
versity, and Columbia Chapter of Colum- 
bia University of the Acacia Fraternity 
and for four years served as Chairman of 
the Board of Trustees of Franklin Chap- 
ter of the l'niversity of Penn.sylvania. 

Mr. Wilson is a Trustee of the .\nu-ri- 
can Oncologic Hospital, and Chairman 
of its Finance Committee : director of the 
Philadel]>hia Rescue Home : member of 
the American Academy of Political and 
Social Science : the Trans- Atlantic So- 
ciety of America of which he has been 
one of the Governors since I90<); the 
Permanent International .\ssociation of 
Xavigation Congresses ; the Atlantic 
Deeper Waterways Association ; the Na- 
tional Municipal League : the Historical 
."Society of Pennsylvania ; the Public Ed- 
u-ation Association: the Xational Geo- 
graphical Society: the (ieographical So- 
ciety of Philadelphia : American Univer- 
sity Extension Society : Pennsylvania Ar- 
bitration and Peace Societv : American 
I'ar -Association: Pennsylvania Bar As- 
sociation; the Law .\cadem\- ; the Law 
.\ssociation : Society of the Law .\lumni 
of the L'niversity of Pennsylvania, of 
which he has been one of the Board of 
-Managers since 1906. He is also a mem- 
ber of the Delta Upsilon Fraternity. -As 
a member of the Atlantic Deeper W'ater- 
ways Association he was a delegate to 
the National Congress of Harbors and 
Rivers held in Washington in 1009. K^io. 
191 1 and 191 2. 

His clubs are the L'ui\ersit\ , Manufac- 
turers. City, ^'oung Repul)licans. Hous- 
ton, "S'achtman's, Delta L^psilon, .\cacia, 
( )vorbrook (jolf. Church and Scranton. 

Mr. Wilson has four children, Mary 
.Midielet, John Hawkes, Sydney \'iolet 
and Cora I!. IT. He resides at Over- 
brook, Pa., and has a summer home at 
Sea ."side Park, .\"ew lersev. 



WARWICK S KUIVSTOXE COM .\[0N' WEALTH. 



405 



ANTHONY A. HIUSL. 

Antliiiin A. Ilir>t. who ha> Imii; bc-eii 
prominent in legal, political anil chui'cli 
affairs in Philadelphia, was l)i)rii Jannar\ 
i8th, 184O. at Xii. 1524 Chestnnt street, 
Philadelphia, where the Wei.ghtnian 
Building now stands, a Idcatinn which at 
that period was an imposing residential 
section. After a careful ])re|)arati ir\ 
training, he entered Georgetown I ni- 
versity, Washington, D. C, in iiS()i. and 
was there wdien the Civil War hegan. 
He graduated in 18O5 and ha> received 
the degrees of .A. B.. A. M.. and Id.. D. 
Shortly after graduation -Mr. Hirst m.ulc 
a western tour and crossed the plains 
from Atchison, Kansas, to .Salt Lake 
City. Utah, in the Ben Holliday ( )verland 
Stage, wdien it took thirteen days and 
nights of steady traveling. He remaimd 
in .Salt Lake Citv for over twn \ears, 
and upon his return to Philadelphia en- 
tered the office of his father, the late 
William L. Hirst, who was the first City 
Solicitor of Philadelphia, after consolida- 
tion in 1854. Admitted to the .Bar in 
1870 he began at once active practice, 
and after 1874 devoted a portion of his 
time to a membership of the Board of 
Llealth, then located at Si.xth and ."ran- 
som streets, was secretary for many \ ear-- 
and was eventually made president of 
that body and his service in that impor- 
tant branch of the city government con- 
tinued until i8(j9, during and since which 
time he has devoted his energies to his 
[profession and the various instilntions 
witli which he is connected. Mr. Hir^t 
has always taken an active interest in 
church affairs and was one of nineteen 
vvlio founded the Catholic Church Mxten- 
sion Society in Chicago, October i8ih. 
1905. He enjoys the distinction of ii.n- 
ing been legal adviser tfi the la^t lln-ec 
heads of the Catholic Church in I'hila 
delphia. Archbishops Wood. Rvan and 
Prendergast. and counsel for most of the 
Catholic charitable institutions. .Mr. 
Hirst is also connected with several finjin 
cial institutions, being president and di- 
rector of the Bryn Afawr Trust Com- 
pany, director of the Continental-I'.quit- 
able Trust Company, director and coun- 
sel of the Beneficial Saving Fund Sociel\ , 
and director of the Br\n .Mawr \'afi.Mi;il 



Bank, director of the .Vrdniorc- and I .lan- 
erch Street Railway Conipany, the Phila- 
delphia and West Chester Traction Com- 
pan\-. and the Eastern Securities ( oiu- 
pan\. He is a member of the I'.oard of 
.Managers of the Philadelphia Idieolog- 
ical Seminarv of St. Charles llorromeo, 
the Catholic Home for Destitute Chil- 
dren, !-^t. Joseph's Orphan .\s\hnii. .St. 
Anne's Widows' .\s\-lnm and the t'alholic 




I'loNs' High .School, being also coimsel 
for the latter in^tilulion. .Mr. Hirst is a 
1 )emocrat in politics but aside from his 
Connection with the Poard id' Health, 
when he rendered the most elficient ser- 
\ice to the city, has held no ])ublic posi- 
li^m. His clubs are the .Merion t'rickel, 
l'>r\n iMawr Polo, .-md Radnor llnnt. 

His jiractice is princi])all\ in the ( )r- 
phans' Court in connection with estates. 
I le is, .and has been, executor and trustee 
of many estates, including the J'"state, in 
llaltimore. of the late Duchess of Leeds, 
one of tin- grand-daugbtc-rs of Ch;irles 
( 'arroll. of ( 'arrolltou. 

.Ml', llirst is an actixe member of Phil- 



4o6 



WAKWK k's KKVSTONE COM .M0.\ WKALTll . 



aik-Ipliia CnniR-il of tlu- Kni;;lit> uf C'o- 
luml)iis and of tin.' Arclihishu]) l\\aii As- 
■;cnil)ly iMiurtli 1 )c.i;ref. llis honu' for 
many years has bctii at Havcrford, I'a. 



IIARRV A. MACKE^-. 



Ik- later tjraduatcd from the Key- 
stone Academy, winning tlie LeijL^hton 
gold nu'dal tiir llu- hest examination in 
I.atin .i^rammar and delivering;- the class- 
ical ciration. 

In l8iX) Mr. Mackey gradnated 
from Lafayette (."ollcsje and then eii- 



A thorouijh legal r(|in])incnt. the power ^'^'^'''''^ the Law School of the University 
of (|nick discernment an.l rare oratorical "' ' 'enn>ylvania. grailnating in 1893 and 
ability has made I larr\ A. Mackev one .if '■^■'"'■""1^ the following ti-''""" 'i>i" a post- 

gradnate conrse. Mr. Mackex represents 
the I'orty-si.xlh Ward in ( onimon L'oim- 
cil anil \\a< a candidate for Congress in 
loi-'. 

lie \\a- a director of Public Works 
during the closing day^ of .Mavi.ir Rey- 
liurn's term and during the short period 
of his --erNicc institute<l many reforms 
and sa\ed the city much money in con- 
tract awards. lie is a director of the 
I laijilington Tru-i C"oni|)any and is finan- 
cialK interested in some of the largest 
~late ipiarries in the State, lie recently 
iiidowfd the "Mackey .Memorial Haptist 
< luu'ch" at llaugor, I'a., in memor\ of his 
|iareut>. 

Mr. Mackey is a member of the 
\\ e>t I 'liiladelphia Repulilican Club, the 
lcirt\-sixth Ward Republican Club, the 
I'Viendship Club, the Thirtv -fourth Ward 
Republican Club and the \'oung .Men's 
Republican Club. I le also holds niember- 
-lii]) in the Theta .\u Epsilon and I'hi 
Kap|ia I 'si fraternities, the .\lumni .\s- 
sociation> of Lafayette College and the 
the mo>t popul.ir members of the I'liila- University of I'enn.sylvania. the .Masons. 
deli)]u'a I'.ar. Jr. ( ). {'. \. .M.. Patriotic Order Sons of 

.Mr, .\lacke\ w.i^ l)orn in .'~^usipn-banna .\mcrica, ( )rder of .\rtisans, b'oresters of 
(ount\. 1 'emi>yl\ania, in iSOij. and re- America, I'. I). .^. of .\., and the Crand 
ceixed his t'arU schooling in tlie rm-al I'raternity. I li> clubs an- the Lawyers, 
scliools of the couut\. lie afterward- -\tlantic Cit\ Countr\- and Whitemarsh 
entered the Scranlon I ligli .School, grad- \ allex C'ountry clubs. In .addition he bc- 
uating wimier of tlie mathematical ])rize longs to the various bu-iness associations 
in 18S4 and delivering the oration. of We-t I 'liiladelphia. 




n M;io \. .MAC KK-i 



WAKWICK S KEYSTONE COM MUX WEALT )1 . 



A'^7 



CHAKLES !■:. M<iR(,A\. 

diaries M .M(irt,'-an ifiirniLTly Charles 
v.. Murg-an, Jr.) was horn in I'hiladel- 
phia, September 23. 1844. lie was the 
eldest of six children i_>t Charles V.. Ahir- 
gan and Jane Buck Morgan, nnw de- 
ceased. These are: Charles li. .Morgan, 
John li. Morgan, Jane 1!. Morgan, 
Sarah E. Morgan, Randal -Morgan, and 
\\'i!liam H. Alorgan. 

lie was pre|)are(l for college at the 
school of Henry ]). (Iregorx, and entered 
the L'niversity of I'enns) Kania in ]8(iu, 
heconiing a member of the Class of '(14. 
At the end of the four years" Cni\ersit\ 
Course he graduated, receiving the de- 
gree of Bachelor of Arts, and subse- 
quently that of Master of Arts. 

( )n June 24. 18(13, he entered the 
Cnited States -\rni\ and >er\ed a^ a 
member of Landis Batterw or birsl I'hil- 
adelphia Piatter}-, commanded b\' Caii- 
tain Lauilis in the summer of 18O3. re- 
maining in service imtil the compan\ 
was mustered out July 30, 18(13, snbse- 
i|nent to the Cett\sburg campaign. 

lie studied law in the office of the late 
lion. William -\. Porter, and was ail- 
mitted to the Bar in Philadelphia in iSoS. 
Several years after his admission, with 
I'^rancis D. Lewi>, be formeil the tirni of 
Morgan & Lewi,--, which has >mce been 
succeeded by Morgan. Lewis & Uockius. 
and has been continuously and is now en- 
ga.ged in the general practict' of law in 
the City of J'biladelphia. 

In 1878 be was apjiointed hirst -\ssis- 
tant L'ity Solicitor, and held that office 
tnUil 1884. 

lie was a iiiember of the I'.oanI of l-"d- 
ucation of Philadelphia for f\\v \ear>. 
He is now n member of the Hoard of 
City Trust- of Philadelphia. 

( )n .April 2~. 1875, he married l.illie 
.Merrick, daughter of the late Thomas P.. 
.Merrick, of I'hiladelphia. 




.Mr. .Morgan reside-^ in ( lermaiUown, 
in the City of Philadelphia, where he 
ln> lived for many years, lie has three 
children: Charles \i. .Morgan, 3(1, Lliza- 
beth .M. Morgan and llallowell W Mor- 
gan. ( )ne of them, the ehlest, Charles 
I-.. -Morgan. 3d. is associateil with him in 
the practice of law and is ;i member of 
the present firm of Morgan. Lewis (!<: 
I'lockius. 



s. n.wis VM'.v.. 



l'"or nearly half ;i cemnr\, S. Havis 
age has been a prominent figure at the 
ar. a?id lor o\er llnrl\ vrars h;is been 
dentified with the n\'\\:. ]iolitic;d and 
inancial history of PhiLulelpbi.a, where 
le was born, .Sejitember 22, 1840. Mis 
early training was at the (Iregory Latin 
School and the Classical .\caileni\-, con- 
ducted b\ Dr. Williams. IK- i-ntered 



4o8 



WAKWU K S KKVSrONl-: COMMONWEALTH. 



Vale Lnivcrsity when only fifteen years 
of a<je and graduated witli honors in the 
class of '59, with the !'>. A. degree, at the 
age of nineteen. He wa.s commodf)re of 
the \ ale Navy while in college and train- 
ed the first crew that ever won from Har- 
vard. In 1X51) he took up the study of 




S. D.VVIS I'.MiK. 

law ill the ottice of Ihni. I'eler .McL'all. 
and in 1860 entered 1 larwird Law School, 
hut did not graduate. He was admitted 
to the liar Deceniher. 1864, and at once 
commenced ])ractict'. In 1S77 he was 
elected to C'onnnon Council, as a Demo- 
crat, from the h'ifth Ward and served 
until 1S81. He was a candidate for City 
Treasurer in 1870 and 1882. and in the 
latter year was again elected to (."omnion 
Council, hut resigned to accept the City 
Controllership liy ap|)ointment of (k)ver- 
nor Pattisou. He si-rved in this po.sition 



until January. 1884. being defeated as the 
Democratic candidate at the regular elec- 
tion. Tn 1886 President Cleveland ap- 
pointed him .\ssistant Cnited States 
Treasurer at Philadelphia and he served 
four years, two of which was under the 
Harrison administration. He served on 
the Commission appointed by trovernor 
Pattisoii to investigate the City Treasury 
and its business relations with the Key- 
stone .Dank. He w^is president of the 
(Juaker City National I'.ank until 1892, 
and after his retirement he was in 1893 a 
delegate from Pennsylvania to the Rank- 
ers' convention held in Chicago during 
the \\'orld"s Fair, and delivered an ad- 
dress on the "Resources, Finances and 
Panking Laws of Pennsylvania." Mr. 
Page comes from an illustrious ancestry. 
His maternal forebears included Roger 
Williams ami Caleb Carr. Covernors of 
Rhode Islantl, and John (ireen, Jr.. who 
was a Lieutenant (jovernor of the same 
.^late. while the paternal side was de- 
scended from such eminent men as Wil- 
liam Xelson and Robert Carter. ("lover- 
nnrs of N'irginia. and h'dward .^hi])pen, 
at one time Lieutenant ( ioveruor of 
1 'ennsvlvania. 

He is a director in tlie (Juaker City 
National Bank, the Merchants-Cnion 
Trust Co.. and the Kenmore Pulp and Pa- 
per Co. He is a vestryman in St. Peter's 
t'hurch. Third and Pine streets, a mem- 
ber of the Society of Colonial Wars, the 
Colonial .Society, Sons of the Revolution, 
Pennsylvania .Society of Colonial dover- 
nors, the Historical Societies of Pennsyl- 
vania and \ irginia. .\nierican Par .\sso- 
ciation. Pennsylvania Par .\ssociation. 
Law .\ssociation of Philadelphia, the Rit- 
tenhouse. Cniversity. Lawyers, Deiuo- 
cratic and ILarvard clubs, the Reform 
Committees of Seventy and of One 
1 Lmdred, the Vale .\hnuni Association 
of I'ennsylvania and the Delta Kappa Kp- 
silon and I'hi P.eta Ka|)pa fraternities. 



\VAR\\ U'K S KMVSIOXK CUM Ml i.\ W KALIl I . 



4oy 



WILLIAM \. SCIIAFFER. 

As a leading member of the Delaware 
County liar and an active participant in 
Republican affairs. William 1. Schaffer, 
of Chester, has attained a state-wide rep- 
utation for legal acumen, forensic si<ill 
and keen knowledge of successful organ- 
ization. 

He was born in Germantown. Phila- 
delphia. I'ehrnary ii, 1867, the son of 
George A. and Mary M- (.Irwin) Schaf- 
fer and is of Scotch-Irish ancestr)-. His 
education was received in the public 
schools of Chester, to which city his pa- 
rents removed when he was se\en years 
of age and his first emplo}inent was as 
clerk. He determined, however, to take 
up a professional career and a lack of 
sufficient funds was all that prevented him 
from becoming a medical student. At this 
period the opportunity to study law in the 
office of William B. Broomall. Esq.. turn- 
ed his thoughts to that profession and 
shaped his career along legal lines. His 
(|uick perception and unflagging industry 
enabled him to master the student work 
with apparent ease and in addition to his 
legal studies he became proficient in 
stenography and was made Court Re- 
porter within a year. 1 le was admitted 
to the -Bar, Februar\ i iih. 1888. his twen 
ty-first birthday, and one year later was 
admitted to the Supreme Court one of the 
youngest men of his generation ever ad- 
mitted to practice in that tribunal. He 
continued his association with Mr. 
Broomall as first assistant to that legal 
giant and with his jireceptor he f<)und 
every opportunity for valuable experience 
in cases involving every phase of legal 
procedure and the advantage of asso- 
ciation with a man of the greatest ability. 
^^r. Schaffer's rei)Utation as a trial law- 
yer was won by his defense in the fa- 
mous "Fire-bug Case" and since that 
time he has figured in most of the impor- 
tant cases tried in the county. 

Earlv in life Mr. .Schaffer became in- 
terested in politics and as a life-long Re- 
publican, his broad experience and exten- 
sive knowledge of national and state af- 
fairs has made him a valuable addition 
to the coimselors of his party. A.s a cam- 
paign speaker of force and conviction, his 

26 



services have been siiui;lu in many na- 
tional, state and local contests. He ha- 
served many terms as a member and 
chairman of the l'ount\ Committee and 
has been a frecpient delegate to state and 
county conventions, lie was a staunch 
supporter of ( ieneral Hastings and madL' 




uii.LL\,\i I. M n.Mii.i;. 

an elo<|uent speech in seconding the nom- 
ination of that gentleiman for (iovernor. 
He made the speech placing John B. Rob- 
inson in nomination for the presidency of 
the .State League of Rei)iil)lican Clubs, 
and at Harrisburg made the speech which 
nominated the ex-l'ongressman for Lieu- 
tenant ( lo\-enior. lie was :i delegate 
from 1 )elaware County to the .Stale Con- 
\i-nti(in and nominated William L. .Math- 
nes for .Slate Treasurer, and in i8(>i be 
was nominated as a delegate-at-large to 
the Constitutional Convention. In 181)3, 
Mr. Schaffer was elected District Attor- 
ney of Delaware County and served con- 
tinuously in that position for six \ears. 
In Kjoo he was ai)|)ointeiI reporter of the 



4IO 



W AKW K K S KKVSTONK COMMONWEALTH. 



Supreme Court of 1 V-nnsylvania and still 
oci.ni])ies that ]iosili<in. lie is a member 
of ilie I'nion Leas;ur of I 'hilaiiel|iliia. the 
Masonic fraternity, the American liar 
Association, the Stale liar Associa- 
tion, tlie Delaware C'oinU\ liar As- 
sociation anil many lej^al societies and 
clubs. He imarried. December 23, 1893, 
Miss Susan A., daughter of Charles 1". 
Cross, of Towanda. I'a. 



I-U AXKI.IX 



UIIICI.DS. 



j. I'ranklin Shields, a corporation 
lawyer who has achieveil success in his 
line anil who represents many interests 
in I'iiiladelphia and throughout the 
Southern .States, was born in Chester. 
J'ennsvlvania, June 25111, iSoS. Mis early 
training- was in the pulilic and pri- 
vate schools, .after which he enter- 
ed the I'enirsvhania State CoUesre 




.1 , 1 1; A M\l 1 \ 



from which he graduated in 1892 
a.s first honor man and winner of the 
mathematical prize. This was supple- 
mented liy graduation from the Depart- 
ment of Philosophy of the University of 
I'ennsyKania and he then registered as a 
student in the Law School of the same in- 
stittition. After graduation from this 
deiJartment and admission to the liar, he 
entered actively upon the practice of his 
profession and .soon secured a large cli- 
entele, being a member of the successful 
legal firm of Peck. Shields and Clarke. 
.Mr. Shields's forebears on the jjaternal 
side w ere among the early settlers in Lou- 
isiana and his maternal ancestors figured 
extensively in the early history of Mary- 
land and \ irginia. His interest in the 
Southern States led to his selection by the 
Attorney ( Jeneral of Tennessee as an as- 
sistant in im[)ortant litigation before the 
Supreme Court, involving the boundary 
line between that .State and North Caro- 
lina which had been in dispute for several 
\ears. He is an officer or director in sev- 
eral Southern lumber and timber coni- 
l)anies for which hi> firm is counsel and 
is a trustee of the Pennsylvania State 
College. He is a member of tlie Univer- 
sity, L'nion League and Pen and Pencil 
clubs; the Sharswood Law Club of the 
University of P'ennsylvania and the Beta 
Theta Pi l''raternity. .Mr. Shields has 
been a conlribntor to the literature of his 
])rofession, one of his articles publislied 
in the .\nnals of Surgery on the "Xeces- 
■-itv of Consent in Surgical ( )])erations," 
lieing an able treatise and widely read. 



IIF.XKV K. 11 \T1-IF.I.1>. 

< )ne of the most highly esteemed mem- 
bers of the Philadelphia P.ar who had. 
previous to taking up legal work, been 
successful in the medical profes.sion, is 
Henr\ R. Hatfield, liorn in Philadelphia, 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



411 



tlic son of Dr. Xatlian l.cwis I lattlcld. fur 
nearly sixtv \ears a (listini^ui^hcd practi- 
tioner of medicine, who i^-raduatcil from 
[efferson Lnlletre in 1820 and hccanic 
President of the Ahinini .Association in 
1875. .Mr. Hatfield's paternal grand- 
father and his "reat-crandl.-ither. were. 




UKNUV II. II An- III. II. 

respectively, officers in the War of i8ij 
and in the Revolution. 

.\niontj the ta.xahle properties in ,\ew 
^'ork and .\'ew jersey, as early as lOjo, 
appears the famiU' plantations and in 
1682. one of his ancestors. Col. I lenry 
I'awlinj^-, who came to this country with 
(lovernor Xichols, in the service of the 
l'".n.t;]i>h crown, was j;iven a ijrant of sev- 
eral thousand acres of land near I'^sopns. 
L'lster County, Xew ^'ork. for meritor- 
ious military service rendered in tlie ( o 
lonial wars and in aniicahle settlement 
with the Indians. Suljsetnienth- |nhn 



anil 1 lenr\ I'awlin;;'. his descendants were 
Justices of the Peace in Philadeli)h)a and 
were contemporaneous with Isaac Mor- 
ris, Samuel Alifrtin and Thoinas Willing;. 
.\nother hrancli of the fanuK operated 
the old fort^e, known as \ allev' I'orLje, 
made famous as Washiui^toii's he.adipiar- 
ters during; the Revolution, jnhn 1 l.at- 
tield, another ancestor, h.id in 17,^4, a 
|ilantation in Hatfield Township. Mont- 
^ouier\ liiuntx'. whicli took its nauK- from 
tile family. 

.\fter a thorough |)reparatioii .Mr. Hat- 
field entered the l'niversit\ of IVniisyl- 
vania, from which he .q;raduated with the 
Class of 187S. Cinler the ;L;uidance of 
his father he matriculated at the Jeffer- 
son Aleijical College and i^raduated in 
1881. sh(irtly afterwards lieinj; appointed 
-\ssistant Surj^^eon in the Cnited States 
.Vavy. He served some time in this ca- 
pacits' hut his |iredilectioii for the |)rofes- 
sion of law resulted in his reliniphshinr;' 
what looked to lie a promising; career in 
the nieilical ]irofession and he re.i^istered 
as a law student, --\fter admission to the 
Par he engaged in practice in Philadel- 
phia and soon attained a high position in 
his new calling, his medical-legal training 
giving him a decided advantage in the 
.•id\ice t(.i clients and his practice in the 
courts. Air. Hatfield was treasurer of 
the Law .\cademv of Philadelphia from 
1885 to li;l-' and is couiu'cted with sev- 
eral of the exclusive local chilis. He is a 
meinher of tile .So^-iet}- (d' the War of 
|8|_'. of the Delta Psi fralernitv. the Ril 
tenhonse, Radnor Hunt. Peiiii. Cniversity 
and .St. .\nthony clnhs. He married 
.\liss Alice Darling Craig, a daughter of 
lliigli Craig, of Philadelphia, and resides 
at 1725 Wahiut street, and has a hand- 
some snminer home at Par llarhor, 
.Maine. Mi". Hatfield makes frequent 
trips abroad and is intensel\ interested 
ill out-door sports. 



412 



Warwick's kevstunk iom.mo.n w i;.\li m. 




lOlIN W F..WKK, 

John \\\a\^T. niK- nt the tew lawyers 
to l)e elected U> tlie mayoralty in recent 
\'ears, was liorn in Worcestershire, I'.hl;- 
land, ( )ctoher 5tli, lS()i, and coming to 
tliis city when eighteen years of age, 
started his career as a law stenographer, 
lie was Recorder of the Law Academy. 
snl)se(|iiently serving as treasnrer, vice- 
l)resident and ])resident an<l dnring his 
leisnre time stndicd law in tlie otilice ol 
John S])arhawk, jr.. heing admitted to 
the liar in iSoi. In June. i<)Oi, he re- 
ceived the Ri'puhlican nomination lor 
District .\ltonie\ an<l was elected hy a 
large majorit\. lie contimied in this po- 
sition until his election as Mayor in h'eh- 
rnary. UJ03, hy the largest majority ever 
given a mnnicipal candidate. L'])on the 
eom])letion of his term he returned to the 
])ractice of law. In njofi he was advocat- 
ed as the logical candidate for ( lover- 
nor 1)\- the Lincoln Party, hnt a fusion 
with the Democrats wa.s found inipos- 
sihle, owing to internal bickerings in the 



Iwn luirlies, and the movement that 
would have made ^Ir. Weaver a reform 
candidate, had to be abandoned. It was 
conceded at this period that the ex-mayor 
would have had a giKjd chance of elec- 
tion as the reform movement was strong. 
.\lr. Weaver's attitude on reform ques- 
tions was in keeping with the political 
conditions at that time. He is president 
of the Thomas W. Evans .Museum and 
Dental Institute Society, secretary of the 
.Morrison and McCargo Company, and is 
a member of the Union League, the 
I'enn, Seaside Park Yacht and ( )verbrook 
Cjolf clubs, the American liar, Pennsyl- 
vania liar and Philadelphia Law .Asso- 
ciations, is a thirty-second degree Mason, 
and is affiliated with the Independent Or- 
der of (Idd Fellows. 



TOSEI'II MELI-ORS 



Joseph Mellors was born in Philadel- 
iihia. .March 31, 1857, and received his 
p r e p aratory 
edncalion in 
the p n 1) 1 i c 
schoijls and at 
a select acad- 
e m y a f t e r 
which he en- 
tered college 
but left be- 
fore gradua- 
tion, as he had 
no inclination 
for academic 
routine. 1 le. 
howe\er. de- 
voted the ma- 
jor portion of 
his time to 

jirivate study and having determined to 
adopt law as a profession, became ])rofi- 
cient in that line and was admitted to 
the liar in 1874. He conunenced prac- 
tice at No. 528 Walnut street, a district 
which for nearly a century included the 
iifificcs of the leading members of the 
earlv liar. .Mr. Mellors is now located 
in the Dre.xel Building and in addition 
to having a large general practice, is one 
of the Referees in liankrnptcy. 






Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 



4'3 



MAJOR GENERAL WENDELL I'llILLII'S I'.OW- 
JL\N. 

Major General Weiulcll Phillips P.ow- 
nian, N. G. P., retired, a (listiii.uuisheil 
soldier of Pennsylvania and one of the 
leading practitioners of the Philadelphia 
Bar, is the second son of Henry and 
Grace Bowman. 

His paternal ancestors were English 
and his maternal ancestors were French. 
History records distinguished men of af- 
fairs in civil and military life, and ac- 
complished women, in both lines, whose 
lives were devoted t(_) the uplifting of 
mankind and to the advancement of civ- 
ilization. 

His father was a life-long temperance 
advocate and was also aggressive and ac- 
tive in the cause of human liberty, being 
one of the early abolitionists in this coun- 
try. Wendell Phillips was lii> persdual 
friend and collaborator, after whom lie 
named his second son. 

Major General Pjowman has had an 
active, eventful, honorable, success tul 
career, from early boyhood, in the mili- 
tary service of his State and Countr\. 
likewise in the legal profession and in 
the performance of civic duties. He is in 
the active practice of law and is also ac- 
tively identified with financial and other 
institutions in his native city of Phila- 
delphia. He has never sought pulilic of- 
fice, but has always taken an active haml 
in every movement in civic affairs for the 
public good. He is a member of man\ 
military orders and associations. 1 le has 
served as Judge Advocate General of the 
(Jrand .^rmv of the Republic, Dei)artmeni 
of Pennsylvania, and has occu]iied many 
other ])ositions of honor and resjjonsi- 
bility in both military and civil bodies. A^ 
an e.xecutive officer he has an envialiK- 
record. 

The I'.owman Estate, in McrioiL on the 
Main Eine of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
has been in the continuous possession of 
the Bowman family since the early Co- 
lonial days, and is one of the oldest titles 
in Montgomery County. The (ieneral's 
residence thereon is known as "IClm Hall " 
and is one of the most attractive old 
places in this section of the country. 

His wife. Eizzie ^^'. M. lUnvman. i-; 



tile accomplished daughter nf the late 
Reverend Thomas Shields and Margaret 
N. VanDyke Malcolm. Her father was a 
man of rare scholarly attainments and 
noted for the same originality of thought 
that distinguished his father, the Rever- 
end Howard Malcolm, D. 1)., EE. I)., who 
was a distinguished divine and autlun- and 
President of Geiirgetown College, keii- 






MA.JOU (.E-NEH.\1. NSI.MHI.I, I'. KDWMAN. 

tncky, from 1830 to 1S4C) and <if the L'ni- 
\ersity of Eewisburg from 1851 to 1858. 
Iter mother was Miss \"anl)yke, of 
Princeton, Xew Jersey, whose uncle, I.)r. 
janies Carnahan, was President of 
Princeton College for forty years, and 
who is also admired ;[nd noted for her ar- 
tistic accomplishments ;nid literary at- 
tainments, being in the full use of her 
mental and phy-ical powers and a hard 
student in lliblical and Theological lore at 
the age of 8(> years, with every i>rospect 
of niaiu years to spare in active work, a 
rare record worthy of emulation and a 
place in history. 



414 



W AKWK K .S KEVSTONK COM M I I.N W I'.AI.I 1 1 . 



IIORACr. I'KTTl T. 

A recDsnizcd authority on corporation 
law and l^or three years a lecturer of pat- 
ent law in the L'niversity of ['ennsyl- 
vania. it is but natural that Horace Pet- 
tit should be a leader among the practi- 
tioners in those lines at the I'hilailelphia 
I'.ar. 

Mr. I'eltit ci)ine> of old C'oloni;il an- 




IliiliAl 1-. I'KI'l I 1. 

cestr\. hi.s grandfather, John I'ettit. who 
was known as the "liig Colonel." locat- 
ing in I'ennsv Ivania innnediately alter 
tile Revolutionary War. 

Mr. I'ettit was born in Philadelphia, 
lunc j/th, i8r)0, and was educated at l>r. 
l-aeres Classical School and at the C'liel- 
teiihain Military .\cademy, .\fter grad- 
iTation he determined to adopt the legal 
profession a^ his lite work and coni- 
nienced the study of law in the office of 
his brother, Silas W. Pettit. at that time 
a member of the firm of Read and I'ettit. 
lie then entered the Law School of the 
I'niversitv of Pennsylvania and aftt'r 



grailuation was admitted to the Par in 
1883. .Mr. I'ettit was successful fr(Mn the 
outstart and soon numbered several cor- 
jjorations among his clients. Prominent 
among these was the X'ictor Talking Ma- 
chine Com])any, which he organized in 
Kpi and which lie has represented as 
general cmnisel ever since. His careful 
preparation and com])rehensive knowl- 
edge has been of the greatest value to 
till' \ictiir Companv in sustaining the 
patents and defending it again,-.t the at- 
tacks of other concerns. Other corpora- 
lions which Mr. Pettit represents have 
been equall) fortunate through the ad- 
\antage of his sound judgment. Mr. Pet- 
tit is a member of the I'nion League, and 
the l\aci|uet. L'ni\ersity and Lawyers' 
clubs. He also holds membership in the 
Pennsylvania -State and the .Xational P>ar 
As.sociations and is a member of the 
I'.oard of Managers of the I'^ranklin In- 
>titutr. He is deeply interested in the 
work of the Young Men's Christian .As- 
sociation and for years has been a suj)- 
iiorter of the Central Branch. 



WII.I.IA.M r,oK.\I.\-\'. 

This city has no more ardent supporter 
lli.in William (iorman, the well-known 
l:iw\er, who, although not born here, has 
iieen a resident of Philadelphia since in- 
ianc\ . He has travelled extensively and 
I'.is ciiuu' to the conclusion that there is 
nil pl;u'e that affords so m;iny facilities 
iiir torging ahead as the cit\ ot his adop- 
tion. He claims that a man who caimot 
succeed here would be a failure every- 
where and deprecates the jiractice of 
1 'hilacleli)hians of allowing their city to 
be unjustly criticised, which he contends, 
does incalculable harm. Mi'. ( lorman 
was horn in Ireland and is descended 
from an old and distinguished family. He 
was brought to Philadelph.ia bv his ])a- 
rents, when three years old. His educa- 
tion was received in ])ublic and ])rivate 
schools and his legal training was in the 
Law School of the l'niversity of I'enn- 
sylvania. .\fter admission to the Par he 
liecanu' at once acti\e in bis chosen pro- 
fession .-md has tigured |)romineiitlv in 
man\ important cases, is cospecialist 
in Real Instate Law and in conve\anc- 



WARWICK S KEVSTOXE COM^Mi i.\ W KAI. I'll. 



415 




Society, lie was also one of the ort^aii- 
izers of tlic C'lHiininnvvealtb Titlu Insur- 
ance ami Trust C'lHiipain . 



ing, to which he ha> tjivcn much time 
and attention. I'nr nian\ \ears he acted 
as counsel for the Hibernian So'Ciety 
and the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, 
and in that capacity secureil. in the ear- 
lier days, many reforms in the distribu- 
tion of the fund.s awarded the Commis- 
sioners of Emigration. He was at one 
time president of the l''rienil1y Sons of 
• St. Patrick and counsel for the lioard of 
Presidents of the United Charitable So- 
cieties for the relief of the subject-- nf all 
nations landing in Philadelphia. In ad- 
dition to these connections. .\lr. (lurnian 
is a member of the Manufacturer^' llub, 
the American .\cadeuiy i>f Pnlitical and 
Social Science, the .American Irish His- 
torical Society, the P.oard of Mana.gers 
of the Rush Hospital and the Stomach 
Hospital, the Fairniount Park Art .\s- 
sociation, the Department nf .Archaeology 
and the .Alumni .Association of the I'ni- 
ver>it\ nf Pennsylvania, the Xatioiial 
(ieograpliic Society, the Pcnns}lvania 
P.ar .Association, the P.ir .\s.sociation ol 
the L'nited States and the Penns\ I\-;niia 



SA-MIIF.I, 1;. SCO IT. 

( )ne of the members of the younger 
Par w hi.i is i)rominent in p(ilitical as well 
as legal circles, is Samuel P. Scntt. who 
is a inemlier of the Legislature from the 
(iermantdwn (li.sitrict. Air. Scott \vas 
burn in .Allegheny C\t\. Pa., August J'lth. 
iJS/S, and was educated in the public 
schools there and the Shadyside Acad- 
em\- after which he entered Princeton 
L'niversity and graduated in the Class of 
i<M)0. .A post-graduate course in igoi 
bmught him the .A. Al. degree and he 
then uttered the law ofhce of John Hous- 
tiin Alerrill, in Philadeli)hia, as a student, 
bein.g admitted to the liar in 1005. Air. 
Scott began practice at once and has been 
\"ei"y successful, si)ecializing in civil law. 
Air. .Scott is an Indejiendent Republican 
in politics and was connected with the 
I lid Arunici|);il League in the Twent\-sec- 




.A.Mll.I, 1;. SIOIT. 



4i6 



W ARW K K S KKVSTDNIC (( »M M I }\ WH.M.I 1 1 . 



niid Ward and with iIk- (.'ity I'arty siiu'c 
its incipiencv. Ik' aided materially in the 
tjrowth of that party in his ward and nn 
accimnt of liis activity in the cause of 
.i;d()d sjoveriiment was made its success- 
ful candidate for the Legislature in Hjofi. 
and has been re-elected at each successive 
election since. Mis career at Harrisbiu-L; 
has been marked hv his courage and ahil- 
it\' in ()p])osing all \icious legislation. 
When serving; his foin-th term, dm'iug 
the session of loi.v although still young 
in \ears, he was a veteran member and 
was elected to the chairmanship of the 
t'onimittee I pon Committees, the power- 
ful body that selected the chairmen an<l 
members of the standing committees, se- 
lected the employes of the ITonse and re- 
vised the rules. 



delphia in ]i)(.)j. His [jractice is entirely 
criminal and he has been tounsel in 
thirty-three murder cases and has never 
had a client coiidciuned to death. 



C-. srlAK I l'.\ ITI'.RSOX, ,1 R. 

C. .Stuart i'attersou, Jr.. was born in 
I'hiladelphia, December lo, 1S71, and 

after com])let- 

ing his educa 
lion at the 
( i e rmantown 
Academy, en- 
tered the Law 
.'■School of the 
I'niversity of 
1 ' ennsylvania 
\yi lUi which he 
graduated in 
1X71 and \v:is 
adnutled t o 
the I'.ar the 
same \ear. In 
1808 iie relin- 
i|ni-he(l his 
p r a c tice to 
accept a sec- 
Lieirtenancy in the Regular Army 
was stationed at I 'ort raiii|)a 
with the Seventh ['. S. (.'avalry diu'- 
ing the .Spanish War. lie was after- 
wards transferred to the .^ixth Artiller\ 
and accompanied that command to Hono- 
lulu and the l'liili]>pines. He resigned in 
]()02 and after spending five years in rail- 
road contracting and engineering work, 
returned to the practice of law in Phila- 




l. .SIlAltl I'ATI |:US(1N, .111. 

ond 
and 




w ii.i.iA.M A. la<.\^^ 

William .\. (iray, who is one of the 
mostcapable members of the_\'ounger I'.ar, 
was born in Philadelphia, June 21st, 1875, 
and received his education in the public 
schools. Central High .School, and the 
L'uiversity of I'ennsylvania, graduating 
iinn laiiJc iunn the last named institu- 
tion in 18(^7, winning the degree of [,L. 
11., and the ri'mberlon Morris prize. He 
liad been a stitdentin the law office of 
Warwick, Miller and Tustin previous to 
I'ntering the law .scIktoI of the ITnjversity 
of Pennsylvania and continued with that 
firm after admission to the P.ar muil he 
began to practice independently. He was 
.•ippointrd Assistant District .Attorney in 
li;i>2 and lor ten years, until his retire- 
ment from ih.it position was one of the 
nio-,t active and energetic attaches of the 
office. .Since relinquishing municipal 
Work he has been engaged in some verv 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM -MMN WKALI II. 



417 



inipiirtaiit liti^atimi in which he has Ijeeii 
most successful. .Mr. (.ira\' i> a iiicmlier 
iif the Law Association, Law Academy, 
I'ennsylvania State Liar Association, 
Sons of N'eterans, Licnevolent ami I'ro- 
tective Urder of Elks and the Masonic 
and Phi Delta Phi Fraternities, lie is a 
Kepublican in politics but has never been 
a candidate for an elective office. His 
force as a speaker has materially aided 
his part\' in main local campaigns. 



SAMUEL M. HVXEMA.V. 

Samuel ^f. Llyneman, who has for 
thirty-five years been ensa,y;ed in some of 
the most important litigation in the I'hila 
delphia Courts, was horn Ma\ J'lth. 1S54. 
He received a th(inin,i;h trainiii:.; in the 
public schools of Lhiladel|)hia and at 
the Central Hig-h .School. llaxiuL; 
a predilection for the le,L|;al profession. 
^[r. Hyneman registered as a law student 
in the office of Hon. b'. Carroll I'.rewster, 
and was admitted to the liar, June jSth, 
1878. His jiractice has been a general 
one. although he has been empUned as 
counsel by many corporations during hi^ 
long service at the Bar and has acted as 
referee in several cases of national im- 
portance. He is recognized as an unusu- 
ally \vell-e(|uii)ped and forceful law\er 
and has been e.\ce|)tionall\' successful in 
his work. ( )n June 4. i')!.^. Mr. LT\ne- 
man was appointed to a judgeship of the 
L'ommon T'leas Court by Covernor Tener, 
under the law which created five addi- 
tional judges for the city. 

Mr. Hyneman's materiial forebears 
were natives of .Sjiain, wdtich countr\- the\ 
left under the Inquisition and settled in 
Holland, finally coming to .America. 
Many of these ancestors were buried in 
the old Jewish Cemetery on .Spruce 
^treet between Eighth and Ninth streets. 
He is a member of the Cm'on League, 
'\Iercantile, Rac(|Uet, I'lnn, LawMrs', 
Clover and T'biladeli)hi,-i ('oiintry clubs. 
In politics .Mr. llyneman is a Republican 
but has nt\-er been a candidate for an 
elective office, ffe was president id' the 
Young Men's Hebrew Association in 
1880 and 188? and of t'le Hebrew Con- 
gregation .Mik\e Israel from 1887 to 




SA-NUKI. .M. IIV.NE.MA.N. 

i8yo. He is a member of the Doard of 
( iovernors of the Lawyers" Club, treasur- 
er of the Board of Trustees of Gratz Col- 
lege and one of the I'oard of Law Ex- 
aminer^ of I'hiladelphia Connt\'. 



.T. LEE l'.\TTO\. 

J. Lee I'atton, a prominent nKiiiber of 
the Bar. was born in 1 'hila<lelphia. June 
Oth, l8()0. He is a son of (.'olonel Ed- 
ward W. and Mary (Lee) I'atton, and 
was educated in the Friends' and public 
schools and at the Central High School, 
from which he gr.iduated in I'eliruarv. 
1888, being a member of the 8cUh gradu- 
ating class and receiving the .\. .M. de- 
gree. .After this thorough preparation 
be enlered the Law .School of the Univer- 
sity ol I 'cnnsyh-ania. receiving the LL. 
1). degree uiion his gradnalioii in 1891. 
Afli-r admission to the I'.ar. .Mr. I'.itton 
Continued with his pi'eceptor, .^;iiuuel 1'.. 
Huey. l{s(|., until i8<j_^, when he be.gan 
practice alone with offices in the Betz 
I'.uilding. wheri' be is still locatefl. .Vfr. 



4i8 



W ANWILK S KKVSTONK fOM M I >.\ W i:.\L 1 1 1 . 



I'atton lias spccializfd in Land Uaniaj^e 
Proceedings, and tur eleven years was 
engaged in that character of work for the 
city of I'liiladelphia. lie was a])pointcd 
Assistant City Solicitor. January ist, 
i8y3, and served in that capacity until 




.1. 1.1.1. i'.\riii.N. 

May, 1904. when he resigned to hecome 
counsel for the Commonwealth of Penn- 
sylvania in collateral tax matters. At the 
request of the Law School of Pennsyl- 
vania he. several years ago. delivered a 
course of six lectures on "Practice in 
Road and .Street 0]iening Proceedings." 
Mr. Patton has always taken a deep in- 
terest in church work and is treasurer oi" 
the i^rolestant Ejnscopal Sunday Sclnxil 
.Association of the Dioce.^e of Pennsyl- 
vania. \'e~iiynian .-md Superintendent oi 



the Sunday School of St. Peter"s Church. 
Germantown ; Directing Vice-President 
of the Drexel JJiddle liible Class; niem- 
her of the Lxecutive Committee of the 
Lirotherhood of St. Andrew and is coun- 
sel for the Philadelphia rrotestant Epi.s- 
copal City Mission. He is a member of 
the Lhiion League, The Church, West 
Philadelphia Rejjublicaii, Germantown 
Repul)lican, J_.incoln, "444" and Pedes- 
trian Clubs, the Sons of the Revolution, 
( Irand Lodge of Pennsylvania F. & A. 
.\L, i'liiladelphia Lodge 444 and Phila- 
delphia Ivoyal .Arch Chai)ter ihi). 



GEORGE r. KICII. 



( )ne of the oldest and most respected 
members of the Philadel])liia Bar, who 
has built up a large general practice since 
his admission, is George P. Rich, who 
was born in Montgomery County, in 
1847. the son of S. \. and Marv fL 
( Pawling) Rich, his mother being a 
granddaughter of General Hiester who 
was at one time Governor of Pennsyl- 
vania. .Mr. Rich was educated in the 
public schools of Xorristown, Pennsyl- 
vania, and at John Locke's Academy also 
locateil in Xorristown. L'pon the com- 
pletion of his studies he registered as a 
student in the office of his father, who 
was a prominent member of the Bar. 
1 le was admitted to practice in Philadel- 
I)hia County in 1870. Like most of the 
lawyers of the old school, .Mr. Rich has 
never s])ecialized in any particular line, 
believing that a thoroughly trained law- 
yer is cai)able of conducting any of the 
so-called special branches of the profes- 
sion. He was at one time associated with 
Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, now a Judge 
of the C oiiimon Pleas Courts. He has 
been engaged in some very imixirtant liti- 
gation and is one of the best-known 
members of the P.ar. He is a member of 
tlie Law vers' Club, the Penn Club and 
the ( lerm.-intown ('ricket Club. 



wAKwit i^'s Ki'ivsroM-: cu.mmuxw li.M.rii. 



419 



FKAXCIS r. (II AM lillKs. 

An acknowlL-di^LHl authurit_\- on patent 
law, Francis T. Chambers, has l)een ccm- 
nected with some of the most iniportaiU 
cases involving the ownershii) of patents 

in this conn- 
tr\ anil has 
attained a Xa- 
linnal repiita- 
ticin thron.^h 
his research 
and experi- 
enci- a 1 1 1 n j; 
this hne. Mr. 
Chanihers wa-- 
1)i)rn in Cin- 
cinnati, ' )hiii. 
March 3. 
1S53, the son 
mI I'Vancis T. 
and I'dizabeth 
Lea (I'eh- 
i.ijer ) Cliam- 
1) e r s . His 
was received 
Pa. ) Academy, 
^'ale l'niversit\ 
with the de,a;ree 
He read law 




ni.v.Niis I'. cii.\>n!i;Rs. 



preliminary edncation 
at the \\'est Chester 1 
after which he eiitere<l 
and graduated in 1875 
of I'lachelor of Science, 
under tile direction of William Henr\ 
Rawle and supplemented his legal knnwl- 
edge by a course in the Law School (ji 
the L'niversity of F'ennsylvania. lie \v.\- 
always specialized in patent law and ha^ 
been connected with some very im|Mirtani 
cases. He holds membership in ilk- 
Philadelphia, Rittenhouse, l\aci|nel, 
Penn. Automobile, City and Philadeli)hia 
Countrv Clubs. Mr. Chamber-, married 
Miss Xannette Schuyler Uoltoti, of West 
Chester, June to, 1890, and they have 
three children, lie is a meml)er of ilu- 
Kpiscopal C hnrch and is a I'rogressixe 
in politics. 



U(]|:KKT liK.SXX.XN. 



When Roliert Itrannan was admitted 
to practice in the Pliil.adelphia courts, he 
needed no introduction to tlie judges or 
tile attaches thereof, for bis long connec- 
tion witli a leading daily had made ihem 
all acquaintances or frii'uds. .Mr. I'.ran 



nan was l)orn in ( ilouccster, .\. J., June 
_'8th. 18(1^^. and w;is educateil in the ])nb- 
Hc -choojs of tlial .-.ecliiin. He com- 
menced new.-.paper work witli a country 
paper and was afterwards attache<l t(] the 
l^'amden Daily Courier. L'pon liis enir\ 
into journalism in Philadelphia as a mem- 
lier of the local staff of the Press he was 
assigned to municipal work and soon be- 
came an aiithorit\ on things political, .act- 
ing at one time as the I larrishnrg cor- 
respondent. He studied law during this 
|)erio(l and was admitted to tl)e I'.ar, De- 
cember, 189(1. He is ;m .\ssistant Cit\ 
Solicitor and his work in the (.'it\'s Law 
l)e|)artment has been fre(|uently com- 
mended. He has been f<ir several years 
a member of the County Hoard of l.,i\\ 
[•"xaniiners. 



Ll.W II) I. .sM \ \ \l. 

David j. Smyth was liorn in the old 
district of Southwark, I'hiladelphia, fort\ 
\ears ago. He attended the jiublic 

schools in the 
lower sectiiin 
of the city, 
then entered 
the employ of 
a legal firm as 
I iffice bo\ . be- 
came a stu- 
ilelll of law 
and then en- 
tered the Cn- 
ixersitv o f 
l'enns\ Ivani.i. 
1 le was ad- 
mitted to tlu' 
I ' h iladelphia 
r..ir in i8(Xi 
iiA\ IIP .1. s\iv I II. a n (1 s i 11 c e 

lli.it time h.is 
been ver\' active in his profession ;ind in 
politics. I le was elected as a Republican 
member of the State I-e.gislalnre in ii;oi. 
,in<l tile following \ear was appointed 
k'irst .\ssistant Di.strict .Attorney. Tn 
1903 be served as Director of Public 
Safety. Since his retirement from the 
list named oflice Mr. Smyth has devoted 
his eniii'e lime to his pr.aclice. 




420 



\var\vick"s keystone commonwealth. 



T. KOSl EK I no MAS. 

The descendant of a long line oflaw 
vers, it was not strange that T. Foster 
Thoiiias should become a member of the 

legal i)n>fes- 

sion. Mr. 
Thomas, wlm 
is thirty-tive 
vears of age. 
h a s bee n 
practicing in 
t h e criminal 
and divorce 
c n u r t s of 
r h iladelphia 
fur over ten 
\ e a r s . He 
studied engi- 
neering b e - 
fiire deciding 
to take up the 
.study id' law 
and graduat- 
ed from the 
I'niversitv of Pennsylvania in iy02. He h 
a son of Edward J. l'>. Thomas, who was 
one of the leaders of the Bar tifty \ears 
ago, and is a grandson of General 
Thomas Foster I'etrie. who was at one 
time a Judge in .Madison County, New 
\'ork. His male ancestors in England 
and Scotland were lawyers for many gen- 
erations. Mr. Thomas served as a mem- 
ber I if the First Pennsylvania V'ohmteers 
in the war with Spain. He is a well- 
known genealogist and is also an au- 
thoritv I in natural history. 



:ket 




I. I-OSIKK TlUl.\l.\f 



loSi:i'II I'. .\UH I'LI.EN. 

josejjh P. .\lct_'ullen was born Febru- 
ary 7, 1861, in Philadelphia, and was edu- 
cated in the public schools. He studied 
law under the direction of the late George 
H. Earle and Richard P. White, and was 
admitted to the Par. July I, i88j. .\t the 
banquet in this city, tendered to Grover 
Cleveland. January S, 1891, he responded 
to the toast "The Young Democracy."' 
I le was a candidate for Congress in iS()4 
and was counsel for City Treasurer 
Wright in the investigations and prosecu- 
tions following the removal from office of 
Citv Treasurer John P.ardsley. He head- 
ed the Democratic Presidential electoral 



in Pennsvlvania in 1908 and in 
1 1)1 2 was ap- 
pointed First 
\ssi.stant City 
Snlicitiir. L'n- 
der the .H.ct 
I if June 4th, 
11)13, he was 
one of the five 
a d d i t i (5 nal 
Judges ap- 
pointed to the 
C (1 m m o n 
Pleas Courts 
.if Philadel- 
phia, but re- 
tired wdien 
the Supreme 
.;i,sK,Mi K M,-, M....X. Court by a di- 

vided vote of 4 to 3 declared the Act in- 
creasing the number of Judges unconsti- 
tutional. 




T.\MES w. KINi;. 



In taking up the study of law after 
he had become successful in journalism, 
James A. King, gratified a desire he had 
formed in Ixiyhood. Mr. King was born 

and educated 

I n Philadel- 

II h i a and 
worked on 
\arious pa- 
]iers there un- 
til he rose to 
the position of 
C ity Editor 
(if the Press 
.uid was fin- 
ally advanced 
to the Man- 
aging Editor- 
sliip of that 
paper. He has 
always been 
active in po- 
litical circles and on several occasions 
has taken part in important religious 
movements, lie was a member of the 
E.xecntive Committee appointed for the 
celebration of the late Archbishop Kyan"s 
.Silver lubilee and was active in the cele- 
l)ration of the Centenary of this Catholic 
diocese. -Mr. King received an honorary 
degree from Lafayette College and is a 
member nf the ITniversity and other 
clubs. 




.T.\\n 



\V A 1< wick's keystone COMMONVVEAI.TEl. 



421 



.1AM1-:S A. I'LAIll'.K I V. 

Tames A. Flaherty was horn in Phila- 
delphia. July ,:;, iS3,v ami received hi■^ 

earl\ ednca- 
li.in in the 
|i u h 1 i c and 
|) a r 1 1 e h i a 1 
schiHils ( >\ the 
cit\ . I le read 
law in the nt'- 
tice (if the late 
Colonel Wil- 
liam I'l. Mann 
and a f t e r - 
wards tnok a 
course at the 
University of 
I'enn^ylvania. 
lie was ad- 
mitted to the 
liar in 1874 
and at imce 
started g;eneral practice, specializing' 
in ( )r])lians" Court work and the set- 
tlement of estates in which lines he has 
heen highly successful. Mr. Flaherty is 
well-known and active in Catholic cir- 
cles. He is Supreme Knight of the 
Knights of Ciilumhus and vice-president 
of the American Society for \'isiting 
Catholic Prisoners. He is a meniher of 
the Lawyers' and Philopatrian Cluhs, the 
.American Catholic Historical Society and 
a director of the Continental-F.quitalile 
Trn^t Company. 




.JAMK.S A. l'l.Ain:l!TV. 



ciiAKr.ics Li.xcor.N i:rowx. 

Despite his long activity in politics and 
the many years spent in |)nhlic life. 
Charles L. P.rown has huilt up an e.xten- 
sive practice as a lawyer and is one of 
the hest known practitioners at the Par. 
Pie was hiirn in Philadelphia, Jidy (>. 
1864. and after preparation in the puh- 
lic schools entered Lehigh Universit}' to 
study civil engineering. Illness compell- 
ed his retirement from this institution, 
but after a rest he entered the l'niver>ily 
of I'ennsvlvania for a course in law. 
-After graduation ;md admission to the 
Bar, he commenced ])ractice and shortls 
afterwards was elected to the Common 
Council from the I'ifteenth Ward. Tie 
served in tlic lower chaiuher from 1891 




CIIAHMS I.. IllillWX. 

to 1893 and one year later was elected to 
Select Council. In i8</.) he was electe<l 
to represent the l-'ifth District, compris- 
ing the Fifteenth, Twenty-eighth, Twen- 
tv-ninth. Thirt\ -second. Thirty-seventh 
and ThirtN -eighth wards, in the State 
Senate, hut declined re-election in 1 000. 
Three years later he was again chosen to 
represent his ward in Common Council 
and in 1904 he was again elected to the 
State Senate by a majority of 2/.2H^ over 
his Democratic opponent. Mr. Prown 
has always taken an active interest in Re- 
publican politics and was a deleg'ate to the 
State Conventions in 1895. '96, '97, '98, 
1900. 02. '03 and 1904. He was Chair- 
m;ui of the Repidilican Citv Campaign 
Committee in i(>o<')-o7, and has been for 
a number of years one of counsel for the. 
Slate Pure Food Department and active 
in prosecuting violations of i'ure T'ood 
Laws. While .Mr. lirown was Chairman 
of the Cit\- ( ommiltec. the lion. John I'". 
Peyhurn received the .Maxoralty nomina- 
tion which was largely due to .\Ir. 
P>rown's friendship for the ex-Congrcss- 
mati and the work which lu' clid in his 
behalf. 



WARWICK S KEVSJO.Nl-; COM MOM WEAI.TI 1 . 




jiiii \ J. McDKx rn. JK, 



Among the most prominent and well 
known lawyers of the city is John j. Mc- 
Devitt, who was as^dciateil with the edi- 
tor of this Vdhinie in the jireparation 
and trial of innnerons cases of import- 
ance. 

Mr. .McDevilt is a native nf I'hiladeh 
phia. having heen horn in this city on 
.\pril i)th, \Xj(). I lis paternrd ancestors 
emigrated to this conntr\- frnm (dnntv 
Tyrone. Ireland, and his maternal grand- 
father from the I'rnvince nf Alsace, now 
part of the (lernian luiipire. ills mater- 
nal grandmother was a native of Penn- 
sylvania, heing descended from ( ierman 
ancestry. 

His early education lie deri\ed from 
private and ]Hihlic schools and also hy 
jirivate tutors. When fifteen years of 
age he hecanie an assistant in the man- 
agement of his father's extensive shoe 



anil grocerv business and later assisted in 
the direction of a large commercial ho- 
tel in Philadeli)hia. 

He severed his connection with 
these enterprises to enter the L'ni- 
versity of Pcnns\lvania Law School, 
for Justice as guaranteed hy law attract- 
ed and induced him to select as his life 
work this ])rofession. Having success- 
fully comjileted his course he was gra,du- 
.ated from the I'niversity in June, iqcxi. 

Since his admission to the liar. Mr. 
.McDevitt h.as met with success and has 
estahlished a wide and extensive clientele. 

In i<;o3 he niarrie<l Miss Lillian I^feif- 
fer. of l'hiladel|)hia. Mr. .McDevitt is a 
member of the .\merican liar .Associa- 
tion: the Law Association; the National 
Economic League and numerous other 
social. ])olitical and fraternal organiza- 
tions. In politics he is a Republican. 



WARWICK. S KliVSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 



4-23 



FRANCI.S I. -MA^'EF.L^. 

Engaged in general practice ^ince lii> 
admi.s.sion to the .Bar in 1805. l'"ranci.s |. 
Maneely has attained a position of prom- 
inence among the city's alile practitioners. 
Mr. ManccK wa^ horn in I'liiladclphia. 




( )ctoher 18. 1873. and was educated at I. a 
Salle College, from which he graduated 
with the .A. !'>. degree, afterwards heing 
linnorcd witli the -\. M. degree hy lli■^ 
.\lnia .Mater. l'])on the completion ol 
his collegiate course he entered the Law 
School of the L'niversity of Pennsylvania, 
from which lie graduated in i8(;5 and 
wa.s ailmitted to practice the same \ear. 
s])ecializing in no hranch and forming no 
legal partnershi]). his success heing (]uv to 
general \\(jrk and individual effort, lie 
is a prominent nienilier of the KniglUs of 
Columhus. the I'hiladelphia and .\lerion 
Cricket Cluhs, the I'hilopatrian Societw 
the Scheutzen X'erein and the Socit-te 
Francaisc de liienfaisance. Mr. .Manee 
Iv's ofiRces are in the Pennsylvania liuild 
ing and his home is in Ciermantown. 




III!.. i!iii:i;in 1;. i;i,.\i]i. 



COLONEL ROBERT 11. I'.EATli. 

Robert li. Peath. president of the- I'nit- 
cd Firemen's Insurance I iimi)nn\. wa.- 
horn in Philadelphia, January J(>. 1839 
He was edu- 
cated in the 
public schools 
after which 
he w a s ap- 
prenticed t o 
the machine 
Ij 1 a cksmith's 
trade. At the 
outl)reak o f 
the e' i V i 1 
\\ ar, he en- 
listed as a pri- 
\ate in the 
I'nion .\rmy 
and served in 
manv engage- 
ments until 
tile close of 
hostilities 
when he re- 
tired w ith a Lieutenant Colonel's commis- 
sii m. 

Ke was slightl\- wounded at the 
second battle of Pull Run and in the fight 
at New Market Heights, Va., received in- 
iuries that necessitated the amputation of 
the right 'foot. 

.Vfter the war he removed to Potts- 
\'ille. Pa., where be became a local 
insurance agent until 1808, when be 
returned to Philadelphia and in 1881 was 
made secretarv of the I nitcd l'iremeu> 
Insurance Company, becoming its jiresi- 
dent in ]8<;2. He was Sm-veyor ( it'uer.al 
of the Commonwealth from 1872 initil 
1875 and after serving as l)e])artment 
C'omniander of the C,r;md Ariuy id' the 
ReiMiblic, was, in l88_^. elected Com- 
m;iniler-iu-( 'hief of ih.at organization. 1 le 
is the author of llic "History of the 
(Iraiiil \rni\ of the l\i'pul)lic" and first 
\ice-president ol ilie Hoard of I'rnstecs 
of the Peinisx Ivaui.i Soldii'rs .ind Sailors 
1 louic. 

lie is aLo \ice-presideul ol the 
PeopK's X'.ational I'irc Insurance Com- 
pan\ and historian of ."^i. .\ndrews (Scot- 
lish) .^ocietv of Penus\lvania. 



424 



WAKW ICK S KI-.V.ST().\E (OM MO.N WEALIU. 



(•(il.O.NlCL K. I>.\LK HENSUN. 

( )ne of llie most proiiiineiU Hgures in 
the tiiiancial, social and military circles 
in Phila(lcl|)liia. is r.ri_>;a<lic"r-t icneral K. 
Dale r.cnson. ( It-neral lienson was born 
in Philadi'lphia. December 6th, 1841, the 
son of (instavus S. Benson, who was 
one of the founders of the banking house 
of Alexander Benson & Co. All of tien- 
eral Benson's ancestors were from Tal- 
bot County. Maryland, where they were 
socially jirominent and several of them 
served with distinction in the Revolution- 
ary War and the War of i8ij. ( ieneral 
Benson was educated in private schools 
and at the E])iscopal Academy. He af- 
terwards entered the University of Penn- 
sylvania from which he graduated in 
i860 when only nineteen years of age. 
While acting as clerk in a wholesale gro- 
cery he responded to President Lincoln's 
call for troops and was mustered into 
service as a jirivate in the Commonwealth 
Artillery, stationed at Fort Delaware. 
He was afterwards commissioned Second 
Lieutenant in the 114th Pennsylvania In- 
fantry, and on January 1st, 1863, was 
made l-'irst Lieutenant and detailecl as an 
aide on the staff of (ieneral Charles K. 
Ciraham. ]iarticii)ating in the Battle of 
Cettysburg and other famous engage- 
ments. He was mustered out May 29th, 
1865, with the brevet of Ca|>tain and 
Major, United States \"<)lunteers. for 
conspicnons gallantry at Chancellorsville. 
\'a. Me also served in the National 
( iuard and was Colonel of the First Regi- 
nierU which jjerformed active duty at 
the Susi|uelianna depot, Hazlefon and vi- 
cinity and Pittsburgh and Scranton. He 
(Ii.^lila\ed high soldierly qualities in all 
these campaigns and received sjiecial 
mention in general orders. .After the 
War of the Rebellion, he re-entered mer- 
cantile life as a member <if the firm en- 
gaged in the im|jortation of teas, but 
severed his connection with this concern 
in 1881. to accejit the vice-presidencv of 
the Peinisylvania l-"ire Insurance Com- 
pany, 'i'eii years later he succeeded 
John Devereux as president. In 1805. 
(ieneral I'lcn.son was asked to acce]it the 
Republican nomination for mayor but de- 
clincfl the honor. He also declined on 
several occasions to be a candidate for 



president of the Cnicju League. In iiji2 
he was made Brigadier (ieneral on re- 
tired list, the honor being conferred by 
(iovernor Tener. under an act of the Leg- 
islature, which provides that a retired 
State otificer who served honorably in the 
(ivil War, shall be advanced to the next 
highest grade, (ieneral Benson is presi- 




1 ul.uM.l. li. MAI. I. r.l.\.-liN. 

dent of the Merchants I'und Society, and 
manager of the Western bund Society, 
is a director in the Philadelphia National 
Bank, Real Estate Trust Company, Unit- 
ed .\'ew Jersey Railroad and Canal Com- 
pany. Xesqnehoning \'allev Railroad 
Conii)an\'. Philadelphia, iialtimore and 
Washington Railroad Com|)any. Xortli 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Lehigh 
Coal and Navigation Company. Belle- 
fonte Central Railroad Comjiany. Tresc- 
kow Railroad Company, and the Peini- 
sylvania Salt Manufacturing Company. 
He is a member of the L'nion League, 
.\rt Chill. Philadelphia Country Club and 
the Mcrion Cricket Club. He is a mem- 



WARWICK S KKN'STOXE COM MUX W l-:A I.T 1 1 . 



4-25 



ber of I'u>t Xo. 2, C. A. R.. ;iii(l is a 
memlier of the Loyal Letjion. lie has 
!)ecn for years a trustee of the Tenth 
I'resbvterian Church and was a trustee 
of the Presbvterian Church of America. 



I o 1 1 X 



coYLi;, 



|(ihn |. Covle. former State Repre- 
sentative and State Senatur, i-- ^ue "f 
those rare individuals to whom olistacles, 
insurmountable to less fortunate men. be- 
come stepping stones to all that is nicist 
desirable in life — position, intUience. 
leadership and character. He is a man 
of restless and vigorous energy, possess- 
ing remarkable intellectual acumen and 
naturallv assuming b_\' virtue of his com- 
manding talent, a foremost place aiuoni; 
his fellowmen, whether in the halls of the 
Legislature or in the more prosaic Ijui 
equally important walks of business. 

There is one circumstance which is par- 
ticularly characteristic of the lives of 
most truly great and representative 
Americans which is also prominently 
present in the career of Senator Coyle. 
It is that the journey from obscurity to 
success is not laid along the primrose 
path of dalliance but is rather one beset 
with real and tremendous difficulties and 
obstacles apparently, and for most men 
unfortunately, virtually insuperable. It 
is to these unusual men who overcome 
the difficulties and remove the obstacles 
from their paths that the world owes its 
advancement and who stand as inspira- 
tion, real and substantial, to those "god- 
like bovs" who follow in their wake. The 
watchword of everyone of them has been 
"Lxcelsior." and it is they wlio have 
planted that inspiring banner on the 
highest cra.gs and pinnacles of fame. 

Senator Coyle was born in Schuylkill 
County, Pennsylvania, November 10, 
i8r._^, the .son of Philip and Julia ( Duffy ) 
Covle. His grandfather. Philip Coyle, a 
native of Ireland, was one of the original 
settlers of Ncsquehoning, Carbon County, 
Pa., in 1S33. His fatiier, Philip Coyle, 
fr., removed to Xorwegian Township. 
Schuylkill County, in the early forties, 
and there married Mi>s Julia Duffy. .\t 
the age of eleven, the fntiu'e Senatnr was 




already working in the mines, but even 
at that tender age ambition was strong 
within him and his desire for an educa- 
tion was so consuming that after the ar- 
duous toil of the day, he attended school 
at night. To such good piu-pose did he 
devote the spare moments snatched troin 
his daily toil and so remarkaljle was his 
progress that at the astonishingly early 
a,ge of thirteen, he (pialified to teach and 
actually held a teacher's certificate, lie- 
cause of his extreme youth, however, he 
was refused permission to teach, and it 
was not until three \ears lalci-. wlicii he 
was sixteen, that he was finall\ placed in 
charge of a school. In all, he taught 
school for six \ears. three ye.ars in 
Mahano)' Township. Sclnulkill t inint\ 
and tliree years in l''ii>ter Tdwnshi]), Lu- 
zerne Comity. 

At the end nf his sixth term he retired 
Irom the leaching jjrofession, and accept- 
ed a iM)sition as bookkeeper tHr |. I'. Mc- 
Donald, of I'reeland. Pa. The next year, 
however, he retm-ned l" .Mahanoy C'ity 
and eniratjed in the real i-stalc and insur- 



42f. 



U AKU ICK S KliVSrO.NK (( IM M C)\ WEAL 11 1 . 



ancc business. In 1881;, (.iovL'nK)r Beaver 
appointed liini a nia,t;istrate to fill a va- 
cancy, and in i8(X) he was elected for the 
full term of five year^. In i8()i, tin- I -cl^- 
islature snhinitled to the peo])le the (pies- 
tion whether a constitutional convcntitin 
was desired by them and at the same time 
delefjates were elected to the ])roposed 
convention. ."^I'liator Coyle was elected 
to the convention from the Thirtieth Sen- 
atorial district, lie was already, how- 
ever, one t)f the most prominent men in 
Sclniylkill County, and in i8()2 he was 
sent to the State Legislature from the 
h'irst district. Two years later, in 1894, 
he was sent to the upper house as Sena- 
tor from the Thirtieth district. Senator 
C'o\le was extremely active in both 
liranches of the Legislature in espousing 
the cause of the man who toils and his 
energies were especially directed toward 
alleviating the burden of the miner, 
among whom he was born and reared 
and with whom he had a natural and sin- 
cere syni]iathy. While in the Senate he 
iutroduceil and liad passed a bill creating 
the Department of Mines. This measure 
was a tremendous advance in mining leg- 
islation U]) to that time and its introduc- 
tiini and successful passage was a person- 
al trium])h for Senator Coyle. He was 
also largely instrumental in the ])assage 
of the ]iresent law making it obligatory 
for miners to (|ualify by passing an exam- 
ination. This measure materially lessened 
the danger of accidents since the jierson- 
nel of the miners was greatly imi>roved 
by the elimination from their ranks of 
the ignorant and unfit. 

Realizing the larger o])i)ortunities c>f 
the metro])olis of the State, Senator 
Coyle ri'Uioved to T^hiladelphia in 1807 
and established a real estate office, but in 
|8()(; he sold his business and organized 
the .\merican Catholic Cniou. a fraternal 
insurance organization which is to-da\' 
one of the most influential and ])owerful 
insurance companies in the country. In 
11)02. I'resideut Roosevelt appointed Sen- 
atiir Coyle special agent in charge of the 
salmon fisheries of .\laska, biU the call 
of business was so urgent and insistent 
that at the end of two years as l''ish 
Commissioner, he resisjiied to devote him- 
self more closeU to the vouny- but flour- 



ishing insurance company. In iyo6 he 
bought the stock of the Pennsylvania -Mu- 
tual Life Insurance Lompany, became its 
])resident. and after a coin])letc reor- 
ganization he ])laced that corporation on 
a sound liasis and is making it one of the 
leading com])anies of the country. 

He is president of the .\merican Cath- 
olic L'uion, vice-president and chairman 
of the Executive I'oarcl of the New Jer- 
sey Rapid Transit Company, and holds a 
similar position with the Electric Light 
and Power Com])any of Sea Isle City. 
Xew Jersey. He is also treasurer, direc- 
tor and general manager of the I'>ell L'u- 
ion Coal and ^Mining Company with mine 
l(]Cated at Curlew, Ky. 

In .Mahanoy City, he married Miss 
.Mary Croody, daughter of Michael 
(iroody. a prominent Schuylkill County 
l>olitician. and they have two children, 
-Margaret -M. and Julia M. R. Coyle. 

Senator Coyle is still a comparatively 
young man of vigorous physique and in- 
e.xhaustible energy, and his multitude of 
friends and admirers look for even more 
remarkable achievements from the talent- 
ed son of Pennsylvania in the future. 
His whole career has been one of remark- 
able inspiration, particularly to ambitious 
youths whose opportunities are few and 
limited and who need just such examples 
of signal achievement as the life of Sen- 
ator John J. Coyle supplies. 



IWTRICirS MCM.WfS. 

.\u imjjortant factor in the develop- 
ment of a country is the capable railroad 
contractor who successfully battles with 
every adverse condition and overcomes 
ai)i)arently insurmountable obstacles that 
stand in the way of line construction. For 
nearly half a centurv Patricius McMauus 
has been eugaged in every branch of rail- 
road building and his success is due to 
his inherent constructive ability. -Mr. 
McMauu< was born in Pottsville. Peun- 
svlvania, Xovember 22. 1847, the son of 
John and .Anna ( McGovcrn) ArcManus. 
His inclination for contracting work was 
inherited, for his mother's father was a 
i)ioneer contractor in the eastern part of 



Warwick's kevstone lummox wealth. 



427 



the L'liitL'd States and ])layecl an inip(_)r- 
tant part in the Cdiistruction of the l''rie 
Canal, the Ihiilsun Iviver Raih-nad and 
the faniuiis old l'ortai;e road over the 
AUesjheny .Monntains to 1 'ittsl)urL;h, I'a. 
His father was also a succosfiil contrac- 
tor who wa- eniiaged in much important 
work throughout the State, in the earh 
days of railroads and canals. Air. .Mc- 
Mamis was educated at the .Macungie In- 
stitute, in I.ehigh C'ounty, Pennsylvania, 
and in the ])ublic schools of Lancaster 
County, in the same State. After !ea\ing 
school, he was emplo\c(l In his maternal 
grandfather and (piickh familiarized 
himself with ever)- branch of the con- 
tracting business. His quick grasp of 
detail and his determination and energy 
are shown in his earliest work. In \S()(>. 
when but nineteen years of age, he enter- 
ed into a contract to build a section of 
eleven miles of the Sunbury and Lewis- 
town Railroad, and despite his youth and 
to the amazement of his friends, he suc- 
cessfully completed the work within the 
]5rescribed time. This was his first ven- 
ture and the knowledge gained by its fid- 
fillment brought him into a prominence 
that rapidly secured for him manv impor- 
tant and intricate railroad contracts. 
Among his first imjiortant work in Phil- 
adeli)hia was the erection of the Phila- 
delphia Stock Yards and the construc- 
tion of the entire track system at the 
Exposition grotmds diu'ing the Centen- 
nial in \S<'/fi. and the building of the sta- 
tiou and track s\stem for the I'einisxl- 
vania Railroad at Thirty-second an<l 
-Market streets. .Mr. .McManus was ;it 
one time roadmaster of the Pittsburgli 
and Lake Erie Railroad and he later 
double-tracked the Atlantic City system 
for the Philadelphia and Reading Rail- 
road Company . IK- also constructed the 
mason work for two bridges over the 
.Susquehanna l\i\t'r anil reconstructed the 
roadbed and waterways at Sriuth b'ork 
and Johnstown, Pa., after the awftd fliKid 
that was so destructive to life ,ind prop- 
erty. .Some of the heaviest and mosl dif 
ficult work on the line of the Pennsx 1- 
vania R.ailroad was exi'cnted b\' .Mr. 
Mc.Manus. I his included ihe changing 
of the line at Conewago, llillsdale, ISix- 
ler. liennington and Xewton-Hamilton. 
but his greatest aidiievemeiit in railroad 



Construction was the perfect s_\stem of 
tracks at llroad .Street Station, which was 
de\ised and constructed entirely by him. 
His other work for this compan\' was the 
building of the tunnel for the Philadel- 
phia, Baltimore and Washington Division 
luider the main line in West Philadelijhia 
and the tunnel under the Xew York Di- 
vision tracks at Thirty-fifth street. He 
has also constructed a large amrnmt of 
macadam work in .ind around Philadel- 
phia. His more recent work included the 
track system in the Philadelphia and 
Reading subway and the reconstruction 
of the old Dismal Swamj) Canal in Vir- 
ginia and South Carolina and the making- 
id' a waterway from the Chesapeake l'a\ 
to .Albemarle Sound. l-Tom 1884 until 
i8i)4, .Mr. .McManus was in partnership 
with his half-brother, James 1!. Reilh-, 
under the firm name of jMcManus and 
Reill\'. In the last named year he pur- 
chased Mr. Reilly's interest and conduct- 
ed the business alone until 1897, when he 
organized the McManus Construction 
Company, of which he is presiilent and 
general manager. Air. Alc.Manus also 
made all the excavations and double- 
tracked the electric road to .Atlantic Cit\- 
for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 
completing the forty-mile stretch, from 
Xewfield to the seashore in four months. 
The large work he has now under wa\ 
includes two sections of the Low (irade 
Division of the Penns\h-ania Railroad, 
the first west of Downingtown, Pa., .-uid 
the other at (Juarryville, Pa., and the 
Construction of the cut-oft for the Dela- 
\v;ire, Lackawanna and Western Rail 
road, between Park .Summit and .Milford. 
Pa. This is ci->nsidered one of the be.-i\-- 
iest |)ieces of construction work ever lui- 
ilertaken, both on account of the rock- 
formation and the extremeh- high eleva- 
tion ol the road, some of the bridges 
being o\er two hundn-d ,-md fifty feet 
.diove the water le\el. Air. McAfanus. in 
addition to being the oldest contractor in 
the .State, in point of continuous service, 
is one ot the best known and most snc 
cissful .-md there is jirobabU- no man in 
tin- business that has so com])rehensive a 
knowledge of the intricacies of system- 
atic track laying. He is a member of tlu- 
I'Jigineers" Club, the Athletic ( liil) and 
tin- Friendh- .Sons of St. Patrick. Mr. 



12.S 



wakwh'k'.s ki-:v.st(jm; cum mdnwicai.iii. 



McM.iiins niarnrd in iSdJ. Miss Mary 
[aiK' Swfii.i^lr and li\ lliis union there 
"were fdur children; Rei,Mna, John A.. 
F.dward J., and Jose])hinc. Ilis second 
marriage was to Miss Elizabeth .McCiov- 
ern. on January 4. iS<S8, and they have 
>i.\ ehiUiren: Herbert, Anna, ^^arie Jo- 
seph. Leo i'atricius. Fdizabeth and (lerl- 
rude. 



iiiii; \( ic Ti<r M 1: \rv.K. 

Mr. Horace Trunibauer is one of the 
Noung-er generation of arcliitects. whose 

r a r e attain- 
ments in hi> 
]i r o 1 e s s ion 
ha\H' lirou;_;"ht 
liini into na- 
tional promi- 
nence. 

1 le has been 
the architect 
tor nunierous 
p r o m i n e nl 
l>uililint;s in 
many sections 
of this coun- 
■ try. and en- 
joys the pa- 
tronage of a 
larj^e and ex- 
H<,u.\(i; iKi mmmm:. elusive clien- 

tele at his office^ in \ew York City and 
l'hiladel|>hia. 




at or.e time ."secretary and afterwards 
President of tlie old Uoard of Health. 
I'lxin the ors:ani/.ation of the iUireau 
of Health, he was made its temporary 
chief. This position was finally made 
permiuieiit and he was at the same time 
m.ade I'resident of the Hoard. C.eneral 
( iooil h;is been connecteil with the .Na- 
tional I itiard since i.S/i, and ro.se from 
the ranks to the Colonelcy of the First 
Regiment. He served as Colonel of the 
First Pennsylvania N'olunteeers during 
the Spanish-American \\ ai'. He is a 
fortiier president of the N'ouiii;- Republi- 
can (.'bib and is .1 luember of the .Masonic 
fraternity, the Manufacturers' Club, the 
Philadelphia Yacht Club and President 
of the State P)Oard of Cndertakers. He 
has been for ten years president of the 
.\inth Ward P>uilding .\ssociatioii. No. 
_', and is president of the .\rlinoton Ceme- 
ler\ t/om|)an\-. at Lansdowne. 



ia-:Ni:HAi, .1. i.i-'.wis coon. 

J'.ri^.adier I ieneral J. Lewis ( iood, who 
for ■'ver fort\ \ ears has been closely iden- 
tified with tile btisiness, social and mili- 
tarv life <>\ Philadelphia, was born in 
that cit\ l'"ebrn;ir\- ,V iI^S.v and was etln- 
caled in thi- public schooL. Alter mas- 
tering; everv detail of the undertaking 
business, he was admitted to partnership 
in the business which his father. John 
Ciood. had est.ablished in T832, becoming- 
sole ]iroprielor upon the de;ith (d the 
elder Ciood. I lent'ral (iood served as a 
meniln-r of the hj^hth \\'ard Section.al 
School I'.o.-ird tor twentx years and \\:i-~ 



WII.I.I.\-M I'l'.I'l'Kk. M. I)., i.r.. u. 

\\'illi;im Pepper was born .\us;ust 21. 
iS4_^. He was the son of Dr. William 
Pepper, one of the leading practitioners 
of his (lav in Philadelphia. Dr. Pepper 
graduated from the L'niversity of Penn- 
s\lvania in 1862 and from the Medical 
."school in 1864. The establishment of 
the l'niversity Hospital iti 1874 was 
largely due to his efiforls. Dr. Pepper 
was appointed Professor of Clinical Med- 
icine in 1874 and in 1876 he served as 
Medical Director of the Centennial Ex- 
hibition held in T'hiladelphia. In 1877 he 
delivered an address entitled. "Higher 
Medical Education the 'I'nie Interest of 
the Public and of the Profession," and in 
iSi)_^ on the inauguration of the four- 
\ ear course at the L'niversity he delivered 
under the same title another e(pially im- 
portant address. These two addresses 
;ire land marks in the jirogress of medical 
education in America. -Sir William Os- 
ier has said : "Were I asked to name the 
most satisf\'ing single piece of work in 
Dr. Pepper's life, I shoitld sa\ unhesitat- 
ingly. 'That wdiich related to the promo- 
tion of higher medical education.' " 

Tn tS8i Dr. T*ep|)er was inaugurated 



W ,\K\\ iCK S KEVSroXE I IIM M( iX WEALTH. 



429 



as I'rovii>t i.)f the l'niver>it\ nf IVniisyl- 
vania. He rtsigned in i8<>4 and the tablet 
on the pedestal of his statue tersely tells 
what he accomplished during the>e thir- 
teen years. As I'rovost he esla1)lished the 
following University Departments: 

The Wharton School of I'inancc and 
Economy, The I'niversit)- Lilirar\, The 
Biological ne])artment. Tin.' (iradnate 




« II.MA.M I'KPI'EK. ,M. I) 



Department for Women. The Ikpartment 
of T'hilosophy, The De|)artment of ll}- 
.giene. The X'eterinary Department. I he 
Department of Architecture. The Train- 
ing School for Nurses, The Wi>tar In- 
stitute of .\nalomy and liiology, Ihe De- 
])artnicnt of Physical Education, The 
William r(.-p])er Laboratory of ( linical 
Medicine, The Departnn-nl of Archae- 
ology and Talaeontology. 

And tile I'ollowing public inslitnti.-> 



were his creations: The Imcc Library of 
Philadelphia, The Free Museum ..i Sci- 
ence and Art. The Philadelphia Muse- 
ums. 

Dr. Pepper held the chair nf Theory 
and Practice of Meilicine in the .Medical 
School of the University nf 1 'emis\ Ivaiiia 
from i8^^4 until his death in iSi)S. This 
chair had been held by his father frnm 
lS(jO to 1864. He also cditeil in 1SS3 a 
five-volume "System of Medicine," to 
which he was a copious contributor. 'This 
wnrk had an international success. It 
was followed in 1893 by "'.V d'ext-liook 
nf Medicine by American Teachers." 

In 1892 Dr. Pepper was elected presi- 
dent of the Pan-American Medical Con- 
gress, which held its first meeting in 1893 
in Washington, and in i89(:) attended as 
president, the second meeting in the City 
nf Mexico. 

At the suggestion of 1 )r. I'e|)per, his 
uncle, George S. Pepper, bci|ne:ithed 
about $225,000 to found a Free TJlirary 
in Philadelphia and the credit for found- 
ing this institution is largely liue to Dr. 
I 'epper. 

During the latter years of his life Dr. 
I'ejjper labored unceasingly fnr the es- 
lablishment o'f the Philadelphia I'om- 
mercial Museum. 

An epitome of his public achievements 
may be found in his biograpb\ by T'ran- 
cis Newton Thorpe: "Institutions found- 
ed: The L'niversity Hospital, the Com- 
mercial Museums, and the Pbiladeliihia 
I'ree Library. Institution reorganized 
and recreated: The Lhiiversit\' of Penn- 
sylvania. Public Reforms: 'The inii)rovc- 
ment of the city's water snpi)ly and an en- 
tire change in the attitude of the imblic 
mind inwards education and Ihc ideals of 
life. 'To carry out these plans Dr. I'rp- 
]ier raised above ten million dnllais .nid 
securnl abnut a htmdred acres nl Land 
frnm tin- munici])ality, lying near the 
heart nf Philadeli)liia. 'To the execution 
of this task he gave the service of one of 
the most acute and at the same timr the 
mnst practical minds ever vouchsaied to 
mail." Dr. Pepjier died July 2i<. 1898. 
aged Ss vears. 



IN MEMORIAM. 



Lahoriiii; dnriiig periods of aculo bcid- 
ily pain, when it would seem im]3ossil)le 
fur liis mental equipmenl to remain nor- 
mal Mr. Warwick struggled to comi)lete 
this, his last work, with a fortitude that 
was heroic. At times his sutterint;' was 
so intense that he had to stop dictatinj;. 
hut after a few moments' rest he would 
resume work with ;in apology for his 
seeming weakness. Me never complain- 
ed, hut preserved the same genial tem- 
peuiunent that marked his entire life. 
Xone of his manv friends could possibly 
realize the intensity of the suffering he 
bore micomplainingly for years for his 
cheerfulness was seldom overcome b\' his 
physical ailments and it was only on rare 
occasions that he let it be known hnw 
keenly he felt the bliglit that sickness had 
put upon his career. The visit of old 
friends was greatly ap|)reciated by the pa- 
tient sufferer and letters from former as- 
sociates were read eagerly and cheerfulK 
answered. One from Judge John P. h'l- 
kin. (if the Supreme Court of the .State, 
brought a reply that shows how stoically 
Mr. Warwick accepted the situation and 
how bravely he faced the adverse condi- 
tions. Judge Elkin's letter was one n\ 
sympathy and encouragement and -Mr. 
Warwick replied as follows : 
'■M\ 1 )i;.\K JfDCK : — 

"1 have received your letter of the i it'i 
inst. 1 cannot tell you how \our kind 
words touched my heart and ga\e me 
conra,ge to face the future. 1 have tried 
to be cheerful through my af'tlictiou and 
to keep nu colors ll\ing until tlie\ f;ill 
under the last vollev that is discharged, 
(lod bless you, m\- dear Judge, and may 
your future be bright, i)rosperous and 
ha])i)y. ^'on may rest assured that 1 
shall ever remember you as an old time 
friend." 

When death finally relieved him. it bore 
no sting', I)nt was welcomed, for in its 
calm repose he found the haven "where 
the weary are at rest." 

Mr. W.'irwick's death brought tele- 



grams ot regret and condolence trom 
every cpiarter, for he possessed a person- 
ality that attracted and his frientls were 
legion. His funeral was attended by ac- 
quaintances and friends in every walk of 
life. Men distinguished in the affairs of 
the State and city were, in their grief, 
brought in close contact with the humble 
laljorers who had come to ])ay their last 
respects to one whom they loved and re- 
\ered for his kindlv nature and thought- 
ful consideration. The newspajx-rs, the 
Ueuch and Bar and various associations 
with which Mr. \\ arwick was affiliated, 
paid tribute to his sterling integrity and 
worth and expressed deep re,gret at the 
loss of a valued friend and co-worker. 
His death w-as editorially noted in the 
"Press" as follows: "P)eginning early in 
life and continuing u]) to the time when 
his party and public service were reward- 
ed b\ an election to the .Mayoralty, 
L'harles F. Warwick had a very large part 
in the public life of the city. FTis grace- 
ful, ready and ]ileasing oratory was al- 
ways in demand and his genial, hearty 
manner and g<x)d fellowshi[) made him 
widely popular. Four times he was 
chosen City Solicitor and performed the 
duties of that office acceptably for eleven 
years. As Ma\'or he had beliind him a 
divi<led part\ and its ])olitical dissensions 
seriouslv marred the harmony and suc- 
cess of his administration. 

".\mong his notable services as .Mayor 
was the i-iart he took so well as master 
of ceremonies when tl'.e city received dis- 
tinguished visitors. When Li Hung 
Chang and his suite visited PhiladeliJhia, 
Mayor Warwick gave them a great and 
im])ressive welcome. When he accom- 
pruiied the Liberty Hell to .\tlanta in 
iSi)5, the entire route was alive wMth 
freshly aroused jiatriotism and the May- 
or's frequent and most hap])y speeches 
tpiite won the heart.s of the Southern peo- 
ple, keenly appreciative of spontaneous, 
graceful and a])])ropriate oratorv. 

"Since his ri'tireuieut finm the .Mav- 



430 



WARWICK S KL-:\STU.\li KIM .\1().\ WEAI. r U. 



431 



oralty, Air. Warwick had been only <.ic- 
casiotiallv before the ])uhHc. lUness. se- 
vere, protracted and exbauslino almost 
incapacitated bini for several \ears and 
never altogether left him. in this inter- 
val his life took on a new interest. Al- 
ways a reader, the perusal of the b'rench 
Revolution had received much of his at- 
tention and in spite of illness he labored 
over that period and wrote at short inter- 
vals four volumes nf vivi<l narra'inn 
which make a valuable impular history nf 
that most exacting and interesting his- 
torical period. 

"Mr. ^^'arwick was a man who made 
friends and many of them. The public din- 
ner given to him when it was believed he 
was finally recovered from his illness bore 
testimony to the great luniiber of these 
friends and the strength of their attach- 
ment. He has died at a relatively early 
age, but [jrobably his life work was com- 
pleted and robust health was not perman- 
ently his portion. His life has been a full 
one and his memory will long survive." 

The "Evening .Bulletin'" thu> expressed 
its opini(in : "liy the death of Charles 
Franklin Warwick. City Solicitor for 
eleven years and Mayor fr<im 1S93 to 
i8q9, Philadelphia loses one of its most 
attractive public orators. Rarely if ever 
did \\'arwick make a speech that was not 
listened to with keen interest and [jleas- 
ure. His addresses were full of wit and 
classic allusions, but never tired hi-- listen- 
ers, being always eloquent and to the 
point. In the lllaine campaign of 1884. 
when only thirty-two years of age, he de- 
livered some of the most notable speeches 
that were made in ( )hio and Indiana." 



In the same paper on .\.|) 



11)1 



"Penn" under the caption ".Men and 
Things" wrote as follows of Mr. War- 
wick: "The late Charles b". Warwick was 
the third Mayor of Philadeljihia un<ler the 
Hullitt .\ct, and only two citizen> who 
held that office liefore him are now li\'- 
ing — -Edwin S. .Stuart an<l William 1!. 
Smith: and Smith is the only sm'\i\-or of 
the Mayors imder the ( 'onsolidation Act. 
more than a quarter of a cenlurx having 
passed since he went out of ottice. It has 
been said that Warwick was the yoimgest 
man that has ever served in the .Ma\ or- 
alty. Ihit this is incorrect, for both 



.Stuart anil .Smith, and also \\ e:i\er. weri- 
each at the lime of their election, yoiniger 
than he was at the time of hi?, election, 
.^ince he held the oftice there h;i\e been 
four successors — .Vshbridge. Weaver, 
Keyburn and l!lankenburg — and in the 
many mutations that have taken place in 
Philadelphia politics, as well as by reason 
id' the physical infirmities which disabled 
him, he had almost as much disappeared 
from pnlilic recollection during most of 
the interval as if he had already ceased 
to be of and among the living. In this 
respect — in the cruel blight which befell 
the exercise of his powers at a time when 
he was in the fulness of his mental re- 
sources and when many years i;if profes- 
sional and public activity shoidd have 
been ahead of him — he was unlike any 
other man that has come out of the office 
in the meridian of life. 



"Put when he was in the flush of his 
ambition, and especially long before he 
became Mayor of Philadelphia, his genial, 
enthusiastic and eager natitre was like 
the radiance of crisp and buoyant sun- 
shine, and no other young man at the bar 
and in ix>litics had more of a zest and ar- 
dor in his hopes of a great career. He 
was peculiarly an exaiuple of the 'self- 
made' youth: he worked hard in the 
studies which he imposed upon himself. 
and he ne\er bad any hesitation in avow- 
ing his toil or the necessities wdiich spiu'- 
red him to e.xertion. I first knew him 
when he was a Republican stumper in the 
campaign for Henry M. Hoyt for ( lo\- 
ernor against .\ndrew H. Dill in 1878, 
and (jue Saturday night, when he wa- 
sent to an open-air mass-meeting in Ken- 
sington, in the vicinity of the old '\'ann\ 
(ioat" market, be delivered one of the 
most fierv 'bloodv shirt' speeches, as the 
term then went, that had been heard in 
the camp;iig)i. His glowing |)icture of 
the heroism of the I'nion soldiers was as 
an electrical charge of vehement, high 
pitched diction, and the a|)pl;iuse of tbe 
crowd was tremenilmis. .\pparenlly i1k 
speech was as spontaneous as it was spir- 
ited, hut after it was all over he laugh- 
ingly admitted to his friends of the press 
that he had been laboring for a week on 



43-' 



WARWICKS KEYSTONE COM MON \VE.\LT]I 



that speech and that he knew it so well 
that he could repeat it verbatim, et litera- 
tim el punctatim. 

"At no time was he a politician in the 
sense of beings a leader : it was his ora- 
iiirical facility that gave him a place in 
l'hiladeli)hia ]x)litics, and his relations tn 
]>olilical leaders throughout his life were 
wholK" secondary and responsive. Among 
the junior meml)ers of the bar he went 
to the front very rapidly, first making a 
repiUation in the old Quarter Sessions 
C'otn-t house by trying desertion cases for 
the I'loard of (uianlians of the I'oor when 
lhe\ used to have their office on Seventh 
street and when his manner of enlivening 
these proceedings easily facilitated the 
production of reporters" "copy.' He was 
one of the young men who were clustered 
around (leorge S. Graham when Graham 
first became District Attorney thirty-two 
ago: and V. Amadee Bregy. John L. Kin- 
sey and Cbarles ]■". Warwick were fore- 
most among those who subsequentlx 
reached higher distinction. When War- 
wick about three years afterwards, first 
ran for City Solicitor — "BiH' Smith being 
on the same ticket for Mayor against the 
renomination of Mayor King and 'Hon- 
est' John Hunter for his second term as 
Receiver of Taxes at a time when George 
G. Pierie had been fairly entitled to that 
nomination in point of party regularity, 
but had Iieen constrained to retire because 
of Hunter's seemingly exceptional popu- 
laritN — it was the eloquence of the yoinig 
candidate that went far to work up a ma- 
jority for the ticket in the face of what 
iiad ap|)eared to be the odds against it 
when it was fir>t ])ut in the field. The 
Democrats and the reformers who oppos- 
ed him had a good deal to say about his 
com])aralive youth in as])iring to be the 
bcacl of the Law Department of the city. 
I!ut Warwick in his speeches got ofT a 
lot of his exuberant talk alxjut the second 
I'itt and .\lexander Hamilton and the cer- 
tainty that time would cure the fault in 
him, and then striking one of his energetic 
attitudes, would call on the voters with 
flashing eyes and in ringing tones to 
'stand l)v the voung men." to remember 
that in the nineteenth century a man at 
thirt\' Could learn as nmcli as his father 



did at sixt\-. and to wake up to Philadel- 
])hia's need of a release from the respect- 
able tyranny of its nice old fossils. Quick 
in repartee, a clever story teller, knowing 
bow to quote popular poetry effectively, 
he was then and long afterwards the best 
all-around jjolitical speaker at cani])aign 
meetings in riiiladelphia. 



"As City Solicitor he was more suc- 
cessful than some of his own supporters 
thought he would be or could be. and 
when he began his fourth term it almost 
looked as if he was to be permanently 
booked for the place, as Graham in the 
District .\ttorneyship apparentl}- was 
after he had been holding it for six terms. 
It might have been well for him if he 
had been thus continued in the Solicitor- 
ship, or if his subsequent lines in public 
life had been in accord with his profes- 
sional or legal pursuits. lUit when he 
was taken up for Mayoralty with scarcely 
any previous expectation on his part or 
on the part of anybody else by the Mar- 
tin-Porter leadership of the Republican 
organization, with the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road and the I'nion Traction interests in 
the background, he was placed in a situa- 
tion which he was not cpialified to meet 
in a large or commanding way, and which 
those who were his sponsors did not ex- 
pect or want to have met in that way by 
any candidate whom they might have fa- 
vored. .Still he made an excellent inrpres- 
sion on the public in the course of his 
campaign : he was elected by a heavy ma- 
jority, and it was thus that he first broke 
the talismanic reputation which for eigh- 
teen years had been enjoyed by his oppo- 
nent at the polls — Robert E. Pattison. 
\\-{ it was Warwick's misfortune to be 
elected in the midst of the rancor and re- 
sentments which had followed the rejec- 
tion of F>oies I'enrose for the Mayoralty 
bv the Martin-Porter interests, and which 
finally resulted in the bitterest rupture 
and feud known in the Republican party 
in Philadelphia : and at no time in the 
course of the four years of his adminis- 
tration was he able to restore peace or to 
gain for his adniinistration the unified 
su])port of his ])arty. Threatenings, con- 
troversw litigation, obslrnction. the cross- 



WARWICKS KICVSTO.NE CUM Ml iN WEAL r Jl. 



433 



purpuSL's of factional strat(.-i;\ , ilie plots 
of the aiiti-Conibiiie against the lorn- 
bine, the strifes over Ouav and his hold 
schemes for estaljlishing the siqireniacN 
of his faction nnder Durham and Mc- 
Xichol. the I.exowing, the vilification on 
all sides, the calls for reform uprising, 
the first contest over the first lease of the 
( !as Works when Dolan was in the sad- 
dle, and the storm of unpopularity whicli 
it let loose for the time being, all clouilcd 
and hampered the Warwick administra- 
tion and its plans, and made it a failure in 
many respects. But if the times had been 
normal in Philadelphia politics, and if the 
.Mavor had received the customary sup- 
port of his party, it could easily have been 
a success, for his own instincts and ])ur- 
poses were creditable, and outside of the 
immediate circles of the hostility of his 
factional opponents he had plenty of the 
personal good will of the town. 



"Not long before his term came to a 
close he asked me to see him one winter 
afternoon in his office at the City Hall. 
He was much disturbed over the gossip 
that he had been well paid to sign the hill 
for the gas lease and that the United Lias 
Improvement Companv would "take care' 
of him when he should go out of office. 
He said he thougfht the time might come 
when it would be in order to do justice 
to him, and that he wanted it to be re- 
membered that he had attempted to set 
himself right. He then proceeded at 
length to review all the events of his ad- 
ministration, to express his disappoint- 
ment over the extraordinary course of 
circumstances by which his purposes had 
been baffled, and to insist that, while he 
had been grateful to his friends who had 
put him in office, he had done nothing of 
which he would feel ashametl, even if 
he had made mistakes or had been led 
into follies. He thought, too, that then' 
had riever been such a flood of scandal 
in the politics of Philadelphia as the great 
factional feud had caused in the revenge- 
ful tactics of leaders and their followers 
to blackguard and humiliate foes beyond 
all the usual limits of per.sonal warfare. 
Ihit he was most concerned in endeavor- 
ing to relieve himself of tlu' imputations 



that he had been inflneiiceil liy an\ act, 
and especially in the signing of the gas 
lease, by any venal consideration. He 
went on lo say how he had been 'pulled 
and hauled' by each side, how he had 
lain awake in his bed at night wondering 
what he ought to do, how he reached con- 
scieiitioush- his conclusion that his sig- 
nature to the lease would be a good thing 
for this city, and why it was he believed 
that time would show that his decision 
was just and proper. Then he laid his 
hand solemnly on mv knee and. with a 
s<.)rt of measured dramatic intensity in 
his words as he leaned over, he protested 
that he had never a thought of yielding 
to an illicit ])ersuasion. '1 can assure 
vou.' he said, as nearlv as hi^ words can 
now Ije recalled, 'that my hands are ab- 
solutelv clean, and God knows it, and I 
^hall go out of this office in the spring a 
poor man, and I will accejit no favor then 
or thereafter from anybody which T do 
not honestlv deserve.' 



"Warwick was doubtlessl\- the best- 
read Mayor that has occupied the office 
since the time of Alorton McMichael. 
He once said in his later years that if he 
had not been a lawyer he would have pre- 
ferred to be an editor or author. He wrote 
with considerable fluency, although in the 
style of a nian whose warmth of temper- 
ament is miller the influence of the ora- 
torical instinct. His liooks on .Mirabeau, 
T^anton, Robes])ierre and Napoleon are 
picturesque narratives of the chief char- 
acters of the French Revolution, and the 
advent of the foremost figure amon.g 
mankind in the dawn of the nineteenth 
century, and their production w'as associ- 
ated with his often pathetic hopes and 
yearnings in his manly struggle to over- 
come pain and depression when the shad- 
ow of his lingering fate first began to 
hang over him. Tn a few vcars he had 
outlived the .animosities of his adminis- 
tration and he came to view the finer am- 
bitions of political life, as he had seen 
them, with something of a sense of the 
insubstantial \alue of the mere chase and 
struggle for reputation or applause. TTe 
was always charitalile in si)eech for the 
f;iilin"s or mistakes of others: indeed. 



434 



W.\R\\ ICK S KKVSTOXE COM MOX WKAI. I 11. 



llicrc was a surl uf almost bo)ish iiiipulst' 
and candor at times in his thouijlit ami 
conduct c\cn when he was in the May- 
oralty : and w lu-ii he w as in hi^ prime 
there was no cheerier son of intellectual 
and social fellowship in the town — a 
spirit which often entered into his little 
w'ritiiif^s almost to the last, in the midst 
of his long battle for strength and a re- 
turn to the familiar faces of men and the 
scenes he loved so well. 

"Even when it used to he in formal 
order to sax 'Mr. Mayor' to him, he 
would look as if he liked far more to he 
hailed as 'Charley' Warwick." 

The "lni|nii-er" stated that: "He ua^ 
regardetl as one of the most polished ora- 
tors of the city, and early in his career 
won fame as a Republican campaign 
speaker. .Mr. Warwick was a deep stu- 
dent of I-'rench Revolutionary historx . 
and during his illness wrote several books 
1)11 this subject which won nnicli praise." 

From the "Xorth .\merican" came the 
following tribute : "Charles F. Warwick 
was one of i'hiladelphia's ablest orators, 
one of its cleverest and most pojnilar after 
dinner speakers and an author of dis- 
tinction. In his early days he was 'the 
boy orator,' and in later years he was 
'W'arwick, the silvertongued *' 

.Mr. Warwick was a po|nilar after-dinner 
speaker. lie never attentled a Clover 
Club or a I'ive O'Clock Club affair that 
he was not ;isked to speak and n impelled 
to do so." 

The "Record" in its local colimms 
said: "The death of L'harles I'^ranklin 
Warwick, who gained an enviable repu- 
tation as a lawyer, orator and author, re- 
moves from Philadelphia one of its most 
])icttires(|nc and notable figures. While 
incapacitated for business during the last 
eight years, ex-Mayor Warwick devoted 
his time to literary work. * * '■■ " 
Tlis publishe(l works were recei\"ed with 
universal commendation because of their 
vivacious style." 

The same paper in editorialK noticing 
the death of the e.x-Mayor, paitl him the 
follow-ing tribute :''Ex-Mayor Charles F. 
Warwick passed out of public life so 
long ago that to the \ounger generation 



of 1 'hiladelphia he has been little more 
than a name. To older citizens his death 
will recall memories of a splendid orator 
and of a political career that contained 
the i)(.>ssibilities of much higher honors 
which w-ere never realized. 'Charley' 
Warwick, as he was familiarly known, 
had countless friends, who have regret- 
led the wasting disease and troubles that 
li;ive marked liis later days. .-V man of 
many and imusual gifts, in his time he 
tilled a place in the [Xjlitical and public 
life of I'hiladelphia that no one has since 
claimeil." 

The liencli ainl liar, on .\pril 7. took 
official notice of the death of Mr. War- 
wick and appropriate minutes were en- 
tered on the records of the various 
Cotirts. Especially impressive were the 
proceedings before Judge Staake, in 
Court Xo. 5, where the death of Mr. 
W'arwick was annoimced by ex-Judge 
William W. Porter. In moving that a 
minute be entered in the records, he 
briefly eulogized the dead lawyer, and 
was seconded by I-'rank R. Shattuck, who 
also paid a touching tribute to the ex- 
.Mayor. 

In replying. Judge .'>taake spoke warm- 
ly of Mr. Warwick, wdiom he had known 
intimately from the time of his admission 
to the Bar. He related several touching 
incidents of his ac(|uaintance with "Char- 
ley" Warwick and in conclusion >aiil : 
"Charles F. Warwick was a remarkable 
man, and it has often been said that if 
his lot had been cast as a member of 
(."ongress at the be,ginning of his career 
he would have been a man of great inter- 
n.ational reputation. .\s an orator, as an 
author, even in ordinar\ conversation, 
there was always that exhibition of a 
wonderful command of language, (.)f a 
degree of elegance that 1 have never 
heard excelled by any man no matter 
what has been hi^ re])Utation as an ora- 
tor. 

"We know of his efforts as a lawyer, 
we know of his success in the trial of 
cases before juries, as well as his remark- 
able power in addressing the Court in 
anv importaiU argnment. I le had a very 
active life, a very successful life, serving 
the comnnmitN' in so man\- wavs, and T 
know that it will be the thought not onlv 



WAR wick's KEVSTOXE CD.MMONWEALTri. 



435 



nf hi.> brethren at the I'.ar. hut «>f ever\ 
citizen, not only in Philadelphia, hut 
throughout the Commonwealth, where he 
was known fnun his appearance on the 
hustings in the various cani|)ai!.^us .if hi-~ 
party, and he was kimwu even he\'inil 
the borders of the Comninnwealili — 1 
kni>\\ that there will l)e universal re.i^ret 
that his career has ended, but when we 
think of his suffering and what he had to 
undergo there will be a universal senti- 
ment that it is well with him now that 
he has actually entered into his rest." 

The Court ordered that the minutes 
be entered into the records. 

The officers and trustees of the Phila- 
delphia Commercial Museum paid a higli 
tribute to the lite and work of Mr. \\'ar- 
wick in the following resolutions: 

'■\Vhere..\s, In the death of Charles 
Franklin Warwick, for many years a 
trustee, vice-president ami coimsel of the 
Commercial Museum, the city of Phila- 
delphia, and American commerce in gen- 
eral, have lost an earnest and far-seeing 
advocate and supporter and the lioard of 
Trustees have been deprived of an al)le 
counsel atid associate, a companion of 



lirnad culture aud nf character huth re- 
spected and beloved, and 

"Whereas, The remarkalile historical 
and literary W(jrk achieved li\ .Mr. War- 
wick, under the most adverse conditions 
n\ an exacting profession, and later of 
liodily suft'ering through which he re- 
tained all high brilliancy of mind and 
kindliness of spirit, present an unusual 
example of fortitude, courage and hero- 
ism : therefore be it 

"Resolved, That we, the I'.oard of 
Trustees of the I'liiladelphia Museum re- 
cord our deep snrrdW at the <leatb of 
Charles Franklin Warwick, our respect 
and affection for his memory and our 
cordial svmpathy for his family in their 
loss." 

These resolutions were signed by Wil- 
liam S. Harvey, president: Wilfred H. 
Schoff, secretary, and the following trus- 
tees : Daniel P>augh, Wilson H. Brown, 
Theodore N. Ely,' W. W. Foulkrod, Ellis 
A. ( limbel. Simon C.ratz. W. W. Su])plee, 
W. T. Tilden, W. P. W'ilson. .^>(lney L. 
Wright, Charles R. Toothacker, John J. 
McFarlane and Dudlev P.artlett. 



INDEX TO HISTORY. 



PAGE. 

Adams, Jolm 162 

Anderson, JNlajor 275 

Andri'. .Major John 134 

Arch Street Theatre 244 

Arnold. Uenedict i^i; 

Ashbrid.e^e. Samuel 11 ^(^4 

Bache, Benjamin Franklin 158 

Baldwin. Matthias VV 22^ 

Bank of North America, Tlu' 176 

Barney. Captain Joshua 143 

Barnnni. I'hineas T 270 

Beissel, Conrad 48 

Biddle, Nicholas 22q 

Bingham, Mrs. William 165 

Binney, Horace 227-214 

Blankenburg, Rudol])h 294 

Boardman, Rev. Dr 280 

Bonaparte, Napoleon 180 

Braddock, (Jeneral (^4 

Breckenridge. Henry 194 

Brown. John 269 

Burton, William E 24; 

Carey. Matthew 242 

Carroll. Charles 2^6 

Channing. Dr 249 

Chase. Sanniel 19^ 

Clarkson, .Matthew 159 

Clinton, Sir Henry 134 

Cook. Jay 276 

Cooke, (ieorge Frederick 201 

Cresson. John C 281 

Curtin, Andrew d 27^ 

Darragh, Lydia 137 

deX'ries. David T^ 17 

Dickinson. John 1 i- 

Drake, Colonel 2(18 

Dnane. William 171 

Ellsworth, Colonel 276 

Fearon, H'enry Rradshaw \ijo 

Fitch. John i :;3 

Forre.st. Edw^in 199 

Fox. Daniel ^f 283 

436 



PAGE. 

Fo.x, (jeorge 24 

Franklin. Benjamin ''^4-151 

Fnlton. Robert 1 54 

Gaines, tjeneral 182 

Garrison, William Llovd 249 

Genet, Citizen 157 

( ierard, Sieur 142 

Gibson, John Bannister 196 

Girard National Bank 186-189 

( "lirard, Stephen 172-225 

(jirard Trust Company 231-233 

(Trant, V. S 281-288 

( ireble. Lieutenant 276 

Hamilton, .Me.xander 155 

Hamilton, -\ndrew 84-107 

Harding. Jasper 244 

Harrison. William Henry 257 

1 lead, "Joe" 259 

1 lendricksen. Captain 16 

Hopper. Isaac T 250 

Howe. General 130 

lludson, Hendrick 15 

lii(|uirer. TIk- 244 

Jackson, .Vndrew 230 

Jefferson. Joseph 245 

Jefferson. Thomas 125-172 

Jemiings. John 70 

John>on. Andrew 283 

Kane. Elisha Kent 271 

Keith. Governor 79 

Kemhle. Fannv 220 

Keyser. John S 260 

Klincken, .Anthony 49 

Kny])hausen. General 131 

Kugler. Dr 205 

l.al'ayette, 1 .e Mar<|uis dc La. . 130-215 

Lee, Richard Henry 124-280 

Leland. Charles Godfrey 243 

Lincoln, .\brahani 274-282 

Lind, Jenny 270 

Lloyd. David 59 

Logan. Tames 80 



WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 437 

PAGE. PAGE. 

l.iinily. Ileiijaniiii 24!^ l\ii->h. Jacul) 1(^5 

[.iizcrnc. AI. de la 142 

Sartain, John J42 

-McClcllan, ( ieoryc LI 277-280 Simpson, Bishop 281 

McKean. Tliomas ii)2 Stacy, Alahlon 21 

-McKinley, \\'iniani 2i)2 Stevenson, George 220 

Arc.Michael. .Mnrtrm 244-2(14 Stewart, Capt. Lazarus 70 

AlacUson. James i7<i Stockley, WiUiam S 284 

.\hinn, I'lilonel W'ilham 1'. 2i)0 .^tuart, George li 296 

-Marquette, hather <)i Stuyvesant, Peter 20 

.Marshall, Jnhn 2'^j "Sun," The 244 

.Mason, Daviil i2t, Sunday Dispatch 244 

Mason and Xi.xnn oo Swift, John 251 

.Mey, Cornelius ] 10 

.Miniut, Peter 18 Taney, Justice ._ . 267 

.Morris. "Debhy" 127 Taylor, (ieneral 266 

-Morris. Robert 2Ji1-\(^(^ Tilgliman, \\'illiani 192 

.Vaylor, Charles 255 L'nited ( las ImprdXemcnt Co. . . _'^^4-_^i) 

Xorris. William 222 

X'ortli .\nierican 244 \"anP>uren, .Martin 257 

\'au.\, Richard 264 

( )gdcn, .\nins ( ) JO 

\\ arren, William 200 

Pastorius, Francis Danit'l 47 Washington, Puslinid 193 

Patterson, Majnr I ieneral 275 Washington, George 14O 

I 'enn, William 2^ Wayne, -A.nthony [61 

I'hiladelphia IVank, I'he 17,1 Webster. Daniel 22J 

I'hiladelphia Savings I-'und .Societ\ . 183 Welsh. Hon. John 281 

Poe, Edgar .Mien 241 White, Josiali 205 

Printz, John iS Whitney. Eli 248 

i 'uhlic Ledger 244 Wills, (i>SL-|)h. Jr 22>'' 

\\ istar. Dr. Caspar 207 

Randiilph. John 2},^' \\ 1. William 200 

Revere. I'aul 118 

Roosevelt, Theodore 21)3 \'eates, Jasper 11^4 

Ross, "Bets\ " 1 37 

Rush, Dr. Benjamin 213 Zinzendorf, Count 53 



INDEX K) BIOGRAPHIES. 



PAGK. PAGE. 

r.acr. ( "icorj^c I" .V>7 < iorman, lidw aril !•' 362 

Bailv, Joshua L 3<^4 ' lorman, William 414-5 

liaird, Maillicw ?,KV5 Ciray. William A 416 

Bank of Xdrth America, riie ij<> ( ircc-nc, .Stephen 3S0 

I'.anjjh. 1 )anirl ^7^-*> (iribbel, John 377 

I'.eates, Jr.. I lenr\ . M. D ^7^ ( irisconi. C'lenienl A 319-20 

Beath, Colonel RmIkti K 423 

Beeher. Dininer ^2J I latfield. Henry A 410-1 i 

Bell. John C 397 1 leilner, Samuel 383 

Bell, Jr.. Samuel 390 1 lirst. Anthony A 405 

I'.en.son, Colonel l\. Dale 424 Hoffman. (Jeorge \- 304 

Bodine, Samuel T 370 Mope, Jame.s F 337-8 

Bowman, Wendell 1' P3 Hou.ston. H. H 317-8 

ISrannan, Robert 41') Hutchinson, Jr., luhvard 360 

r.rown. Charles L. 421 Hutchinson. Joseph B 365 

llrown. 1 )r. F.lniL-r 1^ yi^ 1 lyneman, Jr.. Samuel 417 

Burjiee. W. Atlee ?,75''^ 

Burr. Charles II 368 Keyser, William H 357 

King. James \\ 420 

Car>on. I lamitton L 395 Knight, Jr.. \\ illiam R 353-4 

Catherine. Joseph W 39'' 

Chambers, I'rancis T 419 Lillie, Lewis 373 

Chandler. JM-ederick T ^,22 

Clark, Walton 3,72 McCreary, ( '.eorge D 343 

Connell, Josei)li R ,i57-''^ McCullen, Joseph P 420 

Covle. joiin 1 425 McCurdy, George 354 

McDevitt. Jr., John J 422 

Davis. I'.dward T 308 .McFadden. John Howard 304-5 

Dobbins. .Murrell 348 .Mc.Manns. Patricius 426-8 

Dulan. Thomas 3^)9 .^^ackev. 1 larry .\ 406 

Duliiig. William S 381) .Maneely, I-'raneis J 423 

Martin. David 350 

Fdmonds, ( ieorge W 347 Mellors, Joseph 412 

Elkin. Hon. John I' 34'-3 .Moon, Reuben ( ) 351 

Elkins, George W 300 .Morgan. Charles !■". 407 

FAtc, T. Laurence 361 .Morgan. Randal 371 

.Morris. Effingham W ji,22 

Eahnestock. James F 3'i'i 

Mnletter. Thomas K 400- i .\ewton. Mahl.m W ^^y 

Filler. Edwin H 3'<-' 

Fdaherly, James .\ 421 ( )rl;id\ . I Ion. ( ieorge i". 340 

i'oerderer, Robert 11 344-'' 

b'razier. John W 332 I 'age, S. I )avi-~ 407-''^ 

l-"rench, 1 loward 1'. 381-2 Patterson. Jr., t_'. Stuart 416 

Patton. I^dward W 3,^2-2 

Girard National I'.ank i8r)-() Patton. John B 360 

(lirard Trust Comjiany -231-3 i'atton. J. Lee 417-8 

Good, General J. Lewis 428 Paul, Jr.. lame- W 309 

438 



WAKWUKS Ki:VSTnNE r(TM. MUX WEALTH. 439 



/ 



PAGE. ^.^,.^ 

Pearson, luioch W .^30 Sullivan, jercniiali I ^o^: 

Pen-cc, Thonias M.. Ph. 1) 334 

I'ennsylvania Railmad Co ^^^-5 Taylor. Roland I .S^8-y 

F'ennypacker, .Samuel W 31)8 The Rank of North .America 176 

Pepper. Dr. William 4-''^-') The < iiranl Xational I'.ank 186-9 

Peterson, .\rthnr 331) The (.iirard Trust Com|)any -,^1-3 

Pettit. Horace 414 Tlu- Philadel]iliia Savini,'^ Fund .S(.)- 

I'hiladelphia National Pank 173 ciet\ 183-O 

Philadel|)hia .Savings Fund Societ}. Thomas T. l". )>trr 420 

The i83-() Tilden. William T 339 

Price. William S 401 Trumbauer. Horace 428 

Pugh, Charle-^ V. 310 Turner, .\lliert !•- 316 

Purves. ( 1. t'olesherry 325 Tustin. Frnest 1 346 

Rea, Samuel .V\V4 L'nited ( ias Im|irovement t o. .. 234-31; 

Reeves. Francis ll ^20 

Rich, George P 418 ^ =''^'- '^^'''-^ '^ 40o 

Richards, f. Frnest ?i :^-(. ^ ='" * '^'en, W dham 356 

Robinson. John li ! 355 ^ auclam. Samuel M 333 

Rothermel, |r.. 1'. 1-" i,i)i, ,,- ,, ,, , ., 

•^ W alker. Dr. James 1; 312 

Walton. Henrv F 34Q 

Schalier. W illiam 1 4,,,, Walton. |ohn 'M 338 

Schmidt. l-..luard A 321 weaver," F.hn 412 

Scott, Samuel P. 413 Webb, Charles j :;93 

Sellers. W ilham 3S(,-7 Weitrlitman. W^illiam ^74 

Shaw, Ihoma^, of Shawmont 3(11 Widener. ( leorge D ^"1-3 

Shields. J. Franklm 410 Wiedersheim, Theo.K.re F ! ^26 

Shoch. Henry K 38(1 W^ilson, Joseph R 402-4 

Simpson, ( .. W allacc 3-^'J-,^n Wils„n. William P :5y-2 

Smith. F.dgar F 333 Wright. Harrv ! '3:56 

Smith, F:dward ,P, 324 Wright. Svdnev 1 :i28 

Smitli, J. Frailey 311 

Smyth. David J 4i() Zicgler. f.ewis I) 388 



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